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編號(hào)
無(wú)錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
相關(guān)資料
題目： 自動(dòng)立體車庫(kù)PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化專業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)： 0923147
學(xué)生姓名： 祁 鵬
指導(dǎo)教師： 黃敏 （職稱：副教授 ）
2013年5月25日
目 錄
一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告
二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文資料翻譯及原文
三、學(xué)生“畢業(yè)論文（論文）計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度、檢查及落實(shí)表”
四、實(shí)習(xí)鑒定表
無(wú)錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
開題報(bào)告
題目： 自動(dòng)立體車庫(kù)PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 專業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)： 0923147
學(xué)生姓名： 祁 鵬
指導(dǎo)教師： 黃敏 （職稱：副教授 ）
2012年11月25日
課題來(lái)源
自擬題目
科學(xué)依據(jù)（包括課題的科學(xué)意義；國(guó)內(nèi)外研究概況、水平和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)；應(yīng)用前景等）
（1）課題科學(xué)意義
隨著城市規(guī)模越來(lái)越大，城市人口、車輛日漸增多，市區(qū)尤其是中心商業(yè)區(qū)“停車難”的問(wèn)題已成為制約城市發(fā)展的一大難題。
立體車庫(kù)與傳統(tǒng)的自然地下車庫(kù)相比，在許多方面都顯示出優(yōu)越性。首先，立體車庫(kù)具有突出的節(jié)地優(yōu)勢(shì)。以往的地下車庫(kù)由于要留出足夠的行車通道，平均一輛車就要占據(jù)40平方米的面積，而如果采用雙層機(jī)械立體車庫(kù)，可使地面的使用率提高80％—90％，如果采用地上多層（21層）立體式車庫(kù)的話，50平方米的土地面積上便可存放40輛車，這可以大大地節(jié)省有限的土地資源，并節(jié)省土建開發(fā)成本。
立體車庫(kù)與地下車庫(kù)相比可更加有效地保證人身和車輛的安全，人在車庫(kù)內(nèi)或車不停準(zhǔn)位置，由電子控制的整個(gè)設(shè)備便不會(huì)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。應(yīng)該說(shuō)，機(jī)械車庫(kù)從管理上可以做到徹底的人車分流。
在地下立體車庫(kù)中采用機(jī)械存車，還可以免除采暖通風(fēng)設(shè)施，因此，運(yùn)行中的耗電量比工人管理的地下車庫(kù)低得多。機(jī)械車庫(kù)一般不做成套系統(tǒng)，而是以單臺(tái)集裝而成。這樣可以充分發(fā)揮其用地少、可化整為零的優(yōu)勢(shì)，在住宅區(qū)的每個(gè)組團(tuán)中或每棟樓下都可以隨機(jī)設(shè)立機(jī)械停車樓。這對(duì)眼下車庫(kù)短缺的小區(qū)解決停車難的問(wèn)題提供了方便條件。
（2）自動(dòng)立體車庫(kù)PLC控制系統(tǒng)的研究狀況及其發(fā)展前景
立體車庫(kù)在中國(guó)是個(gè)新興行業(yè)。但隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和人民生活水平的提高，小轎車的數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)迅猛，人們對(duì)車庫(kù)的需求也越來(lái)越高，生產(chǎn)廠家逐漸增多。由于絕大部分的轎車集中在大、中城市,城市轎車數(shù)量的大幅度增加必然引起對(duì)停車位需求的增加,預(yù)計(jì)在今后5年內(nèi)我國(guó)城市至少要有約250萬(wàn)個(gè)停車庫(kù)才能滿足需求。車庫(kù)門的年需求量高達(dá)300萬(wàn)套,而實(shí)際產(chǎn)量為150萬(wàn)套。自動(dòng)門、工業(yè)門的需求量為460萬(wàn)平方米,其中自動(dòng)門的需求量為250萬(wàn)平方米，前景十分明朗。
研究?jī)?nèi)容
① 了解自動(dòng)立體車庫(kù)的工作原理，國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀；
② 完成自動(dòng)立體車庫(kù)PLC控制方案設(shè)計(jì)；
③ 完成有關(guān)控制系統(tǒng)的主電路、控制電路及控制元?dú)饧倪x型設(shè)計(jì)；并完成PLC程序編制；
④ 完成設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書的撰寫，并翻譯外文資料1篇。
擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線、實(shí)驗(yàn)方案及可行性分析
實(shí)驗(yàn)方案：
結(jié)合現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中已經(jīng)建成的升降橫移式立體車庫(kù)的項(xiàng)目，了解立體車庫(kù)運(yùn)行的基本原理和轎車停車流程，記錄立體車庫(kù)使用注意事項(xiàng)等。參閱了國(guó)內(nèi)外的幾種升降橫移式立體車庫(kù)的相關(guān)資料，對(duì)當(dāng)前的車庫(kù)技術(shù)發(fā)展前沿有了大概的了解，從而把握國(guó)內(nèi)外車庫(kù)技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)和方向；通過(guò)網(wǎng)上檢索，了解立體車庫(kù)最新國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展概況等。了解建設(shè)立體車庫(kù)的鋼材選用，電機(jī)選擇，建設(shè)方法等。
研究計(jì)劃及預(yù)期成果
研究計(jì)劃：
1012年11月12日—2012年12月12日：查閱與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的資料，并填寫開題報(bào)告。
2012年12月03日—2013年01月20日：進(jìn)入工廠實(shí)習(xí)，填寫畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告。
2013年02月11日—2013年02月23日：查找一篇有關(guān)于自動(dòng)立體車庫(kù)PLC控制系統(tǒng)的學(xué)術(shù)性英文文獻(xiàn)并翻譯。
2013年03月04日—2013年04月20日：自動(dòng)立體車庫(kù)PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。
2013年04月22日—2010年05月23日：說(shuō)明書的寫作及相關(guān)資料、圖紙的打印裝訂，并準(zhǔn)備答辯
預(yù)期成果：
這套低成本、高效率、高可靠性、人性化的自動(dòng)車庫(kù)門,能在市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中處于有利地位。自動(dòng)車庫(kù)應(yīng)用范圍廣泛,既可用于商業(yè)性車庫(kù),又可用于住房配套用車庫(kù),其推廣應(yīng)用社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益十分顯著,對(duì)改善城市面貌有重大意義。
特色或創(chuàng)新之處
① 使用PLC編程軟件編程仿真，效果明顯，方便改變參量，能夠直觀判斷設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果。
② 采用固定某些參量、改變某些參量來(lái)研究問(wèn)題的方法，思路清晰，簡(jiǎn)潔明了，行之有效。
已具備的條件和尚需解決的問(wèn)題
① 實(shí)驗(yàn)方案思路已經(jīng)非常明確，已經(jīng)具備使用PLC編程軟件編程仿真的能力和數(shù)據(jù) 處理方面的知識(shí)
② 使用PLC編程軟件編程的能力尚需加強(qiáng)。
指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)
指導(dǎo)教師簽名：
年 月 日
教研室（學(xué)科組、研究所）意見(jiàn)
教研室主任簽名：
年 月 日
系意見(jiàn)
主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽名：
年 月 日
英文原文
A study on PLC by means of the direct conversion of the ladder diagram to circuit design language
1.PLC overview
Programmable controller is the first in the late 1960s in the United States, then called Plc programmable logic controller (Programmable Logic Controller) is used to replace relays. For the implementation of the logical judgment, timing, sequence number, and other control functions. The concept is presented Plc General Motors Corporation. Plc and the basic design is the computer functional improvements, flexible, generic and other advantages and relay control system simple and easy to operate, such as the advantages of cheap prices combined controller hardware is standard and overall. According to the practical application of target software in order to control the content of the user procedures memory controller, the controller and connecting the accused convenient target.
In the mid-1970s, the Plc has been widely used as a central processing unit microprocessor, import export module and the external circuits are used, large-scale integrated circuits even when the Plc is no longer the only logical (IC) judgment functions also have data processing, PID conditioning and data communications functions. International Electro technical Commission (IEC) standards promulgated programmable controller for programmable controller draft made the following definition : programmable controller is a digital electronic computers operating system, specifically for applications in the industrial design environment. It used programmable memory, used to implement logic in their internal storage operations, sequence control, timing, counting and arithmetic operations, such as operating instructions, and through digital and analog input and output, the control of various types of machinery or production processes. Programmable controller and related peripherals, and industrial control systems easily linked to form a whole, to expand its functional design. Programmable controller for the user, is a non-contact equipment, the procedures can be changed to change production processes. The programmable controller has become a powerful tool for factory automation, widely popular replication. Programmable controller is user-oriented industries dedicated control computer, with many distinctive features.
First, high reliability, anti-interference capability;
Second，programming visual, simple;
Third, adaptability good;
Fourth functional improvements, strong functional interface.
2.History of PLC
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), a computing device invented by Richard E. Morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facilities, and many others. At that time, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with soft-wired logic or so-called relay ladder logic (RLL), a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days [Moody and Morley, 1999].
Although PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC market of Frost and Sullivan [1995], an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLCs per year with the hardware value of more than 8 billion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. The inventor of the PLC, Richard E Morley, fairly considers the PLC market as a 5-billion industry at the present time.
Though PLCs are widely used in industrial practice, the programming of PLC based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-error. Alike software engineering, PLC software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in a similar way. Morley himself emphasized this aspect most forcefully by indicating
`If houses were built like software projects, a single woodpecker could destroy civilization.”
Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of old ladder logic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLCs are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLCs can be used.
In general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are in practice. Existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the PLC based software design because PLC-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and software. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. In many industrial design projects, more than of the manpower allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled for testing and debugging PLC programs.
In addition, current PLC based control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing systems. A further problem, impelling the need for a systematic design methodology, is the increasing software complexity in large-scale projects.
The objective of this thesis is to develop a systematic software design methodology for PLC operated automation systems. The design methodology involves high-level description based on state transition models that treat automation control systems as discrete event systems, a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. The tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertainty in managing the control software development process, that is, reducing programming and debugging time and their variation, increasing flexibility of the automation systems, and enabling software reusability through modularity. The goal is to overcome shortcomings of current programming strategies that are based on the experience of the individual software developer.
3.Now of PLC
From the structure is divided into fixed PLC and Module PLC, the two kinds of PLC including CPU board, I/O board, display panel, memory block, power, these elements into a do not remove overall. Module type PLC including CPU module, I/O modules, memory, the power modules, bottom or a frame, these modules can be according to certain rules combination configuration.
In the user view, a detailed analysis of the CPU's internal unnecessary, but working mechanism of every part of the circuit. The CPU control works, by it reads CPU instruction, interprets the instruction and executes instructions. But the pace of work by shock signal control.
Unit work under the controller command used in a digital or logic operations.In computing and storage register of computation result, it is also among the controller command and work. CPU speed and memory capacity is the important parameters fot PLC . its determines the PLC speed of work, IO PLC number and software capacity, so limits to control size.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output.
System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.
User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.
PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs).
Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.
Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current.
This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.
4.PLC design criteria
A systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in the traditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constraints such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In particular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspects.
In modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice.
Studies have shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLCs still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards [IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999] have been formed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-art design methods, but they normally cannot participate in advancing the knowledge of efficient program and system design.
A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads.
The software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance in terms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, PLC programs have evolved from a couple lines of code 25 years ago to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of 1/O points. Increased safety, for instance new policies on fire protection, and the flexibility of modern automation systems add complexity to the program design process. Consequently, the life-cycle cost of software is a permanently growing fraction of the total cost. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging, adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs.
Today, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. One of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extending it to the field of engineering systems design. A system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. Furthermore, building a bridge between design theory and the latest epistemological outcomes of formal representations in computer sciences and operations research, such as discrete event system modeling, can advance future development in engineering design.
From a logical perspective, PLC software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated circuits. Modern VLSI designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3 years [Whitney, 1996]. The design process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. At component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. At system design stage, components are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is tested through simulation. In general, a complete verification is impossible. Hence, a systematic approach as exemplified for the PLC program design may impact the logical hardware design.
5.AK 1703 ACP
Following the principle of our product development, AK 1703 ACP has high functionality and flexibility, through the implementation of innovative and reliable technologies, on the stable basis of a reliable product platform.
For this, the system concept ACP (Automation, Control and Protection) creates the technological preconditions.