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機(jī) 械 技 術(shù) 學(xué) 院
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 論 文
物料傳輸顏色分揀系統(tǒng)
（機(jī)械部分）
學(xué)生姓名： 蔡春香
指導(dǎo)教師姓名： 金敏 職稱： 高級(jí)工程師
所在班級(jí) 機(jī)制10601 所在專業(yè) 機(jī)械制造與自動(dòng)化
論文提交日期2009年 月 日 論文答辯日期 2009年 月 日
答辯委員會(huì)主任 主答辯人
機(jī) 械 技 術(shù) 系
2009 年 月 日
機(jī) 械 技 術(shù) 學(xué) 院
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 任 務(wù) 書
課題名稱 物料傳輸顏色自動(dòng)分揀系統(tǒng)（機(jī)械部分）
指導(dǎo)教師（學(xué)院） 金敏 職稱 高級(jí)工程師
指導(dǎo)教師（企業(yè)） 職稱
專業(yè)名稱 機(jī)械制造與自動(dòng)化 班級(jí) 機(jī)制10601
學(xué)生姓名 蔡春香 學(xué)號(hào) 02
課題需要完成的任務(wù)：
1. 安裝布置圖一份
2. 氣動(dòng)原理圖一份
3. 電氣原理圖一份
4. 裝配圖
5. 非標(biāo)零件圖若干份
6. 元器件清單一份
7. 編寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書（論文），注意格式規(guī)范，A4紙20-30頁
8. 機(jī)械專業(yè)英文翻譯，與專業(yè)有關(guān)，大于3000字符
課題計(jì)劃：
1. 2月16日—2月22日（第一周）：布置課題，收集相關(guān)資料；
2. 2月23日—3月01日（第二周）：元器件選型；
3. 3月02日—3月15日（第三周）：繪制安裝布置圖；
4. 3月02日—3月15日（第四周）：設(shè)計(jì)氣動(dòng)原理圖;
5. 3月16日—3月29日（第五周）：繪制裝配圖;
6. 3月16日—3月29日（第六周）：繪制非標(biāo)零件圖;
7. 3月30日—4月05日（第七周）：完成論文寫作，專業(yè)英文翻譯；
8. 4月06日—4月12日（第八周）：畢業(yè)答辯
計(jì)劃答辯時(shí)間：
2009年4月6日——2009年4月10日
機(jī)械技術(shù)系（部、分院）
2009年2月18日
目 錄
第一章 概述 …………………………………………………………………1
1.1 課題簡(jiǎn)介 ……………………………………………………………………2
1.2 物料傳輸顏色分揀系統(tǒng)的主要組成 ………………………………………2
第二章 龍門氣動(dòng)搬運(yùn)機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì). …………………………………………… 3
2.1 機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)…………………………………………………………………3
2.2 氣動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)…………………………………………………………………4
第三章 旋轉(zhuǎn)氣動(dòng)搬運(yùn)機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì) …………………………………………… 8
3.1 機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)…………………………………………………………………8
3.2 氣動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)…………………………………………………………………9
第四章 步進(jìn)電機(jī)傳輸系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) ………………………………………………11
4.1 機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) ………………………………………………………………11
4.2 步進(jìn)電機(jī)選型 ………………………………………………………………12
4.3 步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器選型 ………………………………………………………13
第五章 電氣控制系統(tǒng) …………………………………………………………19
5.1 控制面板………………………………………………………………………19
5.2 電氣元件布置圖………………………………………………………………19
5.3 電氣元件接線圖………………………………………………………………20
5.4 控制程序………………………………………………………………………20
5.5 電器元件清單 ………………………………………………………………20
5.6 傳感器 ………………………………………………………………………20第六章 系統(tǒng)安裝與調(diào)試 ………………………………………………………21
第七章 設(shè)計(jì)小結(jié) ……………………………………………………………22
致謝
附圖
英文翻譯
參考資料
物料輸送裝置明細(xì)表（五金元件）序號(hào)名稱數(shù)量型號(hào)總價(jià)備注1臺(tái)面支架12臺(tái)面13同步輪44同步輪支架2+2兩個(gè)有輸出軸5聯(lián)軸器26電機(jī)安裝支架27放料筒28同步帶29同步帶托盤210傳感器支架41924011顏色辨別傳感器支架112上料筒113推出缸支架114推出柄115模擬元件6+6黑+白16工件夾頭217手指氣缸與垂直氣缸的過渡板218垂直氣缸與無桿氣缸的過渡板119無桿氣缸與立柱安裝過渡板220閥板的安裝板121水平氣缸與旋轉(zhuǎn)氣缸的過渡板122旋轉(zhuǎn)氣缸與立柱的過渡板123立柱2+1帶封蓋2個(gè)24軸承825方向輪4兩個(gè)帶剎車26內(nèi)六角螺柱若干27扎帶若干兩種規(guī)格28連接件829控制面板130控制面板支架4物料輸送裝置明細(xì)表（氣動(dòng)元件）序號(hào)名稱數(shù)量型號(hào)備注1雙軸氣缸3TN201002旋轉(zhuǎn)氣缸1RTB-203無桿氣缸1MRU20400-S-S24手指氣缸2HDZ20-ST25推出氣缸1MAL2050-S-CA6兩為五通單電控電磁換向閥87閥板18管接頭17閥用、直通9消聲器210三聯(lián)件111排氣閥1含1個(gè)管接頭12截止閥113調(diào)速接頭4+124大、12小14氣管若干兩色（橙+藍(lán)）15磁性傳感器16161718192021222324252627物料輸送裝置明細(xì)表（電氣元件）序號(hào)名稱數(shù)量型號(hào)1光電傳感器42顏色辨別傳感器13開關(guān)電源2S-145-244導(dǎo)線若干5撥動(dòng)開關(guān)96指示燈127選擇開關(guān)18按鈕39急停開關(guān)110PLC含擴(kuò)展單元 10組套單元各一個(gè)11供方模塊412步進(jìn)電機(jī)213步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器214PLC數(shù)據(jù)線1個(gè)115松下編程手冊(cè)216接線端子22組1735mm的安裝條218熱縮管若干19標(biāo)簽號(hào)若干20線盒2根21配電箱22電流指示燈23環(huán)氧樹脂板124空氣開關(guān)125接觸器126插頭127油霧器專用油128纏繞管若干備注四線制、NPNAC5V一個(gè)、DC24V一個(gè)，明緯牌兩色（紅+藍(lán)）三點(diǎn)8個(gè)、六點(diǎn)1個(gè)、1624V12、16、三色、尾部接線用螺栓接線22、三種開關(guān)三種顏色1622松下含扁平電纜USB接口22、22V線圈直流24V物料輸送裝置明細(xì)表（電氣元件）物料輸送裝置明細(xì)表（工具）序號(hào)名稱數(shù)量型號(hào)總價(jià)備注1切管器2內(nèi)六角3剪刀4螺絲刀5電工膠帶6烙鐵7松香8烙鐵架9焊線10萬用表11拖線板12131415161718192021222324252627282930Q圖紙序號(hào)項(xiàng)目備注1氣路圖2電器元件接線圖3I/O分配表4非標(biāo)件零件圖5程序梯形圖6物流輸送及顏色分揀系統(tǒng)PLC控制流程圖7零部件明細(xì)表8說明書使用說明書和設(shè)計(jì)說明書The main Elements of Horizontal Milling Machines
Column and base
The column and base form the foundation of the complete machine. Both are made from cast iron, designed with thick sections to ensure complete rigidity and freedom from vibration. The base, upon which the column is mounted, is also the cutting-fluid reservoir and contains the pump to circulate the fluid to the cutting area.
The column contains the spindle, accurately located in precision bearings. The spindle is driven through a gearbox from a vee-belt drive from the electric motor housed at the base of the column. The gearbox enables a range of spindle speeds to be selected. Twelve spindle speeds from 32 to 1400rev/min are available. The front of the column carries the guide-ways upon which the knee is located and guided in a vertical direction.
Knee
The knee, mounted on the column guide-ways, provides the vertical movement of the table.
Power feed is available, through a gearbox mounted on the side, from a separate built-in motor, providing a range of twelve feed rates from 6 to 250mm/min. Drive is through a lead-screw, whose bottom end is fixed to the machine base. Provision is made to raise and lower the knee by hand through a lead-screw and nut operated by a hand-wheel at the front. The knee has guide-ways on its top surface giving full-width support to the saddle and guiding it in a transverse direction.
A lock is provided to clamp the knee in any vertical position on the column.
Saddle
The saddle, mounted on the knee guide-ways, provides the transverse movement of the table.
Power feed is provided through the gearbox on the knee. A range of twelve feeds is available, from 12 to 500mm/min. Alternative hand movement is provided through a lead-screw and nut by a hand-wheel at the front of the knee.
Clamping of the saddle to the knee is achieved by two clamps on the side of the saddle.
The saddle has dovetail guide-ways on its upper surface, at right angles to the knee guide-ways, to provide a guide to the table in a longitudinal direction.
Table
The table provides the surface upon which all work-pieces and work-holding equipment are located and clamped. A series of tee slots is provided for this purpose. The dovetail guides on the undersurface locate in the guide-ways on the saddle, giving straight-line movement to the table in a longitudinal direction at right angle to the saddle movement.
Power feed is provided from the knee gearbox, through the saddle, to the table lead-screw. Alternative hand feed is provided by a hand-wheel at each end of the table. Stops at the front of the table can be set to disengage the longitudinal feed automatically in each direction.
Spindle
The spindle, accurately mounted in precision bearings, provides the drive for the milling cutters. Cutters can be mounted straight on the spindle nose or in cutter-holding devices which in turn are mounted in the spindle, held in position by a draw-bolt passing through the hollow spindle. Spindles of milling machines have a standard spindle nose to allow for easy interchange of cutters and cutter-holding devices. The bore of the nose is tapered to provide accurate location, the angle of taper being 16.36”. The diameter of the taper depends on the size of the machine and may be 30, 40 or 50 IST (International standard Taper). Due to their steepness of angle, these tapers-known as non-stick or self-releasing-cannot be relied upon to transmit the drive to the cutter or cutter-holding device. Two driving keys are provided to transmit the drive.
Over-arm and arbor support
The majority of cutters used on horizontal machines are held on an arbor which is located and held in the spindle. Due to the length of the arbors used, support is required at the outer end to prevent deflection when cutting takes place. Support is provided by an arbor-support bracket, clamped to an over-arm which is mounted on top of the column in a dovetail slide. The over-arm is adjustable in or out for different lengths of arbor, or can be fully pushed in when arbor support is not required. Two clamping bolts are provided to lock the over-arm in any position. The arbor support is located in the over-arm dovetail and is locked by means of its clamping bolt. A solid bearing is provided in which the arbor runs during splindle rotation.
Controls of Horizontal Milling Machines
The various controls of a typical horizontal milling machine. These are identical to those of a vertical machine:
Spindle speeds are selected through the levers 4, and the speed is indicated on the change dial 5. The speeds must not be changed which the machine is running. An ‘inching’ button 3 is situated below the gear-change panel and, if depressed, ‘inches’ the spindle and enables the gears to slide into place when a speed change is being carried out. Alongside the ‘inching’ button is the switch for controlling the cutting-fluid pump 1 and one for controlling the direction of spindle rotation 2. The feed rates are selected by the lever 9 and indicated on the feed-rate dial.
To engage the longitudinal table feed, lever 8 is moved in the required direction-right for right feed, lever 8 is moved in the required direction-right for right feed, left for left feed. Adjustable trip dogs 6 are provided to disengage the feed movement at any point within the traverse range. Limit stops are incorporated to disengage all feed movements in the extreme position, to prevent damage to the machine in the event of a trip dog being missed.
To engage cross or vertical traverse, lever 12 is moved up or down. The feed can then be engaged by moving lever 11 in the required direction. With cross traverse selected, movement of lever 11 up-words produces in-feed of the saddle, moving it downwards produces out-feed of the saddle.
With vertical traverse selected, movement of lever 11 up-words produces up-feed to the knee, moving it downwards produces down-feed to the knee.
Rapid traverse in any of the above feed directions is engaged by an up-ward pull of lever 10. Rapid traverse continues as long as up-ward pressure is applied. When released, the lever will drop into the disengaged position. Alternative hand feed is provided by means of a single crank handle 7,which is engaged by slight pressure towards the machine. Spring ejectors disengage the handle on completion of the operation, for safety purposes-I. E. the handle will not fly round when feed or rapid traverse is engaged. The single crank handle is interchangeable on table, saddle, and knee movements.
Milling Operations
The variety of milling operations which may be performed on a given milling machine depends on the type of machine, the type of cutter used, and the accessories or attachments available for use with the machine. Milling machine are used for machining flat surfaces, including horizontal, vertical, and angular surfaces. They are used for machining many kinds of shoulders and grooves, including keyways, T-slots, and dovetails. They are used to machine formed or irregular surfaces with the use of many types of formed-tooth cutters.
Milling machines equipped with a dividing head may be used for machining equally spaced flat surfaces, straight grooves, or spiral grooves on parts with a cylindrical shape. This type of machining is involved in making gears, taps, reamers, drills, milling cutters, and splines on shafts.
Milling machines, particularly those of the vertical type, may be used for all of the common hole-machining operations which normally are performed on a drill press. With the milling machine, holes may be precisely located through the use of the table feed screws. The longitudinal and cross-feed screws are equipped with micrometer collars accurately graduated in hundredths of a millimeter (thousandths of an inch)or smaller. Hole depth also may be accurately controlled through the use of graduated collars on the vertical-feed control.
Because of the wide variety of operations which may be performed on a milling machine and because of its general efficiency and speed of metal removal, it is one of the most important of the basic machine tools. It ranks in versatility and importance with the metal-working lathe.
Safety and Maintenance For CNC Machine
Safety Notes for CNC machine operations
Safety is always a major concern in a metal-cutting operation. CNC equipment is automated and very fast, and consequently it is a source of hazards. The hazards have to be located and the personnel must be aware of them in order to prevent injuries and damage to the equipment. Main potential hazards include: rotating parts, such as the spindle, the tool in the spindle, chuck, part in the chuck, and the turret with the tools and rotating clamping devices; movable parts, such as the machining center table, lathe slides, tailstock center, and tool carousel; errors in the program such as improper use of the G00 code in conjunction with the wrong coordinate value, which can generate an unexpected rapid motion; an error in setting or changing the offset value, which can result in a collision of the tool with the part or the machine; and a hazardous action of the machine caused by unqualified changes in a proven program. To minimize or avoid hazards, try the following preventive actions:
(1) Keep all of the original covers on the machine as supplied by the machine tool builder.
(2) Wear safety glasses, gloves, and proper clothing and shoes.
(3) Do not attempt to run the machine before you are familiar with its control.
(4) Before running the program, make sure that the part is clamped properly.
(5) When proving a program, follow there safety procedures:
Run the program using the machine Lock function to check the program for errors in syntax and geometry.
Slow down rapid motions using the RAPID OVERRIDE switch or dry run the program.
Use a single-block execution to confirm each line in the program before executing it.
When the tool is cutting, slow down the feed rate using the FEED OVERRIDE switch to prevent excessive cutting conditions.
(6) Do not handle chips by hand and do not use chip hooks to break long curled chips. Program different cutting conditions for better chip control. Stop the machine if you need to properly clean the chips.
(7) If there is any doubt that the insert will break under the programmed cutting conditions, choose a thicker insert or reduce feed or depth of cut.
(8) Keep tool overhang as short as possible, since it can be a source of vibration that can break the insert.
(9) When supporting a large part by the center, make sure that the hole-center is large enough to adequately support and hold the part.
(10) Stop the machine when changing the tools, indexing inserts, or removing chip.
(11) Replace dull or broken tools or inserts.
(12) Write a list of offsets for active tools, and clear (set to zero) the offsets for tools removed from the machine.
(13) Do not make changes in the program if your supervisor has prohibited your doing so.
(14) If you have any safety-related concerns, notify your instructor or supervisor immediately.
2. Daily Maintenance
<1>Checking the External View
(1) Machine oil (cutting oil, lubrication oil) has been scattered onto the servomotor, detector, or main unit of the NC, or is leaking.
(2) Damage is found on the cables of the movable blocks, or the cables are twisted.
(3) Filter clogging
(4) A door of the control panel is not open.
(5) Ambient vibration
(6) The unit is located in a dusty location.
(7) Something that causes high frequency is placed near the control unit.
<2>Checking the inside of the control unit
Check that the following troubles have been eliminated:
(1) Cable connectors are loosened.
(2) Installing screws are loosened.
(3) Attachment amplifier screws are loosened.
(4) The cooling fan operates abnormally.
(5) Cable damage.
(6) Printed circuit boards have been inserted abnormally.
3. Fault Diagnosis and Action
When a running fault occurs, examine the correct cause to take proper action. To do this, execute the checks below:
<1>Checking the Fault Occurrence Status Check the following:
When did the fault occur?
During what operation did the fault occur?
What fault?
(1) When did the fault occur?
Time of day when the fault occurred.
(2) During what operation did the fault occur? What running mode?
For automatic operation…program number, sequence number, and contents of program?
For manual operation…Mode?
Operating procedure?
Preceding and succeeding operations?
Set / display unit’s screen?
During I/O operation?
Machine system status?
During tool change?
Controlled axis hunting?
What fault occurred?
What does the alarm display of the set/display unit’s alarm diagnosis screen indicate?
Display the alarm diagnosis screen to check the contents of alarm.
What dose the driving amplifier status display indicate?
Check the contents of alarm based on the driving amplifier status display
What dose the machine sequence alarm indicate?
Is the CRT screen normal?
Is the control axis hunting?
(3) Frequency of fault?
When did the fault occur? Frequency? (Did the fault occur during operation of another machine?) If the frequency is too small, or the fault occurred during operation of another machine, the cause may be noises of the supply voltage. For example, in this case, check that 1 the supply voltage is normal (does momentary drop occur during operation of another machine?) and 2 measures have been taken against noises.
In specific mode?
When did the ceiling crane move?
Frequency for the same kind of work?
Dose the fault occur when the same operation is made? (Repeatability check)
Change the conditions (override, contents of program, operating procedure, etc.).
Dose the same fault occur?
2. Fault Example
(1) The power cannot be turned on. Check the following points:
The power is being supplied?
(2) The NC unit dose not operate when being activated.
Check the following points:
Mode selected normally?
All conditions for start satisfied?
Depending on the machine, the start may be locked until the predetermined conditions are satisfied. Check this by referring to the manual published by the machine manufacturer.
Override or manual speed=0?
No reset signal is being generated.
No feed hold signal is being generated.
Machine lock is on.
3. Alarm Message When the menu key ALARM is pressed, the ALARM/DIAGN screen is displayed.
(1) Alarm The code and number or message relating to an operation alarm, program error, servo alarm, or system error are displayed.
(2) Stop code The automatic operation disable state or stop state in automatic operation mode is displayed in code and error number.
(3) Alarm message The alarm messages specified by the user PLC (built-in) are displayed.
(4) Operator message The operator messages specified by the user PLC are displayed.
When an alarm occurs, the class code will display on all screens.
Refer to the Appendix. List of alarms for details on the alarms.
臥式銑床的主要部件
床身和底座
床身和底座是整個(gè)銑床的基礎(chǔ)，它們均由鑄鐵制成，并設(shè)計(jì)成厚壁狀，以保證有足夠的剛度和抗震性。床身安裝在底座上，底座同時(shí)也是儲(chǔ)存切削液的容器，底座內(nèi)裝有使切削液循環(huán)到切削區(qū)去的幫。
床身上裝有主軸，且精確地將主軸定位于精密軸承之中。主軸是由裝在底座上的驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)通過V帶及齒輪箱來驅(qū)動(dòng)的。齒輪箱使主軸的轉(zhuǎn)速有一選擇范圍，銑床有從32r/min到1400r/min的十二級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)速可供選擇。床身前面有導(dǎo)軌，升降臺(tái)裝在導(dǎo)軌上，并可沿導(dǎo)軌垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)。
升降臺(tái)
安裝在床身導(dǎo)軌上的升降臺(tái)，能使機(jī)床工作臺(tái)垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)。
一臺(tái)獨(dú)立的電機(jī)，通過邊上的齒輪箱使升降臺(tái)實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)動(dòng)進(jìn)給，它可提供有6mm/min到250mm/min的十二級(jí)進(jìn)給量，驅(qū)動(dòng)是通過絲桿實(shí)現(xiàn)的。絲桿的下端固定在機(jī)床的底座上。還有手動(dòng)控制升降臺(tái)的裝置，這是通過前面的手輪控制絲桿和螺母來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。升降臺(tái)的頂面上有一與升降臺(tái)等寬的導(dǎo)軌，用來支撐床鞍，并使之作橫向運(yùn)動(dòng)。
鎖緊裝置可使升降臺(tái)鎖在床身任一個(gè)垂直位置上。
床鞍
裝在升降臺(tái)導(dǎo)軌上的床鞍，可使工作臺(tái)橫向運(yùn)動(dòng)。
床鞍的機(jī)動(dòng)進(jìn)給由升降臺(tái)上的齒輪箱提供。共有從12mm/min至500mm/min的十二級(jí)進(jìn)給量。另外，用升降臺(tái)前面的手輪，經(jīng)絲桿和螺母，可實(shí)現(xiàn)床鞍的手動(dòng)進(jìn)給。
床鞍邊上的兩塊夾持裝置可將床鞍夾持在升降臺(tái)上。
床鞍頂面上的燕尾形導(dǎo)軌與升降臺(tái)導(dǎo)軌相垂直，可使工作臺(tái)縱向運(yùn)動(dòng)。
工作臺(tái)
在工作臺(tái)表面上有一組T形槽，可用來裝夾工件或夾具。工作臺(tái)下面的燕尾裝置在床鞍的導(dǎo)軌中，可使工作臺(tái)作縱向直線運(yùn)動(dòng)，這一運(yùn)動(dòng)方向與床鞍的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向相垂直。
工作臺(tái)機(jī)動(dòng)進(jìn)給是由升降臺(tái)齒輪箱通過拖板到工作臺(tái)絲杠來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。手動(dòng)進(jìn)給可由工作臺(tái)每一端的手輪驅(qū)動(dòng)。工作臺(tái)前端的擋塊可以調(diào)整，使得每個(gè)方向上的縱向進(jìn)給自動(dòng)脫開。
主軸
精確地安裝在精密軸承中的主軸，為銑刀提供驅(qū)動(dòng)力。銑刀可直接安裝在主軸端部，或者安裝在刀夾裝置上，再將刀夾裝置安裝在主軸上，用一穿過主軸軸孔的牽引螺栓將 其固定在合適的位置上。銑床主軸具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)軸端，可方便刀具或刀夾裝置的更換。軸端孔具有錐度，以便精確定位，錐角為16度36分。錐孔內(nèi)徑取決于機(jī)床的尺寸，一般為30，40及50IST（國標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)錐度）。由于其角度大，這些錐體連接（眾所周知不能自鎖）不能將運(yùn)動(dòng)傳到刀具或刀夾裝置上，所以用兩個(gè)鍵來傳遞動(dòng)力。
懸梁及刀桿支架
臥式銑床上用的大部分刀具都是裝在刀桿上，再將刀桿固定在主軸上的。由于所用刀桿較長(zhǎng)，故需在其外端加上支承，以防切削時(shí)發(fā)生彎曲。支承由刀桿支架提供，該支架固定在懸梁上，懸梁安裝在床身頂部的燕尾導(dǎo)軌上。懸梁可隨刀桿的長(zhǎng)度前后調(diào)整。當(dāng)不需要刀桿支承時(shí)，可將懸梁全部推回去。兩個(gè)夾緊螺栓將懸梁鎖在任一位置上。刀桿支架套在懸梁的燕尾導(dǎo)軌上，并可用夾緊螺栓把它鎖緊在懸梁上。當(dāng)?shù)稐U隨主軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，刀桿在支架的整體軸承中運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
臥式銑床的控制
有多種控制的典型臥式機(jī)床。這里有相同的立式機(jī)器。
心軸快速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)是通過手柄4經(jīng)由選擇的，并且速度是調(diào)換刻度盤5的指示器。當(dāng)機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)速度不必改變，假如是平臥的點(diǎn)動(dòng)按鈕3是位于齒輪調(diào)換板的下面，當(dāng)速度正在改變的時(shí)候，漸進(jìn)的心軸和使齒輪滑座能夠進(jìn)入一個(gè)地方。在點(diǎn)動(dòng)按鈕旁邊開關(guān)是為控制切削液注入和心軸旋轉(zhuǎn)2是為了控制方向，進(jìn)給速度是手柄9選擇的和指示流入刻度盤速度。
使從事于縱向工作臺(tái)的流入手柄8是移動(dòng)在規(guī)定的方向，向右向左進(jìn)給，可調(diào)整的擋塊6是規(guī)定解除進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)，在任何用途范圍里面來回移動(dòng)。限制擋塊是在最終的位置，合并的解除所有的進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)，來阻止避免擋塊萬一受到傷害。
手柄12向上或向下移動(dòng)，使從事于穿過或垂直移動(dòng)的進(jìn)給，使從事于手柄11需要的范圍。通過移動(dòng)手柄11選擇向上引起大拖板進(jìn)給，向下移動(dòng)引起大拖板進(jìn)給。
手柄11向上運(yùn)動(dòng)引起銑床升降臺(tái)的向上，向下運(yùn)動(dòng)引起銑床升降臺(tái)向下進(jìn)給。
手柄10向上拉使從事于進(jìn)給方向迅速來回移動(dòng)。繼續(xù)向上的力運(yùn)用中來回移動(dòng)。當(dāng)放松時(shí)，手柄將下降松開位置。選擇手動(dòng)進(jìn)給規(guī)定單個(gè)手動(dòng)曲柄7，向機(jī)器實(shí)施輕微的力，手動(dòng)松開彈性推頂器來完成運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，為了安全目的，工業(yè)工程中，當(dāng)進(jìn)給或者迅速來回移動(dòng)將不能快速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，單個(gè)的手動(dòng)曲柄是交換工作臺(tái)，大拖板，升降臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)。
銑床操作
多種銑床操作可以完成銑床機(jī)器為典型的機(jī)器，切削刀具的類型和輔助設(shè)備或輔助機(jī)構(gòu)通用的機(jī)構(gòu)。銑床用于表面光滑包括臥式，立式和角度的表面。他們是用于機(jī)器許多肩和凹槽，包括鍵槽，T型槽和燕尾槽。以許多為明確嚙合的切削刀具為典型，他們被使用在機(jī)器明確或不規(guī)則的表面。
銑床配備有分度頭被使用于機(jī)器同樣的光滑表面，在圓柱形上有直的凹槽，螺旋凹槽，在軸上包括齒輪，絲錐，絞刀，鉆頭，銑床切削刀具和花鍵為典型。
銑床，尤其是立式銑床類型，普通的孔操作通常用鉆床進(jìn)行操作。用銑床操作孔可以精確地在工作臺(tái)上設(shè)置孔的位置?？v向和橫向裝配旋入用千分尺測(cè)得0.01毫米（0.01英寸）或者更小?？咨钜部梢酝ㄟ^垂直調(diào)節(jié)精確地獲得尺寸。
因?yàn)椴僮縻姶灿泻芏喾N類，金屬切削是由于普通地功率和速率，它是基本機(jī)床中最重要的，它是用車床加工金屬工作中通用的和重要的。
計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控機(jī)床的安全和維護(hù)
1． 計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控機(jī)床安全操作注意事項(xiàng)
在金屬切削操作中安全性一直是特別受關(guān)注的。由于計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控設(shè)備自動(dòng)化程度高并且速度快，所以它是一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)源。為了防止人員傷害和對(duì)設(shè)備的損壞，必須找出存在危險(xiǎn)的根源，且操作人員必須提高警惕。主要的潛在危險(xiǎn)包括：旋轉(zhuǎn)部件，如主軸，主軸內(nèi)的刀具，卡盤，卡盤里的工件，帶著刀具的轉(zhuǎn)塔刀架以及旋轉(zhuǎn)的夾具裝置；運(yùn)動(dòng)部件，如加工中心的工作臺(tái),車床拖板，尾架頂尖，多工序旋轉(zhuǎn)托盤；程序錯(cuò)誤，例如G00代碼的不正確使用而引起坐標(biāo)值錯(cuò)誤，產(chǎn)生意想不到的快速移動(dòng)；設(shè)置或改變偏移值時(shí)出錯(cuò)，可能導(dǎo)致刀具與工件或刀具與機(jī)床之間的碰撞；隨意地更改已驗(yàn)證的程序，也會(huì)引起機(jī)床產(chǎn)生危險(xiǎn)動(dòng)作。為了減少或避免危險(xiǎn)，盡量遵循以下保護(hù)措施。
（1） 使用機(jī)床制造商提供的機(jī)器原有防護(hù)罩。
（2） 帶上安全眼鏡，手套，穿上合適的衣服和鞋。
（3） 不熟悉機(jī)床操作控制前不要開動(dòng)機(jī)床。
（4） 運(yùn)行程序之前，確認(rèn)零件已被正確夾緊。
（5） 驗(yàn)證一個(gè)程序時(shí)，遵循下列安全步驟：
啟用機(jī)床鎖定功能運(yùn)行程序，檢查程序中的語法錯(cuò)誤和幾何軌跡。
使用RAPID OVERRIDE快速倍率開關(guān)降低速度或空運(yùn)行程序。
采用單程序段執(zhí)行來確認(rèn)程序中的每一行。
刀具切削時(shí)，用FEED OVERRIDE進(jìn)給倍率開關(guān)來減慢進(jìn)給速率，防止超負(fù)荷切削。
（6） 禁止用手處理切削以及用切削鉤子弄斷長(zhǎng)而卷曲的切削。編制不同的切削狀態(tài)程序以便更好地控制切削。如果要徹底清除切削，應(yīng)當(dāng)關(guān)閉機(jī)床。
（7） 如果懷疑刀片在編程的切削狀態(tài)下有可能折斷時(shí)，可選擇一個(gè)更厚的刀片及減少進(jìn)給或切削深度。
（8） 盡可能保持刀具懸出短些，因?yàn)樗赡艹蔀橐粋€(gè)導(dǎo)致刀片折斷的振動(dòng)源。
（9） 當(dāng)用頂尖支撐一個(gè)大零件時(shí)，確保中心孔足夠大足以支撐和夾住零件。
（10） 換刀，查找刀片或清理切削時(shí)關(guān)閉機(jī)床。
（11） 替換已磨損或損壞的刀具和刀片。
（12） 列出現(xiàn)行刀具的偏移量清單，從機(jī)床上取下刀具，清除（設(shè)置為0）刀偏。
（13） 在未得到主管許可的情況下不得擅自更改程序。
（14） 如果你有任何與安全有關(guān)的擔(dān)憂，立即通知你的技術(shù)指導(dǎo)或主管。
2． 日常維護(hù)
《1》外觀檢查
（1） 伺服電動(dòng)機(jī)，探測(cè)器或數(shù)控主單元上的機(jī)床用油（切削油，潤(rùn)滑油）或者滲漏情況檢查。
（2） 可移動(dòng)部件的電纜上有無損傷或電纜絞合情況檢查。
（3） 過濾器堵塞情況檢查。
（4） 控制面板的門是否打開檢查。
（5） 外部環(huán)境震動(dòng)檢查。
（6） 數(shù)控裝置單元是否放置在有灰塵的位置。
（7） 引起高頻的某物體是否位于控制單元附近。
3． 檢查控制單元內(nèi)部
檢查以下故障是否被排除：
（1） 電纜連接器松動(dòng)
（2） 裝配螺釘松動(dòng)
（3） 固定放大器螺釘松動(dòng)
（4） 冷卻風(fēng)扇工作異常
（5） 電纜損傷
（6） 印刷電路板插入不正確
4.故障診斷和維修
當(dāng)發(fā)生運(yùn)行故障時(shí)，應(yīng)找出原因以便采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧┡懦?。為此，?yīng)執(zhí)行下列檢查：
《1》檢查故障發(fā)生狀態(tài) 檢查下列幾個(gè)方面：故障出現(xiàn)時(shí)間？在何種操作過程中出現(xiàn)故障？故障類型？
(1)故障何時(shí)發(fā)生？即故障發(fā)生的具體時(shí)間。
(2)在何種操作過程中發(fā)生故障？何種運(yùn)行方式？ 對(duì)于某項(xiàng)自動(dòng)操作…程序號(hào)，序列號(hào)，程序內(nèi)容？對(duì)于手工操作…模式？什么操作步驟？前一步和后一步操作？設(shè)置/顯示的單元屏幕是什么？是否發(fā)生在輸入輸出操作過程中？機(jī)床系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)如何？是否發(fā)生在換刀過程中？受控制的軸跟蹤檢測(cè)情況如何？發(fā)生了什么故障？設(shè)置/顯示的單元屏幕上警告監(jiān)測(cè)的報(bào)警顯示說明了什么？運(yùn)用顯示警報(bào)診斷屏幕來檢查報(bào)警內(nèi)容。驅(qū)動(dòng)放大器狀態(tài)顯示什么？根據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)放大器狀態(tài)顯示檢查報(bào)警內(nèi)容。加工順序報(bào)警顯示表示什么？CRT顯示屏幕是否正常？控制軸是否在跟蹤？
(3)故障頻率
什么時(shí)候故障發(fā)生？頻率怎樣？（另一臺(tái)機(jī)床的操作過程中故障是否出現(xiàn)？）如果頻率很小，或者在另一臺(tái)機(jī)床的操作過程中出現(xiàn)故障，那么，故障的原因可能是供電電壓的干擾。在這種情況下，檢查1供應(yīng)電源是否正常（在另一機(jī)床的操作過程中是否發(fā)生瞬時(shí)壓降？）2采取措施抗干擾。
是否發(fā)生在特殊工作模式？什么時(shí)候達(dá)到最高行程？同一類工作的頻率是多少？當(dāng)執(zhí)行相同操作時(shí)故障是否發(fā)生？（重復(fù)性檢查）改變狀態(tài)（進(jìn)給倍率，程序內(nèi)容，加工順序等等）。是否發(fā)生相同的故障？
《1》故障舉例
(1)電源不能開啟 檢查下列要點(diǎn)：電源是否被供給/供給電源是否正常？
(2)當(dāng)數(shù)控單元在開啟狀態(tài)下不能操作檢查下列要點(diǎn)：工作模式選擇是否正常？啟動(dòng)的所有條件是否滿足？起動(dòng)條件因機(jī)床而定，啟動(dòng)可能一直被鎖定，直到滿足預(yù)定狀態(tài)。參考由機(jī)床制造商印制的手冊(cè)進(jìn)行檢查：倍率開關(guān)或手動(dòng)速度是否設(shè)在零？機(jī)床復(fù)位信號(hào)沒有發(fā)出。進(jìn)給鎖定信號(hào)沒有發(fā)出。
機(jī)床鎖定打開。
警報(bào)信息 當(dāng)按下報(bào)警菜單鍵時(shí)，顯示ALARM/DIAGN屏幕
《1》報(bào)警 對(duì)于每一項(xiàng)操作報(bào)警，程序出錯(cuò)，伺服系統(tǒng)報(bào)警或系統(tǒng)錯(cuò)誤顯示警報(bào)代碼，警報(bào)編號(hào)或警報(bào)信息。
(1)停止代碼 在自動(dòng)操作模式里，用代碼或錯(cuò)誤編號(hào)顯示自動(dòng)操作，不能進(jìn)行或處于停止?fàn)顟B(tài)。
(2)警報(bào)信息 顯示由用戶PLC（內(nèi)置的可編程控制器）指定的警報(bào)信息。
(3)操作者信息 顯示由用戶PLC（內(nèi)置的可編程控制器）指定的操作者信息。
當(dāng)警報(bào)發(fā)生時(shí)，所有的屏幕上將會(huì)顯示分類編碼。
參考附錄，警報(bào)詳細(xì)信息表。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
1.《CHELIC 氣立可 氣動(dòng)設(shè)備產(chǎn)品目錄》8F 版
2.《AirTAC 亞德客產(chǎn)品目錄》2008版A
3.《氣動(dòng)自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)》作者：陸鑫盛 周洪
4.《液壓與氣壓傳動(dòng)》第二版 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社
5.《機(jī)械設(shè)備控制技術(shù)》 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社