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徐州工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)
摘要
人類正面臨著石油和煤炭等礦物燃料枯竭的嚴(yán)重威脅，太陽能作為一種新型能源具有儲(chǔ)量無限、普遍存在、利用清潔、使用經(jīng)濟(jì)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是太陽能又存在著低密度、間歇性、空間分布不斷變化的缺點(diǎn)，這就使目前的一系列太陽能設(shè)備對(duì)太陽能的利用率不高。太陽光線自動(dòng)跟蹤裝置解決了太陽能利用率不高的問題。本文對(duì)太陽能跟蹤系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)和自動(dòng)跟蹤系統(tǒng)控制部分設(shè)計(jì)。
第一，機(jī)械部分設(shè)計(jì)：
機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括底座、主軸、齒輪和齒圈等。當(dāng)太陽光線發(fā)生偏離時(shí)，控制部分發(fā)出控制信號(hào)驅(qū)動(dòng)步進(jìn)電機(jī)1帶動(dòng)小齒輪1轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，小齒輪帶動(dòng)大齒輪和主軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)水平方向跟蹤；同時(shí)控制信號(hào)驅(qū)動(dòng)步進(jìn)電機(jī)2帶動(dòng)小齒輪2，小齒輪2帶動(dòng)齒圈和太陽能板實(shí)現(xiàn)垂直方向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，通過步進(jìn)電機(jī)1、步進(jìn)電機(jī)2的共同工作實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)太陽的跟蹤。
第二，控制部分設(shè)計(jì)：
主要包括傳感器部分、信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換電路、單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)和電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)電路等。系統(tǒng)采用光電檢測(cè)追蹤模式實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)太陽的跟蹤。傳感器采用光敏電阻，將兩個(gè)完全相同的光敏電阻分別放置于一塊電池板東西方向邊沿處下方。當(dāng)兩個(gè)光敏電阻接收到的光強(qiáng)度不相同時(shí)，通過運(yùn)放比較電路將信號(hào)送給單片機(jī)，驅(qū)動(dòng)步進(jìn)電機(jī)正反轉(zhuǎn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)電池板對(duì)太陽的跟蹤。
關(guān)鍵詞 太陽能；跟蹤；光敏電阻；單片機(jī)；步進(jìn)電機(jī)
Abstract
Human being is seriously threatened by exhausting mineral fuel, such as coal and fossil oil. As a kind of new type of energy sources, solar energy has the advantages of unlimited reserves, existing everywhere,using clean and economical .But it also has disadvantages ,such as low density,intermission,change of space distributing and so on. These make that the current series of solar energy equipment for the utilization of solar energy is not high. In order to keep the energy exchange part to plumb up the solar beam,it must track the movement of solar. In this paper, the solar tracking system of the mechanical part and control system part are designed.
First, the mechanical part is designed.
Mechanical structure mainly includes the main spindle, stepping motors, gears and gear ring, and so on. When the sun's rays has a deviation, small gear are rotated by stepper motor according to the control signal from MCU. And the large gear and main spindle is rotated by small gear in order to track to achieve the level direction. At the same time, another small gear is rotated by another stepper motor according to the control signal.And the large gear and the solar panels are rotated by the small gear in order to track to achieve the vertical direction. Solar is tracked by the two stepper motors together.
Second, control system part is designed.
Control system mainly includes the sensors part, stepper motor, MCU system and the corresponding external circuit, and so on. Photoelectric detection system is used to track solar. Sensors use photosensitive resistance. The two same photosensitive resistances were placed in east and west direction of the bottom edge .When the two photosensitive resistances received different light at the same time, the signal from comparison circuit is sent to MCU in order to rotate stepping motors.
Keywords Solar energy Tracking Photosensitive resistance SCM Stepping motor
II
徐州工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)
目 錄
1緒論 1
1.1課題來源 1
1.2課題背景 1
1.2.1能源現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展 1
1.2.2我國(guó)太陽能資源 1
1.2.3目前太陽能的開發(fā)和利用 2
1.2.4太陽能的特點(diǎn) 2
1.3課題研究的目的 2
1.4研究課題的意義 2
1.4.1新環(huán)保能源 2
1.4.2提高太陽能的利用率 3
1.5太陽能利用的國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 3
1.6太陽追蹤系統(tǒng)的國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 4
1.7論文的研究?jī)?nèi)容 5
1.8論文結(jié)構(gòu) 5
2太陽能自動(dòng)跟蹤系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計(jì) 6
2.1太陽運(yùn)行的規(guī)律 6
2.2跟蹤器機(jī)械執(zhí)行部分比較選擇 6
2.2.1立柱轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)式跟蹤器 6
2.2.2陀螺儀式跟蹤器 7
2.2.3齒圈轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)式跟蹤器 7
2.2.4本課題的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)方案 8
2.3跟蹤方案的比較選擇 8
2.3.1視日運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡跟蹤 9
2.3.2光電跟蹤 9
2.3.3視日運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡跟蹤和光電跟蹤相結(jié)合 11
2.3.4本設(shè)計(jì)的跟蹤方案 12
3機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)部分 13
3.1太陽能自動(dòng)跟蹤系統(tǒng)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)方案 13
3.2第一齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)計(jì)算 13
3.2.1材料選擇 13
3.2.2尺寸計(jì)算 13
3.2.3校核計(jì)算 14
3.2.4齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算 15
3.3第二齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)計(jì)算 17
3.3.1材料選擇 17
3.3.2尺寸計(jì)算 17
3.3.3校核計(jì)算 17
3.3.4齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算 19
3.4軸瓦校核計(jì)算 20
3.4.1大軸瓦校核計(jì)算 20
3.4.2小軸瓦校核計(jì)算 22
3.5鍵聯(lián)接計(jì)算 25
3.5.1主軸與大齒輪的鍵聯(lián)接 25
3.5.2小軸與齒圈的鍵聯(lián)接 25
3.5.3步進(jìn)電機(jī)1輸出軸與小齒輪1的聯(lián)接 25
3.5.4步進(jìn)電機(jī)2輸出軸與小齒輪2的聯(lián)接 25
3.6抗風(fēng)性分析 26
3.6.1底座上螺釘校核 26
3.6.2軸校核 26
4自動(dòng)跟蹤系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 28
4.1系統(tǒng)總體結(jié)構(gòu) 28
4.2光電轉(zhuǎn)換器 28
4.2.1光電轉(zhuǎn)換電路 28
4.3單片機(jī)及其外圍電路 29
4.3.1 AT89C51單片機(jī) 29
4.3.2外圍電路 31
4.4步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)及驅(qū)動(dòng)電路 32
4.4.1步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)介紹 32
4.4.2步進(jìn)電機(jī)的主要特性 32
4.4.3步進(jìn)電機(jī)的選擇 33
4.4.4驅(qū)動(dòng)電路 34
4.5系統(tǒng)的實(shí)現(xiàn) 35
4.5.1光敏電阻光強(qiáng)比較法 35
4.5.2光敏電阻光強(qiáng)比較法的工作過程 36
4.5.3系統(tǒng)的流程圖 37
5結(jié)論 39
5.1結(jié)論 39
5.2展望 39
致謝 40
參考文獻(xiàn) 41
附錄1 43
附錄2 51
3