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外文資料翻譯
Industrial technology and equipment modernization of the national economy as a whole is determined by the level and degree of modernization, CNC equipment is the development of new technology and cutting-edge industries and high-tech industries (such as information technology and its related industries Biotechnology and related industries, aviation, aerospace and other defense industries) enabling technology and the basic equipment. NC widely used in the world today manufacturing technology, to increase manufacturing capacity, enhance the ability to adapt to dynamic market changes and competitive ability. Besides the developed industrial world will NC NC equipment and technology as the strategic commodities. not taken significant steps to develop its own digital technology and its related industries in the "high-tech" NC key technology and equipment to China's policy of closures and restrictions. In short, numerical control technology at the core of efforts to develop advanced manufacturing technology has become the world's developed countries to accelerate economic development. improve our overall national strength and an important way to statehood. NC technology is the use of digital information to the mechanical and process control technology, NC NC technology equipment is represented by the new technologies on traditional manufacturing industries and the formation of the penetration of new manufacturing machinery and electronics products, the so-called digital equipment, technology cover many areas : (1) Machinery Manufacturing Technology; (2) information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3) control technology; (4) servo drive technology; (5) sensor technology; (6) software technology.
裝備工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和現(xiàn)代化程度決定著整個國民經(jīng)濟的水平和現(xiàn)代化程度，數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備是發(fā)展新興高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)和尖端工業(yè)（如信息技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、生物技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、航空、航天等國防工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)）的使能技術(shù)和最基本的裝備。當今世界各國制造業(yè)廣泛采用數(shù)控技術(shù)，以提高制造能力和水平，提高對動態(tài)多變市場的適應能力和競爭能力。此外世界上各工業(yè)發(fā)達國家還將數(shù)控技術(shù)及數(shù)控裝備列為國家的戰(zhàn)略物資，不僅采取重大措施來發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)，而且在“高精尖”數(shù)控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和裝備方面對我國實行封鎖和限制政策。總之，大力發(fā)展以數(shù)控技術(shù)為核心的先進制造技術(shù)已成為世界各發(fā)達國家加速經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、提高綜合國力和國家地位的重要途徑。 數(shù)控技術(shù)是用數(shù)字信息對機械運動和工作過程進行控制的技術(shù)，數(shù)控裝備是以數(shù)控技術(shù)為代表的新技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機電一體化產(chǎn)品，即所謂的數(shù)字化裝備，其技術(shù)范圍覆蓋很多領(lǐng)域：(1)機械制造技術(shù)；(2)信息處理、加工、傳輸技術(shù)；(3)自動控制技術(shù)；(4)伺服驅(qū)動技術(shù)；(5)傳感器技術(shù)；(6)軟件技術(shù)等。
1 NC Technology Trends
1 數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢
NC technology applications not only bring about a revolutionary change to the traditional manufacturing industries, the manufacturing industry has become a symbol of industrialization. With the continuous development and application of numerical control technology fields expanded, and some important sectors of the national economy (IT. automobiles, light industry, health care, etc.) are playing an increasingly important role in the development. Because these businesses have modern digital equipment needed by the general trend of development. NC technology and equipment from the world's development trends, its main focus is the following :
數(shù)控技術(shù)的應用不但給傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)帶來了革命性的變化，使制造業(yè)成為工業(yè)化的象征，而且隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應用領(lǐng)域的擴大，他對國計民生的一些重要行業(yè)（IT、汽車、輕工、醫(yī)療等）的發(fā)展起著越來越重要的作用，因為這些行業(yè)所需裝備的數(shù)字化已是現(xiàn)代發(fā)展的大趨勢。從目前世界上數(shù)控技術(shù)及其裝備發(fā)展的趨勢來看，其主要研究熱點有以下幾個方面：
1.1 speed, the new trend of high-finishing technology and equipment
1.1高速、高精加工技術(shù)及裝備的新趨勢
Efficiency, and quality is the main advanced manufacturing technology. High-speed, high-finishing technologies can greatly enhance our efficiency, improve product quality and grades. shorten production cycles and improve their competitiveness on the market. Japan will end its tip technology as one of the five major modern manufacturing technology. International Institute of production (52th) will be identified as one of the Research Center for the 21st century. Recently, the overall use of a large aluminum alloy billets "emptied" the solution to the wing. large fuselage parts to a large number of parts to replace rivets, screws and other CONNECTIONS assembled. make component strength, stiffness and reliability improved. All of the processing equipment and high-speed, high-precision and high flexibility requirements. Hannover Expo from the case, the high speed processing centers will be to speed up stiffness, or even higher. operating speed of up to 100 m / min air around. Reliability and MTBF values abroad NC device has more than 6 copper, 30000h servo system MTBF value reached more than demonstrated very high reliability. In order to achieve high-speed, high-finishing, ancillary components such as the spindle, the rapid development of a linear motor, Applications will continue to expand.
效率、質(zhì)量是先進制造技術(shù)的主體。高速、高精加工技術(shù)可極大地提高效率，提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和檔次，縮短生產(chǎn)周期和提高市場競爭能力。為此日本先端技術(shù)研究會將其列為5大現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)之一，國際生產(chǎn)工程學會（CIRP）將其確定為21世紀的中心研究方向之一。近來采用大型整體鋁合金坯料“掏空”的方法來制造機翼、機身等大型零件來替代多個零件通過眾多的鉚釘、螺釘和其他聯(lián)結(jié)方式拼裝，使構(gòu)件的強度、剛度和可靠性得到提高。這些都對加工裝備提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。 從EMO2001展會情況來看，高速加工中心進給速度可達80m/min，甚至更高，空運行速度可達100m/min左右。在可靠性方面，國外數(shù)控裝置的MTBF值已達6 000h以上，伺服系統(tǒng)的MTBF值達到30000h以上，表現(xiàn)出非常高的可靠性。 為了實現(xiàn)高速、高精加工，與之配套的功能部件如電主軸、直線電機得到了快速的發(fā)展，應用領(lǐng)域進一步擴大。
1.2 5-axis machining machine tool and the rapid development
1.2 5軸聯(lián)動加工和復合加工機床快速發(fā)展
Using 5-axis machining of 3D components, the best available tool for cutting geometry not only finish high. but also greatly increase efficiency. Generally believed that one 5-axis machine efficiency can mean 2, 3-axis machine tools. particularly the use of cubic boron nitride and other superhard materials for high-speed milling of hardened steel cutter parts, 5-axis machining for more than three-axis machining efficiency. But for the past five-axis CNC system mainframe complex reasons, their prices several times higher than the 3-axis CNC machine tools, plus programming techniques rather difficult. constraining the development of a five-axis machine tools. At present, due to a spindle, enabling 5-axis machining spindle head of composite structures simplified. manufacturing difficulties and costs lowered significantly, reducing the gap between the price of CNC system. So for the first type of compound axis and 5-axis machine machine tool (including five surface Machine) development. In Hannover Expo, the new machine in Japan for the first 5 axis surface machining machine compound. four vertical plane processing can be realized and arbitrary angle processing, 5 5-axis machining and surface processing makes on the same machine can be achieved, but also to achieve the processing of tilted surface and inverted cone hole. German companies DMG display DMUVoution series processing center under 5 fixture in a five-axis machining and surface processing, CAM or CNC control system can be controlled, directly or indirectly.
采用5軸聯(lián)動對三維曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳幾何形狀進行切削，不僅光潔度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般認為，1臺5軸聯(lián)動機床的效率可以等于2臺3軸聯(lián)動機床，特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進行高速銑削淬硬鋼零件時，5軸聯(lián)動加工可比3軸聯(lián)動加工發(fā)揮更高的效益。但過去因5軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、主機結(jié)構(gòu)復雜等原因，其價格要比3軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控機床高出數(shù)倍，加之編程技術(shù)難度較大，制約了5軸聯(lián)動機床的發(fā)展。 當前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn)，使得實現(xiàn)5軸聯(lián)動加工的復合主軸頭結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡化，其制造難度和成本大幅度降低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的價格差距縮小。因此促進了復合主軸頭類型5軸聯(lián)動機床和復合加工機床（含5面加工機床）的發(fā)展。 在EMO2001展會上，新日本工機的5面加工機床采用復合主軸頭，可實現(xiàn)4個垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5軸加工可在同一臺機床上實現(xiàn)，還可實現(xiàn)傾斜面和倒錐孔的加工。德國DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次裝夾下5面加工和5軸聯(lián)動加工，可由CNC系統(tǒng)控制或CAD/CAM直接或間接控制。
1.3 intelligent, open-end, the network has become the main trends in contemporary development of NC System
1.3 智能化、開放式、網(wǎng)絡化成為當代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的主要趨勢
CNC equipment to the 21st century is quite intelligent system Intelligent include : all aspects of the NC system for the pursuit of intelligent processing efficiency and quality, If processing the adaptive control, automatic generation parameters; To improve driving performance and convenience of the users of intelligence If feedforward control, the electrical parameters of the adaptive computing, automatic identification load automatically selected model, self-tuning; simplify programming, Intelligent streamline operations, such as the intelligent automatic programming and intelligent man-machine interface; There intelligent diagnosis. Intelligent monitoring the content to facilitate the diagnosis and maintenance. NC system for the traditional NC software industry closed and production problems that existed. Many countries to open CNC system, American NGC (The Next Generation Work-Station/Ma chine Control). EC OSACA (Open System Architecture for Contr o within Automation Systems) Japan's OSEC (Open System Environment for Controll r). China's ONC (Open Numerical Control System). NC NC system, the future has become an open road. NC NC system is the so-called open system in the development of a unified operating platform. machine tool manufacturers and end-users, to change, increasing or prune object structure (NC function), serialized form. users can conveniently be applied to the special technical know-how and integrated control system to quickly achieve different varieties, Open CNC different grades, creating a distinctive brand personality. NC now open system architecture standard communications standards, standardized configuration, the operating platform, NC NC system and reservoir system software development tools is the core of the current study. Network equipment last two internationally renowned NC Machine Tool Expo a new bright spot. NC network equipment will greatly satisfy production lines, manufacturing systems, manufacturing enterprise information integration on demand Agile manufacturing as well as creating a new, virtual enterprises on the basis of a global manufacturing unit. NC NC Machine and some famous foreign companies in the past two years to create a related new concepts and prototype Show in Hannover, Japan's Yamazaki Mazak (Mazak) exhibits "CyberProduction Cente r "(intelligent production control center CPC); Japan cove (42nd meeting) Machine Company display "plaza IT" (Information Technology Square. listed IT Plaza); Germany's Siemens (Siemens) displayed in the Open Manufacturing Company Envi ronment (open manufacturing environment, called OME). NC machine to the network reflects the direction of the trend.
21世紀的數(shù)控裝備將是具有一定智能化的系統(tǒng)，智能化的內(nèi)容包括在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中的各個方面：為追求加工效率和加工質(zhì)量方面的智能化，如加工過程的自適應控制，工藝參數(shù)自動生成；為提高驅(qū)動性能及使用連接方便的智能化，如前饋控制、電機參數(shù)的自適應運算、自動識別負載自動選定模型、自整定等；簡化編程、簡化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自動編程、智能化的人機界面等；還有智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控方面的內(nèi)容、方便系統(tǒng)的診斷及維修等。 為解決傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)封閉性和數(shù)控應用軟件的產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)存在的問題。目前許多國家對開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)進行研究，如美國的NGC(The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control)、歐共體的OSACA(Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems)、日本的OSEC(Open System Environment for Controller)，中國的ONC(Open Numerical Control System)等。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)開放化已經(jīng)成為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的未來之路。所謂開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)就是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)可以在統(tǒng)一的運行平臺上，面向機床廠家和最終用戶，通過改變、增加或剪裁結(jié)構(gòu)對象（數(shù)控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地將用戶的特殊應用和技術(shù)訣竅集成到控制系統(tǒng)中，快速實現(xiàn)不同品種、不同檔次的開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，形成具有鮮明個性的名牌產(chǎn)品。目前開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范、通信規(guī)范、配置規(guī)范、運行平臺、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能庫以及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能軟件開發(fā)工具等是當前研究的核心。 網(wǎng)絡化數(shù)控裝備是近兩年國際著名機床博覽會的一個新亮點。數(shù)控裝備的網(wǎng)絡化將極大地滿足生產(chǎn)線、制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對信息集成的需求，也是實現(xiàn)新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虛擬企業(yè)、全球制造的基礎單元。國內(nèi)外一些著名數(shù)控機床和數(shù)控系統(tǒng)制造公司都在近兩年推出了相關(guān)的新概念和樣機，如在EMO2001展中，日本山崎馬扎克（Mazak)公司展出的“CyberProduction Center”（智能生產(chǎn)控制中心，簡稱CPC)；日本大隈（Okuma）機床公司展出“IT plaza”（信息技術(shù)廣場，簡稱IT廣場)；德國西門子(Siemens)公司展出的Open Manufacturing Environment（開放制造環(huán)境，簡稱OME）等，反映了數(shù)控機床加工向網(wǎng)絡化方向發(fā)展的趨勢。
2 NC Technology and the development of basic industries estimate
2 對我國數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的基本估計
NC Technology started in 1958, nearly 50 years of development history can be divided into three stages : The first stage was from 1958 to 1979, closed development stage. At this stage, as foreign technology blockade, and our basic conditions, the development of NC relatively slow. The second stage is the "June 5", "Plan" and during the "Eighth Five-year Plan," a period that the introduction of technology, absorbing system made preliminary stage. At this stage, due to the importance of reform and opening up and national and international research and development environment and the improvement of the environment. NC Technology research and development of products made considerable progress has been made. The third stage is in the "Eighth Five-year Plan," and later the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, namely the implementation of the industry, market competition stage. At this stage, our domestic CNC equipment industry has made substantial progress. During the "Ninth Five-year Plan" period, the domestic market share of domestic CNC machine tools, 50% NC domestic distribution system (universal) have also reached 10%. Taking the NC Technology development for nearly 50 years, especially in the wake of four five-year plan to tackle difficult problems. Generally speaking, the following results. A. NC technology laid the basis for the development of basic techniques of modern CNC. China has basically mastered from the NC system, servo-driven, NC server, pieces of the plane and its supporting infrastructure technology, Most already have the technology for commercialization of the base, some technology commercialization, industrialization. B. NC initially formed the industrial base. Commercialization of research results and in part on the basis of technology, such as the establishment of a central NC. NASA NC NC system with the ability to mass production factories. Lanzhou Electrical Machinery Plant, a number of central CNC servo system and servo motor manufacturers and the Beijing No. 1 Machine Tool Plant. Jinan No. 1 Machine Tool Plant several NC mainframe production. These manufacturers have formed an NC basic industrial base. C. NC establish a research, development, the basic management team. Although the NC and industrial technology research and development has made considerable progress, However, we must also clearly understand that our high-end CNC technology research and development, especially in the industrial and technological level of China's real situation, there is a large gap between demand. Despite the rapid development of China's vertical, horizontal ratio (compared with foreign countries) have not only skills gap the pace of development in some areas there are gaps that some of sophisticated CNC trend of widening the gap between the level of technical equipment. From the international perspective, the level of industrial and technological level of China NC estimated as follows. A. Technical level, and the advanced level of about 10-15 years behind the sophisticated technology is even greater. B. Industrial level, the market share of low coverage of small species, not scale production; specialized components and complete sets of low production levels; relatively poor quality appearance; reliability is not high, commercialization of inadequate; Domestic NC system is not yet set up their own branding, user confidence. C. On the capacity of sustainable development of pre-competitive research and development of NC technology, engineering capability is weak; NC efforts to expand the application of technology is not strong; Standards related research, developing backward.
我國數(shù)控技術(shù)起步于1958年，近50年的發(fā)展歷程大致可分為3個階段：第一階段從1958年到1979年，即封閉式發(fā)展階段。在此階段，由于國外的技術(shù)封鎖和我國的基礎條件的限制，數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展較為緩慢。第二階段是在國家的“六五”、“七五”期間以及“八五”的前期，即引進技術(shù)，消化吸收，初步建立起國產(chǎn)化體系階段。在此階段，由于改革開放和國家的重視，以及研究開發(fā)環(huán)境和國際環(huán)境的改善，我國數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究、開發(fā)以及在產(chǎn)品的國產(chǎn)化方面都取得了長足的進步。第三階段是在國家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期間，即實施產(chǎn)業(yè)化的研究，進入市場競爭階段。在此階段，我國國產(chǎn)數(shù)控裝備的產(chǎn)業(yè)化取得了實質(zhì)性進步。在“九五”末期，國產(chǎn)數(shù)控機床的國內(nèi)市場占有率達50％，配國產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)（普及型）也達到了10％。 縱觀我國數(shù)控技術(shù)近50年的發(fā)展歷程，特別是經(jīng)過4個5年計劃的攻關(guān)，總體來看取得了以下成績。 a.奠定了數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展的基礎，基本掌握了現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)。我國現(xiàn)在已基本掌握了從數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、伺服驅(qū)動、數(shù)控主機、專機及其配套件的基礎技術(shù)，其中大部分技術(shù)已具備進行商品化開發(fā)的基礎，部分技術(shù)已商品化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化。 b.初步形成了數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。在攻關(guān)成果和部分技術(shù)商品化的基礎上，建立了諸如華中數(shù)控、航天數(shù)控等具有批量生產(chǎn)能力的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠。蘭州電機廠、華中數(shù)控等一批伺服系統(tǒng)和伺服電機生產(chǎn)廠以及北京第一機床廠、濟南第一機床廠等若干數(shù)控主機生產(chǎn)廠。這些生產(chǎn)廠基本形成了我國的數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。 c.建立了一支數(shù)控研究、開發(fā)、管理人才的基本隊伍。 雖然在數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)以及產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面取得了長足的進步，但我們也要清醒地認識到，我國高端數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)，尤其是在產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面的技術(shù)水平現(xiàn)狀與我國的現(xiàn)實需求還有較大的差距。雖然從縱向看我國的發(fā)展速度很快，但橫向比（與國外對比）不僅技術(shù)水平有差距，在某些方面發(fā)展速度也有差距，即一些高精尖的數(shù)控裝備的技術(shù)水平差距有擴大趨勢。從國際上來看，對我國數(shù)控技術(shù)水平和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平估計大致如下。 a.技術(shù)水平上，與國外先進水平大約落后10～15年，在高精尖技術(shù)方面則更大。 b.產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平上，市場占有率低，品種覆蓋率小，還沒有形成規(guī)模生產(chǎn)；功能部件專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)水平及成套能力較低；外觀質(zhì)量相對差；可靠性不高，商品化程度不足；國產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)尚未建立自己的品牌效應，用戶信心不足。 c.可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力上，對競爭前數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)、工程化能力較弱；數(shù)控技術(shù)應用領(lǐng)域拓展力度不強；相關(guān)標準規(guī)范的研究、制定滯后。
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