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機(jī)械專業(yè)外語翻譯
機(jī)械專業(yè)外語翻譯
外語翻譯
Open CNC system
Open CNC system is the development of numerical control system can be run in a unified platform for machine tool manufacturers and end users, by changing, adding or cutting out the structure object (NC function) to form a series, and easily the user's special integration of applications and technical know-how to the control system, quickly realize the different varieties and different grades of open CNC system, form a distinctive brand personality. The open numerical control system architecture specification, communication specifications, configuration specifications, operating platform, function libraries and CNC numerical control system software development tools, system function is the core of the current study. Network numerical control equipment is well-known international machine tool fair the past two years, a new bright spot. NC network equipment will greatly satisfy the production lines, manufacturing systems, manufacturing information integration needs of enterprises, but also achieve new manufacturing model, such as agile manufacturing, virtual enterprises, global manufacturing the base unit. Some well-known at home and abroad, and CNC CNC machine tools manufacturing companies have introduced in recent years related to new concepts and prototype, as in EMO2001 exhibition, Japan Yamazaki Mazak (Mazak) that the company exhibits "CyberProduction Center" (intelligent production control center, referred to as CPC); Japan Okuma (Okuma) Machine Company exhibited "IT plaza" (Information Technology Square, referred to as IT Plaza); Germany's Siemens (Siemens) that the company exhibits Open Manufacturing Environment (open manufacturing environment, referred to as OME), etc. , reflecting the CNC machining direction of the network trend. 1.4 The emphasis on new technical standards, rules 1.4.1 The establishment of norms on the numerical control system design and development As mentioned earlier, open CNC system has better versatility, flexibility, adaptability, scalability, the United States, the European Community and Japan States have to implement the strategic development plan, and an open architecture CNC system specification (OMAC, OSACA, OSEC) research and development, the world's three largest economies in the short term were almost the same standard of scientific planning and development, foreshadowed a new CNC technology coming period of change. China also started in 2000, ONC CNC system in China's research and development of regulatory frameworks. NC on the NC Standard 1.4.2 standard is the development of manufacturing information of a trend. CNC technology 50 years after the birth of the exchange of information is based on ISO6983 standards, which adopts the G, M code describes how (how) processing, the essential characteristics of process-oriented, obviously, he can not meet modern CNC technology high-speed development.
開放式數(shù)控
開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)就是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)可以在統(tǒng)一的運(yùn)行平臺(tái)上，面向機(jī)床廠家和最終用戶，通過改變、增加或剪裁結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)象（數(shù)控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地將用戶的特殊應(yīng)用和技術(shù)訣竅集成到控制系統(tǒng)中，快速實(shí)現(xiàn)不同品種、不同檔次的開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，形成具有鮮明個(gè)性的名牌產(chǎn)品。目前開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范、通信規(guī)范、配置規(guī)范、運(yùn)行平臺(tái)、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能庫以及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能軟件開發(fā)工具等是當(dāng)前研究的核心。 網(wǎng)絡(luò)化數(shù)控裝備是近兩年國(guó)際著名機(jī)床博覽會(huì)的一個(gè)新亮點(diǎn)。數(shù)控裝備的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化將極大地滿足生產(chǎn)線、制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對(duì)信息集成的需求，也是實(shí)現(xiàn)新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虛擬企業(yè)、全球制造的基礎(chǔ)單元。國(guó)內(nèi)外一些著名數(shù)控機(jī)床和數(shù)控系統(tǒng)制造公司都在近兩年推出了相關(guān)的新概念和樣機(jī)，如在EMO2001展中，日本山崎馬扎克（Mazak)公司展出的“CyberProduction Center”（智能生產(chǎn)控制中心，簡(jiǎn)稱CPC)；日本大隈（Okuma）機(jī)床公司展出“IT plaza”（信息技術(shù)廣場(chǎng)，簡(jiǎn)稱IT廣場(chǎng))；德國(guó)西門子(Siemens)公司展出的Open Manufacturing Environment（開放制造環(huán)境，簡(jiǎn)稱OME）等，反映了數(shù)控機(jī)床加工向網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。 1.4 重視新技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范的建立 1.4.1 關(guān)于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)規(guī)范 如前所述，開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)有更好的通用性、柔性、適應(yīng)性、擴(kuò)展性，美國(guó)、歐共體和日本等國(guó)紛紛實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展計(jì)劃，并進(jìn)行開放式體系結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)規(guī)范(OMAC、OSACA、OSEC)的研究和制定，世界3個(gè)最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體在短期內(nèi)進(jìn)行了幾乎相同的科學(xué)計(jì)劃和規(guī)范的制定，預(yù)示了數(shù)控技術(shù)的一個(gè)新的變革時(shí)期的來臨。我國(guó)在2000年也開始進(jìn)行中國(guó)的ONC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的規(guī)范框架的研究和制定。 1.4.2 關(guān)于數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是制造業(yè)信息化發(fā)展的一種趨勢(shì)。數(shù)控技術(shù)誕生后的50年間的信息交換都是基于ISO6983標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即采用G，M代碼描述如何（how）加工，其本質(zhì)特征是面向加工過程，顯然，他已越來越不能滿足現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)高速發(fā)展的需要。
To this end, the international research and development is a new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC), the aim is to provide a specific system does not rely on a neutral mechanism to describe the product life cycle of a unified data model in order to achieve the entire manufacturing process, various industrial fields as well as the standardization of product information. STEP-NC may be the emergence of a revolution in the field of numerical control technology, the development of numerical control technology for the manufacturing sector as a whole, will have far-reaching impact. First, STEP-NC manufacturing presents a new concept, the concept of traditional manufacturing, NC machining program are concentrated in a single computer. Under the new standard, NC programs can be distributed on the Internet, which is open numerical control technology and network development. Secondly, STEP-NC CNC system can also reduce processing drawings (about 75%), processing the time (about 35%) and processing time (about 50%). At present, Europe and the United States attaches great importance to the research STEP-NC, the European launch of the IMS STEP-NC program (1999.1.1 ~ 2001.12.31). To participate in this program are from Europe and Japan 20 CAD / CAM / CAPP / CNC users, vendors and academic institutions. U.S. STEP Tools is a global exchange of data within the software development industry, he has developed for the exchange of information of CNC machining super model (Super Model), whose goal is a unified specification describes all the process. Such new data exchange format has been equipped with SIEMENS, FIDIA and the European OSACA-NC NC system is verified on the prototype. 2 pairs of numerical control technology and industrial development of the basic estimates of numerical control technology started in 1958, nearly 50 years of development can be divided into three phases: the first from 1958 to 1979, that closed development stage. At this stage, due to blockade of foreign technology and our basic conditions, numerical control technology development is relatively slow. The second stage is in the state's "June", "July" and during the "Eighth Five-Year Period", the introduction of technology, digestion and absorption, the initial set up phase of the localization system. At this stage, the reform and opening-up and national attention, and research and development to improve the environment and the international environment, China's numerical control technology research, development and localization of products have made great progress. The third stage is in the state's "August" and the later "during the" that the implementation of industry research, market competition stage. At this stage, China's domestic numerical control equipment industry has made substantial progress. In the "Ninth Five," the end made CNC machine tools in the domestic market share of 50%, with domestic CNC system (popular) also reached 10%.
為此，國(guó)際上正在研究和制定一種新的CNC系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISO14649（STEP－NC)，其目的是提供一種不依賴于具體系統(tǒng)的中性機(jī)制，能夠描述產(chǎn)品整個(gè)生命周期內(nèi)的統(tǒng)一數(shù)據(jù)模型，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)整個(gè)制造過程，乃至各個(gè)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)品信息的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。 STEP-NC的出現(xiàn)可能是數(shù)控技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的一次革命，對(duì)于數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展乃至整個(gè)制造業(yè)，將產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。首先，STEP-NC提出一種嶄新的制造理念，傳統(tǒng)的制造理念中，NC加工程序都集中在單個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)上。而在新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下，NC程序可以分散在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，這正是數(shù)控技術(shù)開放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化發(fā)展的方向。其次，STEP-NC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)還可大大減少加工圖紙（約75％）、加工程序編制時(shí)間（約35％）和加工時(shí)間（約50％）。 目前，歐美國(guó)家非常重視STEP-NC的研究，歐洲發(fā)起了STEP-NC的IMS計(jì)劃(1999.1.1～2001.12.31)。參加這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的有來自歐洲和日本的20個(gè)CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC用戶、廠商和學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)。美國(guó)的STEP Tools公司是全球范圍內(nèi)制造業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)交換軟件的開發(fā)者，他已經(jīng)開發(fā)了用作數(shù)控機(jī)床加工信息交換的超級(jí)模型(Super Model)，其目標(biāo)是用統(tǒng)一的規(guī)范描述所有加工過程。目前這種新的數(shù)據(jù)交換格式已經(jīng)在配備了SIEMENS、FIDIA以及歐洲OSACA-NC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的原型樣機(jī)上進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。 2 對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的基本估計(jì) 我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)起步于1958年，近50年的發(fā)展歷程大致可分為3個(gè)階段：第一階段從1958年到1979年，即封閉式發(fā)展階段。在此階段，由于國(guó)外的技術(shù)封鎖和我國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)條件的限制，數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展較為緩慢。第二階段是在國(guó)家的“六五”、“七五”期間以及“八五”的前期，即引進(jìn)技術(shù)，消化吸收，初步建立起國(guó)產(chǎn)化體系階段。在此階段，由于改革開放和國(guó)家的重視，以及研究開發(fā)環(huán)境和國(guó)際環(huán)境的改善，我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究、開發(fā)以及在產(chǎn)品的國(guó)產(chǎn)化方面都取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步。第三階段是在國(guó)家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期間，即實(shí)施產(chǎn)業(yè)化的研究，進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)階段。在此階段，我國(guó)國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控裝備的產(chǎn)業(yè)化取得了實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)步。在“九五”末期，國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控機(jī)床的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)占有率達(dá)50％，配國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)（普及型）也達(dá)到了10％。
Throughout the past 50 years of CNC technology development process, especially through four 5-year plan of research, on the whole achieved the following results. a. laid the foundation for the development of numerical control technology, the basic grasp of modern CNC technology. Our country is now basically understood from the NC system, servo drives, CNC host, plane and fittings based technology, which already has most of the technical basis for commercial development, part of the technology has been the commercialization and industrialization. b. formed a CNC industrial base. In the commercialization of research results and on the basis of some technology, such as the establishment of central NC, with a production capacity of aerospace CNC CNC system manufacturer. Lanzhou Electric Factory, NC Central and a number of servo systems and servo motor manufacturing plant and the Beijing First Machine Tool Plant, Jinan first machine tool factory hosts a number of CNC manufacturing facility. These plants basically formed a CNC industrial base. c. the establishment of a numerical research, development, management personnel of the basic team. Although the numerical control technology research and development and industrialization has made great progress, but we should also clearly understand that China's high-end research and development of numerical control technology, especially in the technology industry's situation and practical needs of China there is a large gap. Although the development of vertical fast in China, but the horizontal ratio (compared with foreign) not only the difference between the level of technology, the pace of development in some areas there are gaps, that some sophisticated CNC equipment, widening the gap between technical level. From an international point of view, on the level of numerical control technology and industrialization level is estimated as follows. a. the technical level, with foreign advanced level of about 10 to 15 years behind in technology is more sophisticated. b. industry level, market share is low, species coverage is small, there is no scale production; specialized features of lower production levels and complete; appearance quality is relatively poor; reliability is not high, lack of commercialization; CNC system made its own brand has not been established, the user's lack of confidence. c. the ability of sustainable development, to pre-competitive research and development of numerical control technology, engineering weak; efforts to expand the field of numerical control technology is not strong; relevant standards research, development lags behind. The gap of the main reasons there are the following.
縱觀我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)近50年的發(fā)展歷程，特別是經(jīng)過4個(gè)5年計(jì)劃的攻關(guān)，總體來看取得了以下成績(jī)。 a.奠定了數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，基本掌握了現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)。我國(guó)現(xiàn)在已基本掌握了從數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)、數(shù)控主機(jī)、專機(jī)及其配套件的基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)，其中大部分技術(shù)已具備進(jìn)行商品化開發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)，部分技術(shù)已商品化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化。 b.初步形成了數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。在攻關(guān)成果和部分技術(shù)商品化的基礎(chǔ)上，建立了諸如華中數(shù)控、航天數(shù)控等具有批量生產(chǎn)能力的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠。蘭州電機(jī)廠、華中數(shù)控等一批伺服系統(tǒng)和伺服電機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠以及北京第一機(jī)床廠、濟(jì)南第一機(jī)床廠等若干數(shù)控主機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠。這些生產(chǎn)廠基本形成了我國(guó)的數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。 c.建立了一支數(shù)控研究、開發(fā)、管理人才的基本隊(duì)伍。雖然在數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)以及產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步，但我們也要清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到，我國(guó)高端數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)，尤其是在產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面的技術(shù)水平現(xiàn)狀與我國(guó)的現(xiàn)實(shí)需求還有較大的差距。雖然從縱向看我國(guó)的發(fā)展速度很快，但橫向比（與國(guó)外對(duì)比）不僅技術(shù)水平有差距，在某些方面發(fā)展速度也有差距，即一些高精尖的數(shù)控裝備的技術(shù)水平差距有擴(kuò)大趨勢(shì)。從國(guó)際上來看，對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)水平和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平估計(jì)大致如下。 a.技術(shù)水平上，與國(guó)外先進(jìn)水平大約落后10～15年，在高精尖技術(shù)方面則更大。 b.產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平上，市場(chǎng)占有率低，品種覆蓋率小，還沒有形成規(guī)模生產(chǎn)；功能部件專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)水平及成套能力較低；外觀質(zhì)量相對(duì)差；可靠性不高，商品化程度不足；國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)尚未建立自己的品牌效應(yīng)，用戶信心不足。 c.可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力上，對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)前數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)、工程化能力較弱；數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域拓展力度不強(qiáng)；相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范的研究、制定滯后。 分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下幾個(gè)方面。
a. awareness. NC Industrial process of domestic difficulty, complexity and characteristics of long-term lack of knowledge; on the market are not standardized, plus kill the blockade of foreign, institutional and other difficult to underestimate; on the level of application of CNC technology and capacity analysis is not enough. b. system aspects. From a technical point of concern when the issue of CNC multi-industry, from the systematic perspective of industry chain issues into account when the CNC industry less; not established a complete matching system of high-quality, comprehensive training, services, network support system . c. mechanisms. Bad causes the brain drain, but also restricts the line of technology and technology innovation, product innovation, and effective implementation of the planning constraints, are often the ideal planning, implementation difficulties. d. technology. Enterprises in technology innovation is not strong, the core technology, engineering capability is not strong. Standard machine behind the low level of numerical control system the new standard is not enough.
a.認(rèn)識(shí)方面。對(duì)國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)進(jìn)程艱巨性、復(fù)雜性和長(zhǎng)期性的特點(diǎn)認(rèn)識(shí)不足；對(duì)市場(chǎng)的不規(guī)范、國(guó)外的封鎖加扼殺、體制等困難估計(jì)不足；對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用水平及能力分析不夠。 b.體系方面。從技術(shù)的角度關(guān)注數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問題的時(shí)候多，從系統(tǒng)的、產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的角度綜合考慮數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問題的時(shí)候少；沒有建立完整的高質(zhì)量的配套體系、完善的培訓(xùn)、服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等支撐體系。 c.機(jī)制方面。不良機(jī)制造成人才流失，又制約了技術(shù)及技術(shù)路線創(chuàng)新、產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新，且制約了規(guī)劃的有效實(shí)施，往往規(guī)劃理想，實(shí)施困難。 d.技術(shù)方面。企業(yè)在技術(shù)方面自主創(chuàng)新能力不強(qiáng)，核心技術(shù)的工程化能力不強(qiáng)。機(jī)床標(biāo)準(zhǔn)落后，水平較低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)研究不夠。
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