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華南理工大學(xué)廣州學(xué)院
本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）翻譯
英文原文名 Crawler mountain transport vehicle research status and development trend
中文譯名 履帶式山地運(yùn)輸車研究現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢(shì) ?
學(xué) 院
專業(yè)班級(jí)
學(xué)生姓名
學(xué)生學(xué)號(hào)
指導(dǎo)教師
填表日期
二〇一三 年 五月
英文原文版出處： Cao jg. Crawler mountain transport structure design analysis [J], journal of chongqing institute of technology, 1999, 03
譯文成績(jī)： 指導(dǎo)教師（導(dǎo)師組長(zhǎng)）簽名：
譯文：
履帶式山地運(yùn)輸車研究現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)?
我國(guó)山區(qū)面積占全國(guó)總面積的三分之二以上，廣大山區(qū)有著豐富的森林和礦產(chǎn)資源，水果在我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值中的比重不斷增加，為發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)提供雄厚的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。山區(qū)由于地形崎嶇，交通閉塞，經(jīng)濟(jì)文化常常相對(duì)落后。水果生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化顯得明顯滯后，其中果園運(yùn)輸尤為突出。例如我國(guó)水果中的柑橘有 ９０％ 種植在地形復(fù)雜的丘陵和山地區(qū)域，但是在種植和采收過(guò)程中果品和農(nóng)資物料運(yùn)輸仍然以人力運(yùn)輸為主，生產(chǎn)效率低、勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大。而傳統(tǒng)的輪式農(nóng)用運(yùn)輸車缺乏地形的針對(duì)性。改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，我國(guó)的科學(xué)技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)迅猛發(fā)展，各行各業(yè)都發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化，工程機(jī)械行業(yè)同樣得到了相應(yīng)的快速發(fā)展。各行各業(yè)都在奮力拼搏、大膽創(chuàng)新，使得工程機(jī)械品種不斷增加、產(chǎn)量不斷提高、性能不斷完善，發(fā)展勢(shì)頭強(qiáng)勁。
山地運(yùn)輸車是工程機(jī)械的一個(gè)重要品種，是一種廣泛用于建筑、鐵路、公路、水利、采礦等建設(shè)工程的運(yùn)輸機(jī)械。山地運(yùn)輸車由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、液壓系統(tǒng)、傳動(dòng)裝置、底盤(pán)幾部分組成。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的作用是提供動(dòng)力；液壓系統(tǒng)功能是把發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)機(jī)械能以油液為介質(zhì)，利用油泵轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐簤耗軅魉徒o油缸、馬達(dá)等，再傳動(dòng)各個(gè)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，實(shí)現(xiàn)各種運(yùn)動(dòng)；底盤(pán)的作用是承重、傳力并保證滿足對(duì)車速、牽引力和行駛方向的要求。底盤(pán)是組成整體的主要部分，行走機(jī)構(gòu)的性能優(yōu)劣直接影響整機(jī)的使用性能、經(jīng)濟(jì)性能。
目前國(guó)外農(nóng)用運(yùn)輸車產(chǎn)品基本可分為日韓型、意德型、英法型和美加型。日本、韓國(guó)兩國(guó)的地理環(huán)境主要以山區(qū)為主，耕種規(guī)模不大，使得自走式履帶、輪式小型運(yùn)輸車得以盛行。意大利與德國(guó)的地形特點(diǎn)是丘陵和山區(qū)占多數(shù)，但以農(nóng)場(chǎng)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理為主，主要使用獨(dú)立式農(nóng)用運(yùn)輸車和農(nóng)用拖拉機(jī)變形運(yùn)輸車。英國(guó)、法國(guó)等眾多歐洲國(guó)家的地理環(huán)境與農(nóng)場(chǎng)經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)模與以上兩種模式有較大差異，主要以中型農(nóng)場(chǎng)為主，使用農(nóng)用客貨兩用車和大型廂式農(nóng)用貨車作運(yùn)輸之用的同時(shí)又可滿足日常生活的需要。以美國(guó)、加拿大和澳大利亞為代表的大農(nóng)業(yè)國(guó)家，更多的是使用重型載貨汽車和半掛牽引汽車作為農(nóng)業(yè)運(yùn)輸用途的工具。
近年來(lái)我國(guó)山地果園田間運(yùn)輸技術(shù)已有所突破，主要技術(shù)有架空運(yùn)輸索道和軌道形式。這兩種運(yùn)輸技術(shù)，為山地陡坡果園的農(nóng)資和果品運(yùn)輸提供了解決方案，但存在機(jī)動(dòng)性較差的缺點(diǎn)。為更好地提高山地緩坡地果園的運(yùn)輸效率，設(shè)計(jì)一種操作輕便而且適應(yīng)性好的運(yùn)輸車很有必要。針對(duì)以山地為主的果園地理環(huán)境，在無(wú)路的粘性土壤路面，輪式車輛的附著力明顯小于接地面積較大的履帶式車輛，后者對(duì)復(fù)雜地形的適應(yīng)性也明顯優(yōu)于前者。
（1）能無(wú)極調(diào)速且調(diào)速范圍大，例如液壓馬達(dá)的最高轉(zhuǎn)速與最低轉(zhuǎn)速之比可達(dá)到1000:1。
（2）能得到較低的穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)速，例如柱塞式液壓馬達(dá)的穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)速可低達(dá)1r/min。
（3）傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn)，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，可吸收沖擊和振動(dòng)，操作省力，易實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化控制。
（4）易于實(shí)現(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系列化、通用化。
但是由于工作環(huán)境的惡劣，對(duì)機(jī)體的損害較大，磨損嚴(yán)重。
運(yùn)輸車的種類繁多，可以從不同角度對(duì)其來(lái)寫(xiě)進(jìn)行劃分：
（1）根據(jù)主要機(jī)構(gòu)傳動(dòng)來(lái)寫(xiě)劃分
根據(jù)主要機(jī)構(gòu)是否全部采用液壓傳動(dòng)，山地運(yùn)輸車分為機(jī)械傳動(dòng)、全液壓傳動(dòng)和非全液壓（或稱半液壓）傳動(dòng)兩種；
（2）根據(jù)行走機(jī)構(gòu)的類型劃分
（1）履帶式底盤(pán)結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)有利于提高運(yùn)輸機(jī)在山地果園運(yùn)行的通過(guò)性，即具有較好的轉(zhuǎn)向性能、較強(qiáng)的爬坡能力和抗側(cè)翻能力。
（2）設(shè)計(jì)履帶式運(yùn)輸車的轉(zhuǎn)向及行走控制系統(tǒng)應(yīng)有利于提高操縱輕便性，適應(yīng)山地果園運(yùn)輸作業(yè)。
（3）運(yùn)輸車的動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)有利于提高運(yùn)輸機(jī)的牽引力、承載能力、運(yùn)輸效率及燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
（4）車廂結(jié)構(gòu)及整機(jī)布局應(yīng)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，提高運(yùn)輸機(jī)的通用性、適應(yīng)性和降低使用成本。 山地果園自走式履帶運(yùn)輸車除了要具有山地行駛能力外還需要在高載重情況下工作，因此對(duì)其總體設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)要求具有合理的布局和結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。在動(dòng)力性方面應(yīng)保證其有足夠的驅(qū)動(dòng)力以獲得較好的加速、爬坡與越障性能，同時(shí)提高履帶式運(yùn)輸車的安全性和穩(wěn)定性也極為重要。由于整車尺寸相對(duì)較小，履帶底盤(pán)的尺寸也有限，因此在山區(qū)丘陵地帶凹凸不平的路面行駛時(shí)比大中型履帶車輛易側(cè)翻，提高其各種負(fù)荷下的抗側(cè)翻性能顯得尤其重要。
山地運(yùn)輸車主要由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、行走裝置和電氣控制等部分組成。底盤(pán)可以分為履帶式與輪式，輪式底盤(pán)運(yùn)用較廣，但是它的牽引附著性能較差，在坡地、粘重、潮濕地及沙土地的使用受到一定的限制；履帶式底盤(pán)牽引附著性能好，單位機(jī)寬、牽引力大、接地比壓低、越遠(yuǎn)性能強(qiáng)、穩(wěn)定性好，在坡地、粘重、潮濕地及沙土地的使用具有更好的性能傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)由液壓泵、控制閥、液壓馬達(dá)、制動(dòng)器、行星齒輪減速器、管路、油箱等組成；行走裝置由四輪一帶組成；電氣控制系統(tǒng)包括監(jiān)控盤(pán)、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)、泵控制系統(tǒng)、各類傳感器、電磁閥等。 間長(zhǎng)、作業(yè)噪聲大等諸多問(wèn)題。
外文原文：
Crawler mountain transport vehicle research status and development trend
The above?Chinese mountain area accounts for?2/3 of the total area of?the country,?the majority of?mountainous area boasts rich?forest?and mineral resources,?the proportion of?fruit?in China's?agricultural output value?in the growing,?provide a strong foundation for the?development of the economy.?Because of?the rugged terrain andmountains,?blocking traffic,?economy?culture often?lags behind relatively.?Fruit?production mechanization?obviously lag behind,?which?transport is particularly?prominent?in orchard.?For example,?China's?fruit?of Citrus?have 90%grown in?complex terrain?hilly and mountainous?region,?but in?the process of?planting and?harvesting?fruit?and agricultural?material transport?still with?human?transportation primarily,?low production efficiency,?high labor intensity.?Wheeled agricultural?transport vehicle?and?the traditional lack of?pertinence?of terrain.?Since the reform and opening up,?the rapid development of science and?technology,?information technology in our country,?all walks of life?have undergone?changes in?turn the world upside down,?engineering machinery?industry also?obtained the fast?development of?the corresponding.?In all walks of life?struggle,?bold innovation,?make the?engineering machinery?breed increases ceaselessly,?and constantly improve the production?performance,?continuous improvement,?the strong momentum of development.
Mountain?transport is?an important?variety?of construction machinery,?transport machinery?is?a kind of?widely used in construction,?railway,?highway,?water conservancy,?mining and other?construction projects.?Mountain?transportvehicle consists of?engine,?hydraulic system,?transmission device,?the chassis?consists of several parts.?The engine's role is to?provide power;?hydraulic system function?is the?mechanical energy engine?with?oil?as medium,using?oil pump?into?hydraulic energy?transmitted to the?cylinder,?motor,?to?drive?the various implementing agencies,to achieve a variety of?motion;?the chassis?is the role of?the bearing,?the force transmission?and?satisfy?the speed,traction and?driving direction?requirements.?The chassis is the main?part of?the overall?performance,?walkingmechanism?directly influence the using performance,?economic?performance of the whole machine.
At present foreign?agricultural transport vehicle?basic product?can be divided into?South Korea,?Italy and Germany,Britain and France?type?and?type?of additive.?Japan,?South Korea's?geographical environment?mainly inmountainous areas,?the scale?is not large,?which makes the?self-propelled?crawler,?small sized wheeled?transport vehicle?prevail.?The topographic features of?Italy and Germany?is hilly?and?mountainous area?accounted for the majority,?but?to the?farm business?management primarily,?the main use of?independent type?agricultural vehicles and?farm tractors?deformation?transport vehicle.?Geographical environment and?farm?Britain,?France?and many other?European countries,?business scale?and?more than two modes?have?great differences,?mainly?medium-sizedfarms,?also needs to use?agricultural?van?Van?trucks?for?transport?and large?agricultural?use?and?can meet the needs of?daily life.?To?USA,?Canada and Australia?as the representative of the?large?agricultural country,?more?is the use of?heavy trucks?and?semi-trailer towing vehicle?as agricultural?transportation uses?tools.
In recent years?the Mountainous Orchard?Field Transportation?Technology in our country?has been?a breakthrough,?the main technical?overhead?transport?cableway?and track form.?These two kinds of?transportation technology,?and provides a solution for the?mountain?slope?orchard?of agricultural means of production?andtransport of fruits,?but there are?less maneuverable?shortcomings.?In order to better improve the?mountain?slopesorchard?transport efficiency,?it is necessary to design?a kind of?convenient operation?and?good adaptability?of transportation vehicle.?Taking the?Mountainous?Orchard?geographic?environment,?in a viscous?soil?pavementwithout?road,?wheeled vehicle?adhesion?significantly less than the?ground?with larger area?of tracked vehicle,?the latter?adaptability?to complex topography?is also significantly better than?the former.
(1)?can be?stepless speed regulation?and?wide speed range,?such as the?ratio of?maximum speed?and?minimum speed?of the hydraulic motor?to achieve the?1000:1.
(2)?can get a?stable?low speed,?such as?stable speed?piston hydraulic motor?can be as low as 1r/min.
(3)?smooth transmission,?simple structure,?can absorb?shock and vibration,?labor-saving operation,?easy to?realize automatic control.
(4)?is easy to realize the standardization,?seriation,?universalization.
But because of?the?bad?working environment,?great damage to the body,?serious wear and tear.
The variety of?species?transport vehicle,?from different angles?on the?division?to?write:
(1)?to write the?partition?according to the main?transmission mechanism
According to?whether the?main?mechanism?with hydraulic drive,?mechanical transmission,?full hydraulic transmissionand non?full hydraulic?mountain?transport vehicle?division?(or?semi?hydraulic?transmission in two);
(2)?according to the?classification?of the walking mechanism
(1)?should help?improve?transport?in?Mountainous Orchard?run through the?design?of crawler chassis?structure,which has?good steering performance,?strong climbing?ability and?anti rollover?ability.
(2)?to?walk?and control system?should be conducive to improving?the maneuverability of?the design of?the crawler transporter,?adapt to the?Mountainous Orchard?transport operations.
(3)?transport vehicle?power transmission systems?are conducive to promoting the?conveyor?traction,?bearing capacity,?transportation efficiency and?fuel economy.
(4)?the carriage structure?and whole?layout?should optimize the design,?improve the?versatility?and?adaptability oftransport,?reduce use cost.
Mountainous Orchard?self-propelled?crawler transporter?in addition to a?mountain?driving?ability?also?need to work at high?load?conditions,?and should therefore be?required to have?a reasonable?and compact?layout and structureof?the overall design.?In the power?aspect?should ensure that it?has?sufficient driving force?to obtain?better acceleration,?climbing?and?obstacle performance,?at the same time?improve the?crawler transporter?security and stability?is also very?important.?Because of?the relatively small size?of vehicle,?crawler chassis?size?is limited,therefore?the rugged?hills?in the?mountain?road traveling?than?large and medium-sized?tracked vehicle?roll over,improve?the?anti rollover?performance?under different loads?is especially important.
Mountain?transport vehicle?is mainly composed of an engine,?transmission system,?a walking device?and electriccontrol part.?The transmission system is composed of?hydraulic pump,?control valve,?hydraulic motor,?brake,planetary gear reducer,?pipeline,?oil tank?and composition;?walking?device consists of?four round area?composition;electric control system?including?control panel,?engine control system,?pump control system,?various sensors,electromagnetic?valve?etc..?Many problems?between the long?operation,?big noise.