微型轎車(chē)無(wú)級(jí)變速器設(shè)計(jì)-分體帶輪式無(wú)級(jí)變速器【含7張CAD圖紙、說(shuō)明書(shū)】【QX系列】

喜歡就充值下載吧。資源目錄里展示的全都有，下載后全都有，所見(jiàn)即所得，CAD圖紙均為高清圖可自行編輯，文檔WORD都可以自己編輯的哦，有疑問(wèn)咨詢(xún)QQ:1064457796,課題后的【XX系列】為整理分類(lèi)用，與內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)，請(qǐng)忽視 - 0 - 【中文 3790 字】 自動(dòng)變速器換檔規(guī)律的研究 車(chē)輛自動(dòng)變速器通常分為液力機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)AT）、電控機(jī)械式自 動(dòng)變速器（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)AMT）和機(jī)械式無(wú)級(jí)變速器（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)CVT）。AMT以其傳動(dòng)效率高、 成本低和易于制造等優(yōu)點(diǎn)成為一種具有極具發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ淖詣?dòng)變速器。AMT 換檔品 質(zhì)的研究則是AMT技術(shù)體系研究中關(guān)鍵的一環(huán)，換檔品質(zhì)的好壞真接影響到AMT產(chǎn) 業(yè)化進(jìn)程及在市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。 AMT有很好的市場(chǎng)前景，但由于AMT 的換檔過(guò)程必需切斷動(dòng)力，所以其換檔 品質(zhì)較AT和CVT要差一些。只有提高AMT的換檔品質(zhì)，使之接近或超過(guò)AT、CVT的 換檔品質(zhì)，方能在市場(chǎng)上形成競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。所以對(duì)AMT換檔品質(zhì)的研究就成為AMT 技 術(shù)體系研究中關(guān)鍵的一環(huán)。 AMT發(fā)展分為三個(gè)階段：半自動(dòng)的SAMT階段、全自動(dòng)階段和智能階段。AMT 結(jié)構(gòu)分為硬件和軟件兩部分，硬件系統(tǒng)包括被控對(duì)象、執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、傳感器、TCU 等；軟件系統(tǒng)由實(shí)現(xiàn)控制策略的軟件組成。 自動(dòng)變速器(AT)的換檔性能的優(yōu)劣對(duì)整車(chē)性能有很大的影響。自動(dòng)變速器換 檔品質(zhì)問(wèn)題研究是自動(dòng)變速箱研究領(lǐng)域中的一個(gè)重要研究課題。換檔品質(zhì)的控制 通過(guò)電液系統(tǒng)來(lái)完成。控制器根據(jù)實(shí)時(shí)的油門(mén)開(kāi)度、車(chē)速等信號(hào)，發(fā)出操縱指令 控制換檔結(jié)合元件的油壓變化規(guī)律，實(shí)現(xiàn)平穩(wěn)換檔。本文對(duì)自動(dòng)變速器的換檔品 質(zhì)控制系統(tǒng)、換檔過(guò)程結(jié)合元件油壓變化規(guī)律進(jìn)行了較深入的分析和研究。 文中首先對(duì)換檔品質(zhì)的現(xiàn)有評(píng)價(jià)方法和指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了分析和總結(jié)，并對(duì)現(xiàn)有AT 換檔品質(zhì)的控制方式進(jìn)行了較為全面的介紹和分析。 提出了一種自動(dòng)變速器換檔過(guò)程分析的等效力學(xué)模型和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)一變矩器動(dòng)力 學(xué)簡(jiǎn)化模型，以適應(yīng)車(chē)輛起步、換檔實(shí)時(shí)控制研究的需要。應(yīng)用所建立的數(shù)學(xué)模 型，對(duì)自動(dòng)變速器的換檔過(guò)程進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的分析。 制定了適當(dāng)?shù)膿Q檔過(guò)渡過(guò)程結(jié)合元件的油壓變化規(guī)律，可改變自動(dòng)變速器的 換檔品質(zhì)。對(duì)AG4自動(dòng)變速箱的油壓控制給出了具體的計(jì)算方法?？筛纳谱詣?dòng)變 速器的換檔品以AG4自動(dòng)變速箱2H檔到3H檔為例進(jìn)行了模擬仿真，仿真的結(jié)果對(duì) 所建立的簡(jiǎn)化模型和提出的期望油壓規(guī)律進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。 - 1 - 詳細(xì)分析了AG4液壓操縱系統(tǒng)的供油調(diào)壓和換檔品質(zhì)控制工作原理。并對(duì)換 檔品質(zhì)控制的框圖設(shè)計(jì)做了初步的探討。利用自動(dòng)變速器電液控制試驗(yàn)臺(tái)對(duì)AG4 自動(dòng)變速箱的控制系統(tǒng)和液壓系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了測(cè)試。通過(guò)試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了本文所建立的數(shù) 學(xué)模型及其分析結(jié)論。 電控機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器(Automated Mechanical Transmission, AMT)是一種 新型的自動(dòng)變速系統(tǒng)，其通過(guò)對(duì)手動(dòng)固定軸式變速器和干式摩擦離合器的自動(dòng)化 改造從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了選檔、換檔以及離合器和油門(mén)的自動(dòng)操縱。AMT技術(shù)適合我國(guó)國(guó) 情，有著廣泛的市場(chǎng)和發(fā)展前途。換檔規(guī)律是電控機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器的靈魂，它 是判斷換檔時(shí)機(jī)的依據(jù)。在應(yīng)用中，通過(guò)將采集的車(chē)輛行駛狀態(tài)與換檔規(guī)律相對(duì) 比，從而判斷是否達(dá)到最佳的換檔點(diǎn)并自動(dòng)執(zhí)行換檔操作，這樣大大減輕了駕駛 員的疲勞，提高行駛安全，同時(shí)使整車(chē)具有較好的動(dòng)力性及燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。本論文 選擇電控機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器換檔規(guī)律這一關(guān)鍵性問(wèn)題作為研究對(duì)象，研究目的是 為AMT制定最佳的換檔規(guī)律以提高車(chē)輛的動(dòng)力性和燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。通過(guò)對(duì)影響車(chē)輛 動(dòng)力性和燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性的因素進(jìn)行分析，本論文推導(dǎo)了最佳動(dòng)力性和最佳燃油經(jīng)濟(jì) 性換檔規(guī)律的制定方法。為解決質(zhì)量影響問(wèn)題，提出了一種變結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳換檔系 統(tǒng)，豐富了換檔規(guī)律理論。鑒于計(jì)算機(jī)仿真技術(shù)與實(shí)車(chē)測(cè)試相比可以節(jié)省大量的 人力物力，本論文在進(jìn)行換檔規(guī)律的設(shè)計(jì)中，采用MATLAB/Simulate仿真工具箱 建立了最佳換檔規(guī)律的仿真模型，利用此仿真模型對(duì)制定的最佳動(dòng)力性和最佳燃 油經(jīng)濟(jì)性換檔規(guī)律進(jìn)行仿真，仿真結(jié)果表明本論文所建立的換檔規(guī)律是合理的。 換檔品質(zhì)是指在保證動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)壽命的前提下，能夠迅速、平穩(wěn)換檔的程 度，其評(píng)價(jià)的指標(biāo)主要是舒適性，量化指標(biāo)包括換檔時(shí)間和沖擊度。換檔品質(zhì)的 影響因素包括軟、硬件兩方面九大因素，并且可用兩種實(shí)驗(yàn)方法對(duì)換檔品質(zhì)進(jìn)行 研究，一種是整車(chē)道路實(shí)驗(yàn)實(shí)時(shí)采集數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析；第二種方法就是通過(guò)做模擬 整車(chē)工況的臺(tái)架實(shí)驗(yàn)。 AMT的控制策略是AMT控制的全部控制思想，控制策略里換檔規(guī)律、離合器結(jié) 合規(guī)律、換檔時(shí)序、控制方法的選擇、以及近來(lái)比較熱門(mén)的通過(guò)CAN總線(xiàn)實(shí)現(xiàn)的 TCU和ECU通訊策略都對(duì)檔品質(zhì)有影響，控制策略制訂得是否合理，將直接決定 AMT 的換檔品質(zhì)。 換檔規(guī)律是指兩排檔間自動(dòng)換檔時(shí)刻隨控制參數(shù)變化的規(guī)律，包括經(jīng)濟(jì)性和 動(dòng)力性換檔規(guī)律。目前汽車(chē)上多用兩控制參數(shù)（車(chē)速和油門(mén)開(kāi)度）的換檔規(guī)律。 換檔規(guī)律沒(méi)做好，就會(huì)使汽車(chē)在不該換檔的時(shí)候換檔，該換檔的時(shí)候不換檔，使 - 2 - 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工況嚴(yán)重不好，造成整個(gè)換檔過(guò)程中發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)聲音的異常和平順性的不良， 有時(shí)還可能使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)熄火。離合器結(jié)合規(guī)律受離合器釋放行程、油門(mén)開(kāi)度、發(fā)動(dòng) 機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速、檔位和車(chē)速、載荷等素影響，主要控制目標(biāo)是結(jié)合量和結(jié)合速度。而離 合器接合控制主要指接合速度的控制，大體上分快、慢、快三個(gè)階段。其中直接 影響換檔品質(zhì)的是第二階段，如果接合過(guò)快將造成換檔沖擊，甚至熄火；若過(guò)慢 將使離合器滑磨時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)，有損其壽命?？刂频膮?shù)主要是離合器主從動(dòng)片轉(zhuǎn)速 差及兩邊扭矩值,實(shí)驗(yàn)表明在扭矩值大致相同，轉(zhuǎn)速差小于一定值時(shí)接合離合器 既能保證換檔時(shí)間又不會(huì)產(chǎn)生沖擊，離合器磨損也不太嚴(yán)重。 換檔時(shí)序是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、離合器、變速器三者協(xié)調(diào)動(dòng)作的時(shí)序 ,它們的配合情況 對(duì)換檔時(shí)間有很大的影響。減小換擋時(shí)間最重要的是盡可能地縮小離合器滑摩時(shí) 間。如果延長(zhǎng)空載階段時(shí)間，將減小離合器主從動(dòng)盤(pán)轉(zhuǎn)速差。有利于縮短滑摩時(shí) 間。如果盡可能縮短空載時(shí)間，掛上新?lián)鹾罅⒓唇雍想x合器，如果離合器接合速 度控制的新方法可行，也可以在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成離合器的接合。其次是減小齒 輪同步時(shí)間，這可以通過(guò)兩種方式實(shí)現(xiàn)：1.減小齒輪間轉(zhuǎn)速差；2.增大換擋力。 運(yùn)用TCU和ECU通訊策略，通過(guò)CAN總線(xiàn)實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和變速器之間的聯(lián)合控制， AMT能夠達(dá)到最優(yōu)控制，獲得最理想的換檔品質(zhì)。 硬件系統(tǒng)元器件性能對(duì)換檔品質(zhì)的影響： 硬件系統(tǒng)元器件實(shí)現(xiàn)AMT功能的基礎(chǔ)，硬件系統(tǒng)里執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、傳感器、電子 元器件、液壓系統(tǒng)等都對(duì)換檔品質(zhì)有影響，硬件參數(shù)的選擇對(duì)AMT換檔品質(zhì)的提 高是至關(guān)重要的。 伴隨汽車(chē)?yán)碚摷夹g(shù)的發(fā)展，微處理器的技術(shù)的日益成熟和電子技術(shù)在汽車(chē)上 的廣泛應(yīng)用，人們已經(jīng)不再只局限于滿(mǎn)足汽車(chē)的代步功能，對(duì)汽車(chē)動(dòng)力性、經(jīng)濟(jì) 性的要求逐步向易操縱性、機(jī)動(dòng)性、安全性轉(zhuǎn)移，智能型汽車(chē)日益成為人們目光 中的焦點(diǎn)。商家的“人、車(chē)、生活”,“以人為本”等宣傳口號(hào)也側(cè)面體現(xiàn)了人 們對(duì)汽車(chē)的個(gè)性化、人性化的期望。 在汽車(chē)智能化的發(fā)展方向上，自動(dòng)變速器的智能化占有重要一席。而自動(dòng)變 速器的智能化又集中體現(xiàn)在換擋規(guī)律的制定上。為順應(yīng)潮流，為滿(mǎn)足人們對(duì)汽車(chē) 的新要求，加強(qiáng)各自車(chē)型的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，目前，世界各大廠商在新車(chē)型的換擋規(guī)律 上大做文章，最引人注意的是標(biāo)致雪鐵龍集團(tuán)和雷諾公司開(kāi)發(fā)的AL4 自動(dòng)變速 器竟內(nèi)置了10 種換擋規(guī)律之多。在人車(chē)路的大系統(tǒng)中，汽車(chē)控制的優(yōu)劣， 主要反映在車(chē)輛與環(huán)境（路）的協(xié)調(diào)、車(chē)輛與人的協(xié)調(diào)，故電子自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)可 - 3 - 存儲(chǔ)多種規(guī)律供駕駛員選用，不僅有經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)律、動(dòng)力性（又稱(chēng)運(yùn)動(dòng)型）規(guī)律， 而且還有一般（日常）規(guī)律、環(huán)境溫度以及隨外界條件變化的規(guī)律等。 即換擋 點(diǎn)可以自由設(shè)定為各種規(guī)律。在換擋規(guī)律智能化的方向上，各方面至今已作了不 少的工作，其中部分成果已開(kāi)始在汽車(chē)上應(yīng)用。但是開(kāi)發(fā)此項(xiàng)智能換擋規(guī)律的工 作依然艱巨，這主要因?yàn)椋?1.現(xiàn)有的智能變速器的智能程度有待提高，它表現(xiàn)在對(duì)環(huán)境的識(shí)別判斷的準(zhǔn) 確度不高，對(duì)駕駛員的意圖識(shí)別不能令人滿(mǎn)意。 2.智能功能還不完善。智能自動(dòng)變速系統(tǒng)是開(kāi)放的系統(tǒng)，它應(yīng)在現(xiàn)有的基礎(chǔ) 上不斷完善、豐富，只有這樣才能適應(yīng)不同駕駛員的駕駛要求，減少駕駛員的 勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高汽車(chē)的整體性能。適應(yīng)駕駛員個(gè)性的換擋規(guī)律是研究項(xiàng)目中 的重要一項(xiàng)，為了使汽車(chē)能夠在選換擋時(shí)體現(xiàn)不同駕駛員的風(fēng)格特點(diǎn)，適應(yīng)不同 駕駛員的對(duì)加速的不同要求，前人工作的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)適應(yīng)駕駛員風(fēng)格的換擋規(guī)律作 了較為深入的研究，對(duì)駕駛員的駕駛意圖、風(fēng)格特點(diǎn)提出了新的識(shí)別策略，并系 統(tǒng)地提出了換擋智能調(diào)整控制的解決方案。 傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方法設(shè)計(jì)汽車(chē)變速器與同步器結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)是一項(xiàng)非常費(fèi)時(shí)和艱苦的工 作，而且難以求得較理想的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)，不利于產(chǎn)品性能的提高。變速器與同步器 的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)則可利用計(jì)算機(jī)在約束域內(nèi)按預(yù)定目標(biāo)高速有效地優(yōu)選出最佳的結(jié)構(gòu) 參數(shù)，是一種理想的高質(zhì)量的設(shè)計(jì)方法。研究的主要目標(biāo)是建立一個(gè)載貨汽車(chē)變 速器與同步器結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)學(xué)模型，采用基于K-T(Kuhn-Tucker)方程解 的方法進(jìn)行優(yōu)化計(jì)算，以期提高汽車(chē)變速器與同步器的設(shè)計(jì)水平。汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)系是 汽車(chē)的主要組成部分，變速器又是傳動(dòng)系的重要部件，因此汽車(chē)變速器的優(yōu)化設(shè) 計(jì)十分重要。以輕型載貨汽車(chē)為例，根據(jù)汽車(chē)變速器的設(shè)計(jì)要求與特點(diǎn)，在保證 零件的強(qiáng)度、剛度、使用壽命等條件下，以減少重量和體積作為追求目標(biāo)，分析 建立了載貨汽車(chē)變速器優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，并通過(guò)實(shí)例對(duì)其進(jìn)行了參數(shù)優(yōu)化， 獲得了滿(mǎn)意的設(shè)計(jì)效果。 同步器是汽車(chē)變速器的重要部件，它使變速器主、從動(dòng)部分同步后再接合， 從而減少接合沖擊和噪聲，減輕換檔力，使換檔平順，從而延長(zhǎng)了變速器的壽命。 通過(guò)對(duì)同步器同步過(guò)程的分析，在保證同步時(shí)間最短的前提下，對(duì)影響同步性能 的參數(shù)進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化計(jì)算，獲得了滿(mǎn)意的設(shè)計(jì)效果。MATLAB 的優(yōu)化工具箱，是現(xiàn)代 優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)中的一個(gè)很方便的軟件，運(yùn)算速度快，功能強(qiáng)大。它將不同數(shù)學(xué)分支的 算法以函數(shù)的形式分類(lèi)成庫(kù)，使用時(shí)直接調(diào)用這些函數(shù)并賦予實(shí)際參數(shù)就可以解 - 4 - 決問(wèn)題，快速而且準(zhǔn)確?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)實(shí)例運(yùn)用 MATLAB 優(yōu)化工具箱對(duì)某汽車(chē)變速器 與同步器結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，取得了滿(mǎn)意的設(shè)計(jì)效果。 - 0 - 外文翻譯 THE RESEARCHS OF AMT SHIFTING SCHEDULES Vehicular Automatic Transmission can be divided into three types: Automatic Transmission (AT), Automated Mechanical Transmission (AMT) and Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT). AMT has become a kind of transmission that is full of potentiality, due to its high transfer efficiency, low cost and easiness to manufacture. The research on AMT shifting performance is key technology in the developing. Shifting performance directly influence the market competition and industrialization of AMT. AMT has good market expectation, but during the shifting procedure, the power must be cut off which causes the poor shifting performance than AT and CVT. Only through improving the shifting performance can the commercial competence be established. So the virtual important thing is to find the way to improve shifting performance. The development of AMT can be divided into three phases: semi-automatic, automatic and intelligent. The two major part of AMT are: the hardware including the mastered object, executor, sensors and TCU; and the software performing the control strategy. The performance of AT shift influences greatly the performance of the vehicle. So the research on at shift quality is an important problem in the domain of AT researching. Shift quality control of AT is accomplished by electronic and hydraulic system. To shift smoothly, according the real time throttle valve opening and vehicle speed signal, the controller sends electronic signals to control oil pressure changing curve of the applying elements. this paper analyzes and research detailed shift quality control system，the analyzing model of shifting process and pressure changing curve of the applying elements Firstly this paper summarizes the existing evaluated quota of shift quality, and fully analyzes and introduces the existing control manner of AT shift quality. - 1 - To meet the needs of research of vehicle starting and the real time control of shift, this paper puts forward a simplified model of engine-torque and a dynamics model of AT shifting process. Through the applying of the established model, this paper fully analyzes the process of the AT shifting. This paper drafts the proper oil pressure changing curve of the applying elements which can improve the AT shift quality, and gives the material calculated methods of the AG4 AT. This paper simulates the AG4 ATs shifting process of 2H to 3H.The results of the simulation validate the established simplified models and the expected oil pressure changing curve. This paper fully analyzes the mechanism of the pressure regulating and flow controlling system of the AG4 AT, and preparatory discusses the design of the block- diagram of the shift quality control. This paper test the control system and hydraulic system of the AG4 AT by the AT hydraulic-electronic testing-bed. The result of the test validates the correction of these analyses. Automated Mechanical Transmission, as so called AMT, is a new-style transmission system. AMT technology applies the automatic technology to the manual mechanical transmission and makes the selection-gear, shift, clutch and throttle implement automatically. AMT technology is suitable for the situation of our country, and has an expansive market and development foreground. Shift schedules decide the time to shift and are the soul of the AMT. When the AMT is working, by comparing the states of the vehicle with the optimal shift schedules, the AMT decides the optimal shift time and achieves the shift automatically. This will lessen the tiredness of the driver and improve the safety. At the same time, the power and fuel-economy of the vehicle can also be improved. The author chooses the shift schedule as the key technology problem to be researched and the main study aim of this thesis is to get the optimal shift schedules for the AMT and so improve the power and fuel-economy of the vehicle. Through analyzing the influence factors of power and fuel-economy for the automobile, the author get the establishment methods for the optimal-power shift schedule and optimal fuel-economy shift schedule. In order to solve the influence of mass on the shift schedule, the author presents a variable-structure-controlled shift system. This enriches the theory of shift schedules. Because the computer simulation can save a lot of - 2 - manpower and material resources comparing with the true-car test, so in this thesis, the author uses the simulation toolbox MATLAB/Simulate to setup the simulation model for shift schedules. Using this model, the optimal-power shift schedule and optimal fuel-economy shift schedule above are simulated and proved to be reasonable. Shifting performance is defined as the extent of swiftness and softness during the procedure of non-power shifting and to extend the life of the power train. The index is comfort of passenger, time duration and shock, nine factors maybe influence the shifting performance, and two experimental methods can be used to investigate the nature of this performance: one is collecting real-time data during road experiment and analyzing them, the other is the simulation of the operation conditions of the vehicle. The core of the AMT system is the control strategy, the principle of the clutch engagement, shifting procedure, the choice of control method and the CAN communication between TCU and ECU can influence the shifting performance. Shifting schedule is the schedule of auto shifting time between two shifts with controlling parameters. It includes economical and dynamical shifting schedule. At present, shifting schedule of two controlling parameters (vehicle speed and opening on throttle) is mainly used. If shifting schedule is not good, shifting will not happen at right time and the working condition of engine will be severe. It will make the sound of engine abnormally and stability badly through the whole shifting procession. Sometimes even flame out Schedule of clutch engagement is determined by releasing journey of clutch, opening of throttle, shifting, vehicle speed and loading. The main Controlling goals are engaging quantity and engaging speed. The engaging control of clutch is mainly referred to the control of engaging speed. It is divided into three stages: fast, slow, fast. Shifting quality is directly influenced by the second stage. If engaging harder, it will make shifting concussion, even flame out; if engaging more slowly, it will make the friction time longer and reduce its longevity. The main controlling parameters are difference between initiative and passive and torques on both sides. When torques being approximately equal, it is proved by experiments that it can guarantee shifting time and not make concussion through the procession of engagement at the time of difference of rotating speed below some value. Meanwhile, the abrasion of clutch is not severe. - 3 - Shifting procedure is the procedure through working harmoniously among engine, clutch and transmission. Their cooperation will affect shifting time heavily. In order to decrease the shifting time, the time that is spent on the friction of the clutch should be decreased first. If we intend to increase the time of non-load stage, which helps to minimize the difference of the rotary speed between the driving disc and the driven disc. If we intend to shorten the time of the non-load stage, engage the clutch immediately after the gear change. The clutch can engage in a satisfying period if the new method of controlling the engaging speed of the clutch is realizable. And the time that is spent on synchronizing the gears should also be shortened. It can be realized in the following two ways. The first is to decrease the difference of the driving gear and the driven gear. The second is to increase the shifting force. If realizing the union control between ECU and TCU by CAN bus, AMT has the best control and the best shifting performance by use of communication strategy between TCU and ECU. Influence on shifting performance by hardware The elements in hardware system are the basis of proper functions of AMT. Executors, sensors, electronic components, hydraulic systems have influences on shifting performance, the choice of hardware parameters is of vital important to improvement of shifting performance. With the development of the theory and technology of vehicle, the technical increasingly mature of microprocessor and the extensive application of electronic technique on the car, people have no limit at satisfying the automotive means of transportation only, facing gradually from the request of the car power, economy and easily manipulating, flexibility, safety, an d the intelligent type of car becomes the focus in the vision of people increasingly. Companys publicity slogan of person, car, life, make people the center etc. On the side exhibit the expectation of people to the automotive individuation, humanity. In the development direction of the car intelligence, the intelligence of the automatic gearbox has important effect. But the intelligence of the automatic gearbox embodies at the establishment of the shift regulation. For the fashion, for satisfying people to the new automotive request, for competitive advantage of the car type, at present, each big factory in world worked very much in shift regulation of new car type. - 4 - Among those, the most arresting is AL4 automatic gearbox developed by PEUGEOT/CITROEN and RENAULT in that there unexpectedly are the 10 kinds of so many shift regulations. In the big system of person car road, the good and bad of the car control, reflect primarily in the coordination of the vehicle and environment (road), the coordination of the vehicle and person. And so, the electronic automatic control system can save various regulations to provide the driver to choose to use, not only having the economic regulation, motive (call to sport the type again) regulation, but also still having the general (usual) regulation, environment temperature and regulation with the outsider condition variety etc. Namely, the point of shifting can be freely enacted for every kind of regulation. In the intelligence direction of the shift regulation, everyone has made much work up to now, parts of the results has been applied on the car. But the work that developing this intelligent shift regulation still is hard, this is mainly because of: 1. The intelligence degree of the current intelligent gearbox needs to be increased, and it expresses at that accurate degree to identify environment is not high and to identify the drivers driving cant give satisfaction. 2. The intelligence function is still not perfect. The intelligent automatically shift system is an open system; it must be continuously perfect and plentiful on the current foundation. Only this way, it can adapt to the driving request of the different drivers, reducing the drivers labor strength, increasing the performance of the whole vehicle. Conventional design method which used in the structure parameters design of automobile gear box and synchronizer is a time-wasting job and hard work, and it is difficult to get idea design parameters and no good to the enhancement of products qualities. The optimum design of automobile gearbox and synchronizer which take the advantage of computers seeking the best structure parameters within constrains is a perfect and high-quality design method. The main target of this article is to set up a optimum mathematical model of structure parameters of the trucks gearbox and synchronizer, the auth or use a optimum method based on K-T equation to improve the design level of automobile gearbox and synchronizer. Gear box is a important part of transmission, so the optimization of automobile gearbox is very important because the transmission is a main part of automobile. According to the design request and - 5 - character sofa sort of truck, the optimum mathematical model of trucks gearbox is analyzed and set up in this article to decrease its weight and volume when the strength, stiffness, and lifetime of parts are permitted. And we can receive a satisfaction result through optimizing its parameter for instance. Synchronizer is a important part of automobile gearbox, it make drive gear and driven gear engaged after their synchronized, so it can decrease engaged shock and noise, it can decrease shift forcing and make it comfort to gear shift and increase the life of synchronizer. The synchronized process of synchronizer is analyzed in this article; we can receive a satisfaction result through optimizing its influence parameter for instance when the synchronized time is the shortest. The optimum toolbox of MATLAB is a convenient of ware of modern optimization with fast speed and powerful function. The algorithms of different mathematical subsets are divided into different librarians in the form of functions in MATLAB optimum toolbox. When we use them, we just call the functions and give special parameters to solve the problems and this will be fast and accurate. The author gives an optimum design for automobile gearbox and synchronizer by using the optimum toolbox of MATLAB and receives a satisfaction result. 自動(dòng)變速器換檔規(guī)律的研究 車(chē)輛自動(dòng)變速器通常分為液力機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)AT）、電控機(jī)械式自 動(dòng)變速器（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)AMT）和機(jī)械式無(wú)級(jí)變速器（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)CVT）。AMT以其傳動(dòng)效率高、 成本低和易于制造等優(yōu)點(diǎn)成為一種具有極具發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ淖詣?dòng)變速器。AMT 換檔品 質(zhì)的研究則是AMT技術(shù)體系研究中關(guān)鍵的一環(huán)，換檔品質(zhì)的好壞真接影響到AMT產(chǎn) 業(yè)化進(jìn)程及在市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。 AMT有很好的市場(chǎng)前景，但由于AMT 的換檔過(guò)程必需切斷動(dòng)力，所以其換檔 品質(zhì)較AT和CVT要差一些。只有提高AMT的換檔品質(zhì)，使之接近或超過(guò)AT、CVT的 換檔品質(zhì)，方能在市場(chǎng)上形成競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。所以對(duì)AMT換檔品質(zhì)的研究就成為AMT 技 術(shù)體系研究中關(guān)鍵的一環(huán)。 AMT發(fā)展分為三個(gè)階段：半自動(dòng)的SAMT階段、全自動(dòng)階段和智能階段。AMT - 6 - 結(jié)構(gòu)分為硬件和軟件兩部分，硬件系統(tǒng)包括被控對(duì)象、執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、傳感器、TCU 等；軟件系統(tǒng)由實(shí)現(xiàn)控制策略的軟件組成。 自動(dòng)變速器(AT)的換檔性能的優(yōu)劣對(duì)整車(chē)性能有很大的影響。自動(dòng)變速器換 檔品質(zhì)問(wèn)題研究是自動(dòng)變速箱研究領(lǐng)域中的一個(gè)重要研究課題。換檔品質(zhì)的控制 通過(guò)電液系統(tǒng)來(lái)完成?？刂破鞲鶕?jù)實(shí)時(shí)的油門(mén)開(kāi)度、車(chē)速等信號(hào)，發(fā)出操縱指令 控制換檔結(jié)合元件的油壓變化規(guī)律，實(shí)現(xiàn)平穩(wěn)換檔。本文對(duì)自動(dòng)變速器的換檔品 質(zhì)控制系統(tǒng)、換檔過(guò)程結(jié)合元件油壓變化規(guī)律進(jìn)行了較深入的分析和研究。 文中首先對(duì)換檔品質(zhì)的現(xiàn)有評(píng)價(jià)方法和指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了分析和總結(jié)，并對(duì)現(xiàn)有AT 換檔品質(zhì)的控制方式進(jìn)行了較為全面的介紹和分析。 提出了一種自動(dòng)變速器換檔過(guò)程分析的等效力學(xué)模型和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)一變矩器動(dòng)力 學(xué)簡(jiǎn)化模型，以適應(yīng)車(chē)輛起步、換檔實(shí)時(shí)控制研究的需要。應(yīng)用所建立的數(shù)學(xué)模 型，對(duì)自動(dòng)變速器的換檔過(guò)程進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的分析。 制定了適當(dāng)?shù)膿Q檔過(guò)渡過(guò)程結(jié)合元件的油壓變化規(guī)律，可改變自動(dòng)變速器的 換檔品質(zhì)。對(duì)AG4自動(dòng)變速箱的油壓控制給出了具體的計(jì)算方法?？筛纳谱詣?dòng)變 速器的換檔品以AG4自動(dòng)變速箱2H檔到3H檔為例進(jìn)行了模擬仿真，仿真的結(jié)果對(duì) 所建立的簡(jiǎn)化模型和提出的期望油壓規(guī)律進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。 詳細(xì)分析了AG4液壓操縱系統(tǒng)的供油調(diào)壓和換檔品質(zhì)控制工作原理。并對(duì)換 檔品質(zhì)控制的框圖設(shè)計(jì)做了初步的探討。利用自動(dòng)變速器電液控制試驗(yàn)臺(tái)對(duì)AG4 自動(dòng)變速箱的控制系統(tǒng)和液壓系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了測(cè)試。通過(guò)試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了本文所建立的數(shù) 學(xué)模型及其分析結(jié)論。 電控機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器(Automated Mechanical Transmission, AMT)是一種 新型的自動(dòng)變速系統(tǒng)，其通過(guò)對(duì)手動(dòng)固定軸式變速器和干式摩擦離合器的自動(dòng)化 改造從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了選檔、換檔以及離合器和油門(mén)的自動(dòng)操縱。AMT技術(shù)適合我國(guó)國(guó) 情，有著廣泛的市場(chǎng)和發(fā)展前途。換檔規(guī)律是電控機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器的靈魂，它 是判斷換檔時(shí)機(jī)的依據(jù)。在應(yīng)用中，通過(guò)將采集的車(chē)輛行駛狀態(tài)與換檔規(guī)律相對(duì) 比，從而判斷是否達(dá)到最佳的換檔點(diǎn)并自動(dòng)執(zhí)行換檔操作，這樣大大減輕了駕駛 員的疲勞，提高行駛安全，同時(shí)使整車(chē)具有較好的動(dòng)力性及燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。本論文 選擇電控機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器換檔規(guī)律這一關(guān)鍵性問(wèn)題作為研究對(duì)象，研究目的是 為AMT制定最佳的換檔規(guī)律以提高車(chē)輛的動(dòng)力性和燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。通過(guò)對(duì)影響車(chē)輛 動(dòng)力性和燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性的因素進(jìn)行分析，本論文推導(dǎo)了最佳動(dòng)力性和最佳燃油經(jīng)濟(jì) 性換檔規(guī)律的制定方法。為解決質(zhì)量影響問(wèn)題，提出了一種變結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳換檔系 - 7 - 統(tǒng)，豐富了換檔規(guī)律理論。鑒于計(jì)算機(jī)仿真技術(shù)與實(shí)車(chē)測(cè)試相比可以節(jié)省大量的 人力物力，本論文在進(jìn)行換檔規(guī)律的設(shè)計(jì)中，采用MATLAB/Simulate仿真工具箱 建立了最佳換檔規(guī)律的仿真模型，利用此仿真模型對(duì)制定的最佳動(dòng)力性和最佳燃 油經(jīng)濟(jì)性換檔規(guī)律進(jìn)行仿真，仿真結(jié)果表明本論文所建立的換檔規(guī)律是合理的。 換檔品質(zhì)是指在保證動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)壽命的前提下，能夠迅速、平穩(wěn)換檔的程 度，其評(píng)價(jià)的指標(biāo)主要是舒適性，量化指標(biāo)包括換檔時(shí)間和沖擊度。換檔品質(zhì)的 影響因素包括軟、硬件兩方面九大因素，并且可用兩種實(shí)驗(yàn)方法對(duì)換檔品質(zhì)進(jìn)行 研究，一種是整車(chē)道路實(shí)驗(yàn)實(shí)時(shí)采集數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析；第二種方法就是通過(guò)做模擬 整車(chē)工況的臺(tái)架實(shí)驗(yàn)。 AMT的控制策略是AMT控制的全部控制思想，控制策略里換檔規(guī)律、離合器結(jié) 合規(guī)律、換檔時(shí)序、控制方法的選擇、以及近來(lái)比較熱門(mén)的通過(guò)CAN總線(xiàn)實(shí)現(xiàn)的 TCU和ECU通訊策略都對(duì)檔品質(zhì)有影響，控制策略制訂得是否合理，將直接決定 AMT 的換檔品質(zhì)。 換檔規(guī)律是指兩排檔間自動(dòng)換檔時(shí)刻隨控制參數(shù)變化的規(guī)律，包括經(jīng)濟(jì)性和 動(dòng)力性換檔規(guī)律。目前汽車(chē)上多用兩控制參數(shù)（車(chē)速和油門(mén)開(kāi)度）的換檔規(guī)律。 換檔規(guī)律沒(méi)做好，就會(huì)使汽車(chē)在不該換檔的時(shí)候換檔，該換檔的時(shí)候不換檔，使 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工況嚴(yán)重不好，造成整個(gè)換檔過(guò)程中發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)聲音的異常和平順性的不良， 有時(shí)還可能使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)熄火。離合器結(jié)合規(guī)律受離合器釋放行程、油門(mén)開(kāi)度、發(fā)動(dòng) 機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速、檔位和車(chē)速、載荷等素影響，主要控制目標(biāo)是結(jié)合量和結(jié)合速度。而離 合器接合控制主要指接合速度的控制，大體上分快、慢、快三個(gè)階段。其中直接 影響換檔品質(zhì)的是第二階段，如果接合過(guò)快將造成換檔沖擊，甚至熄火；若過(guò)慢 將使離合器滑磨時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)，有損其壽命。控制的參數(shù)主要是離合器主從動(dòng)片轉(zhuǎn)速 差及兩邊扭矩值,實(shí)驗(yàn)表明在扭矩值大致相同，轉(zhuǎn)速差小于一定值時(shí)接合離合器 既能保證換檔時(shí)間又不會(huì)產(chǎn)生沖擊，離合器磨損也不太嚴(yán)重。 換檔時(shí)序是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、離合器、變速器三者協(xié)調(diào)動(dòng)作的時(shí)序 ,它們的配合情況 對(duì)換檔時(shí)間有很大的影響。減小換擋時(shí)間最重要的是盡可能地縮小離合器滑摩時(shí) 間。如果延長(zhǎng)空載階段時(shí)間，將減小離合器主從動(dòng)盤(pán)轉(zhuǎn)速差。有利于縮短滑摩時(shí) 間。如果盡可能縮短空載時(shí)間，掛上新?lián)鹾罅⒓唇雍想x合器，如果離合器接合速 度控制的新方法可行，也可以在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成離合器的接合。其次是減小齒 輪同步時(shí)間，這可以通過(guò)兩種方式實(shí)現(xiàn)：1.減小齒輪間轉(zhuǎn)速差；2.增大換擋力。 運(yùn)用TCU和ECU通訊策略，通過(guò)CAN總線(xiàn)實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和變速器之間的聯(lián)合控制， - 8 - AMT能夠達(dá)到最優(yōu)控制，獲得最理想的換檔品質(zhì)。 硬件系統(tǒng)元器件性能對(duì)換檔品質(zhì)的影響： 硬件系統(tǒng)元器件實(shí)現(xiàn)AMT功能的基礎(chǔ)，硬件系統(tǒng)里執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、傳感器、電子 元器件、液壓系統(tǒng)等都對(duì)換檔品質(zhì)有影響，硬件參數(shù)的選擇對(duì)AMT換檔品質(zhì)的提 高是至關(guān)重要的。 伴隨汽車(chē)?yán)碚摷夹g(shù)的發(fā)展，微處理器的技術(shù)的日益成熟和電子技術(shù)在汽車(chē)上 的廣泛應(yīng)用，人們已經(jīng)不再只局限于滿(mǎn)足汽車(chē)的代步功能，對(duì)汽車(chē)動(dòng)力性、經(jīng)濟(jì) 性的要求逐步向易操縱性、機(jī)動(dòng)性、安全性轉(zhuǎn)移，智能型汽車(chē)日益成為人們目光 中的焦點(diǎn)。商家的“人、車(chē)、生活”,“以人為本”等宣傳口號(hào)也側(cè)面體現(xiàn)了人 們對(duì)汽車(chē)的個(gè)性化、人性化的期望。 在汽車(chē)智能化的發(fā)展方向上，自動(dòng)變速器的智能化占有重要一席。而自動(dòng)變 速器的智能化又集中體現(xiàn)在換擋規(guī)律的制定上。為順應(yīng)潮流，為滿(mǎn)足人們對(duì)汽車(chē) 的新要求，加強(qiáng)各自車(chē)型的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，目前，世界各大廠商在新車(chē)型的換擋規(guī)律 上大做文章，最引人注意的是標(biāo)致雪鐵龍集團(tuán)和雷諾公司開(kāi)發(fā)的AL4 自動(dòng)變速 器竟內(nèi)置了10 種換擋規(guī)律之多。在人車(chē)路的大系統(tǒng)中，汽車(chē)控制的優(yōu)劣， 主要反映在車(chē)輛與環(huán)境（路）的協(xié)調(diào)、車(chē)輛與人的協(xié)調(diào)，故電子自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)可 存儲(chǔ)多種規(guī)律供駕駛員選用，不僅有經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)律、動(dòng)力性（又稱(chēng)運(yùn)動(dòng)型）規(guī)律， 而且還有一般（日常）規(guī)律、環(huán)境溫度以及隨外界條件變化的規(guī)律等。 即換擋 點(diǎn)可以自由設(shè)定為各種規(guī)律。在換擋規(guī)律智能化的方向上，各方面至今已作了不 少的工作，其中部分成果已開(kāi)始在汽車(chē)上應(yīng)用。但是開(kāi)發(fā)此項(xiàng)智能換擋規(guī)律的工 作依然艱巨，這主要因?yàn)椋?1.現(xiàn)有的智能變速器的智能程度有待提高，它表現(xiàn)在對(duì)環(huán)境的識(shí)別判斷的準(zhǔn) 確度不高，對(duì)駕駛員的意圖識(shí)別不能令人滿(mǎn)意。 2.智能功能還不完善。智能自動(dòng)變速系統(tǒng)是開(kāi)放的系統(tǒng)，它應(yīng)在現(xiàn)有的基礎(chǔ) 上不斷完善、豐富，只有這樣才能適應(yīng)不同駕駛員的駕駛要求，減少駕駛員的 勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高汽車(chē)的整體性能。適應(yīng)駕駛員個(gè)性的換擋規(guī)律是研究項(xiàng)目中 的重要一項(xiàng)，為了使汽車(chē)能夠在選換擋時(shí)體現(xiàn)不同駕駛員的風(fēng)格特點(diǎn)，適應(yīng)不同 駕駛員的對(duì)加速的不同要求，前人工作的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)適應(yīng)駕駛員風(fēng)格的換擋規(guī)律作 了較為深入的研究，對(duì)駕駛員的駕駛意圖、風(fēng)格特點(diǎn)提出了新的識(shí)別策略，并系 統(tǒng)地提出了換擋智能調(diào)整控制的解決方案。 傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方法設(shè)計(jì)汽車(chē)變速器與同步器結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)是一項(xiàng)非常費(fèi)時(shí)和艱苦的工 - 9 - 作，而且難以求得較理想的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)，不利于產(chǎn)品性能的提高。變速器與同步器 的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)則可利用計(jì)算機(jī)在約束域內(nèi)按預(yù)定目標(biāo)高速有效地優(yōu)選出最佳的結(jié)構(gòu) 參數(shù)，是一種理想的高質(zhì)量的設(shè)計(jì)方法。研究的主要目標(biāo)是建立一個(gè)載貨汽車(chē)變 速器與同步器結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)學(xué)模型，采用基于K-T(Kuhn-Tucker)方程解 的方法進(jìn)行優(yōu)化計(jì)算，以期提高汽車(chē)變速器與同步器的設(shè)計(jì)水平。汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)系是 汽車(chē)的主要組成部分，變速器又是傳動(dòng)系的重要部件，因此汽車(chē)變速器的優(yōu)化設(shè) 計(jì)十分重要。以輕型載貨汽車(chē)為例，根據(jù)汽車(chē)變速器的設(shè)計(jì)要求與特點(diǎn)，在保證 零件的強(qiáng)度、剛度、使用壽命等條件下，以減少重量和體積作為追求目標(biāo)，分析 建立了載貨汽車(chē)變速器優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，并通過(guò)實(shí)例對(duì)其進(jìn)行了參數(shù)優(yōu)化， 獲得了滿(mǎn)意的設(shè)計(jì)效果。 同步器是汽車(chē)變速器的重要部件，它使變速器主、從動(dòng)部分同步后再接合， 從而減少接合沖擊和噪聲，減輕換檔力，使換檔平順，從而延長(zhǎng)了變速器的壽命。 通過(guò)對(duì)同步器同步過(guò)程的分析，在保證同步時(shí)間最短的前提下，對(duì)影響同步性能 的參數(shù)進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化計(jì)算，獲得了滿(mǎn)意的設(shè)計(jì)效果。MATLAB 的優(yōu)化工具箱，是現(xiàn)代 優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)中的一個(gè)很方便的軟件，運(yùn)算速度快，功能強(qiáng)大。它將不同數(shù)學(xué)分支的 算法以函數(shù)的形式分類(lèi)成庫(kù)，使用時(shí)直接調(diào)用這些函數(shù)并賦予實(shí)際參數(shù)就可以解 決問(wèn)題，快速而且準(zhǔn)確。可以通過(guò)實(shí)例運(yùn)用 MATLAB 優(yōu)化工具箱對(duì)某汽車(chē)變速器 與同步器結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，取得了滿(mǎn)意的設(shè)計(jì)效果。