五菱宏光手動(dòng)變速器設(shè)計(jì)【面包車(chē)、商務(wù)車(chē)三軸五檔式變速箱】【含CAD高清圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū)】
五菱宏光手動(dòng)變速器設(shè)計(jì)【面包車(chē)、商務(wù)車(chē)三軸五檔式變速箱】【含CAD高清圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū)】,面包車(chē)、商務(wù)車(chē)三軸五檔式變速箱,含CAD高清圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),五菱宏光,手動(dòng),變速器,設(shè)計(jì),面包車(chē),商務(wù)車(chē),五檔,變速箱,cad,高清,圖紙,以及,說(shuō)明書(shū),仿單
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書(shū)學(xué)生姓名系部汽車(chē)工程系專業(yè)、班級(jí)車(chē)輛07-6指導(dǎo)教師姓名職稱高級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)師從事專業(yè)車(chē)輛工程是否外聘是否題目名稱五菱宏光手動(dòng)變速器設(shè)計(jì)一、設(shè)計(jì)(論文)目的、意義五菱宏光商務(wù)型轎車(chē)保有量近年來(lái)日益提高,其變速器是汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)系的重要組成部分。是傳動(dòng)系的主要部件,其功用是在不同的使用條件下, 改變發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)傳到驅(qū)動(dòng)輪上的轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速, 使汽車(chē)得到不同的牽引力和速度, 同時(shí)使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在最有利的工況范圍內(nèi)工作。它的性能對(duì)整車(chē)的動(dòng)力性、燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性以及乘坐舒適性等方面都有十分重要的影響。通過(guò)對(duì)變速器的設(shè)計(jì),使其變速器性能更好,同時(shí)使學(xué)生全面復(fù)習(xí)過(guò)去所學(xué)知識(shí),因此具有一定的實(shí)際意義。二、設(shè)計(jì)(論文)內(nèi)容、技術(shù)要求(研究方法)1、設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容設(shè)計(jì)五菱宏光變速器,要求分析變速器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式及工作原理,確定變速器結(jié)構(gòu)類型,完成變速器結(jié)構(gòu)布置和總體設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)變速器中的關(guān)鍵齒輪和軸等零部件進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)并對(duì)其進(jìn)行校核計(jì)算。2、技術(shù)要求(1)利用AutoCAD完成變速器總裝配圖;(2)利用AutoCAD完成齒輪及軸的零件圖;(3)齒輪及軸的校核。三、設(shè)計(jì)(論文)完成后應(yīng)提交的成果(1)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)一份(1.5萬(wàn)字以上);(2)折合A0圖紙3張。四、設(shè)計(jì)(論文)進(jìn)度安排(1)調(diào)研,資料收集,完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告; 第1-2周(3月2日-3月15日)(2)分析搜集到的資料,提出最優(yōu)設(shè)計(jì)方案; 第3-4周(3月16日-3月21日)(3)計(jì)算五菱宏光變速器的各項(xiàng)參數(shù); 第5-6周(3月22日-4月5日) (4)繪制變速器草圖; 第7-8周(4月6日-4月26日)(5)繪制變速器總成圖、零件圖; 第9-12周(4月27日-5月24日)(6)撰寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū); 第13-14周(5月25日-6月7日)(7)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)及圖紙審核及修改; 第15-16周(6月8日-6月21日)(8)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯準(zhǔn)備及答辯。 第17周(6月22日-6月28日)五、主要參考資料1 高維山.變速器M.北京:人民交通出版社,1990.2 余志生.汽車(chē)?yán)碚揗.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2000.3 王望予.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)(第四版)M.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004.4 劉惟信.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)M.北京:清華人學(xué)出版社,2001.5 蔡炳炎,徐勇,林寧.機(jī)械式汽車(chē)變速器的速比配置分析J.機(jī)械研究與應(yīng)用 2005-04:25-26.6 劉海江,于信匯,沈斌.汽車(chē)齒輪M.上海:同濟(jì)大學(xué)出版社,1997. 7 孫恒,傅則紹.機(jī)械原理M.北京:高等教育出版社,1990.8 陳家瑞.汽車(chē)構(gòu)造(上,下冊(cè)) M.北京:人民交通出版社,1994.9 李君,張建武,馮金芝,雷雨龍,葛安林.電控機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器的發(fā)展、現(xiàn)狀和展望J.汽車(chē)技術(shù),2000(03).六、備注指導(dǎo)教師簽字:年 月 日教研室主任簽字: 年 月 日畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開(kāi)題報(bào)告設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目: 五菱宏光手動(dòng)變速器設(shè)計(jì)院 系 名 稱:專 業(yè) 班 級(jí):學(xué) 生 姓 名:導(dǎo) 師 姓 名:開(kāi) 題 時(shí) 間:指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)審查意見(jiàn): 簽字: 年 月 日開(kāi)題報(bào)告撰寫(xiě)要求一、“開(kāi)題報(bào)告”參考提綱1. 課題研究目的和意義;2. 文獻(xiàn)綜述(課題研究現(xiàn)狀及分析);3. 基本內(nèi)容、擬解決的主要問(wèn)題;4. 技術(shù)路線或研究方法;5. 進(jìn)度安排;6. 主要參考文獻(xiàn)。二、“開(kāi)題報(bào)告”撰寫(xiě)規(guī)范請(qǐng)參照黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)及畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)規(guī)范要求。字?jǐn)?shù)應(yīng)在4000字以上,文字要精練通順,條理分明,文字圖表要工整清楚。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開(kāi)題報(bào)告學(xué)生姓名系部汽車(chē)工程系專業(yè)、班級(jí)指導(dǎo)教師姓名職稱高級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)師從事專業(yè)車(chē)輛工程是否外聘是否題目名稱五菱宏光手動(dòng)變速器設(shè)計(jì)1、 課題研究現(xiàn)狀、選題目的和意義 (一)研究現(xiàn)狀1,國(guó)外研究現(xiàn)狀變速器作為傳遞動(dòng)力和改變車(chē)速的主要裝置,國(guó)外對(duì)其操縱的方便性和檔位數(shù)等方面的要求愈來(lái)愈高。目前,4檔特別是5檔變速器的用量有日漸增多的趨勢(shì)。同時(shí),6檔變速器的裝車(chē)率也在上升。電子控制式自動(dòng)變速器是90年代人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。它是在機(jī)械變速器的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)運(yùn)用電子技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)換檔、自動(dòng)控制離合器及油門(mén)動(dòng)作的種先進(jìn)的變速裝置。在該裝置中,有一個(gè)由半導(dǎo)體元件和集成電路組成的電子控制器,它是變速器的“指揮中心”,以模擬控制與數(shù)字控制兩種方式作用,能連續(xù)不斷地把車(chē)輛的實(shí)際行駛狀況與希望實(shí)現(xiàn)的狀況進(jìn)行比較,如果兩者不吻合,該控制器就會(huì)命令操縱機(jī)構(gòu),改換變速器的檔位、離合器的分離與接合以及油門(mén)的開(kāi)度。通過(guò)實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)選擇最佳檔位和最佳換檔時(shí)間,電控變速器可直接改善整車(chē)的操縱性,并使車(chē)輛在經(jīng)濟(jì)性最佳的范圍內(nèi)行駛。據(jù)悉,豐田電控變速器可節(jié)油5%左右。盡管電控自動(dòng)變速器從開(kāi)始研制至今僅20余年,但由于它既有機(jī)械變速器傳動(dòng)效率高和使用可靠等優(yōu)點(diǎn),又有液力機(jī)械自動(dòng)變速器動(dòng)力性好、油耗低和操作簡(jiǎn)單的好處,所以國(guó)外各大公司都很重視該產(chǎn)品的研制應(yīng)用。豐田公司開(kāi)發(fā)的ECT電控自動(dòng)變速器,起動(dòng)時(shí)和低、中速時(shí)的加速性都很好,而且變速平穩(wěn)、油耗低。日產(chǎn)研制的全新通檔電控自動(dòng)變速器,體積小.傳遞效率高,比同類產(chǎn)品更能滿足經(jīng)濟(jì)性要求,它在車(chē)速超過(guò)50km/h時(shí).無(wú)論在3檔或4檔都具有轉(zhuǎn)矩鎖定功能。三菱在其最新的電控自動(dòng)變速系統(tǒng)中,增加了“模糊控制”的新概念。當(dāng)電子控制器根據(jù)所收到的車(chē)輛行駛狀況信息,通過(guò)模糊邏輯進(jìn)行判斷之后,會(huì)白動(dòng)選擇最適當(dāng)?shù)膿Q檔方式,從而可以防止車(chē)輛上坡時(shí)或轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)自動(dòng)換人高檔,也可防止車(chē)輛下坡時(shí)自動(dòng)由高檔換到低檔。本田開(kāi)發(fā)的電控變速器也應(yīng)用了模糊控制概念,使變速控制非常簡(jiǎn)便、輕松,駕駛者簡(jiǎn)直難以覺(jué)察到檔位的變換。目前國(guó)外轎車(chē)的電控自動(dòng)變速器,主要有三種操縱方式,即電子控制氣動(dòng)操縱、電子控制液壓操縱和電子控制馬達(dá)操縱。1進(jìn)入80年代,五十鈴、伊頓、ZF等公司研制電子控制機(jī)械自動(dòng)變速器并裝車(chē)成功后,福特公司、大眾公司、菲亞特公司、雷諾公司和豐田公司等也相繼開(kāi)展AMT的研究和開(kāi)發(fā)。1995年本田的部分Civic轎車(chē)裝用了AMT。1996年寶馬M3轎車(chē)所采用的“M序列式變速器”就是在原來(lái)的M3型6檔手動(dòng)機(jī)械變速器基礎(chǔ)上作了大幅度的改進(jìn),以全新的電液控制系統(tǒng)代替了傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械式變速器的操縱系統(tǒng),并可選擇自動(dòng)變速和手動(dòng)變速兩種模式。ZF公司也推出了其電控機(jī)械自動(dòng)變速器新產(chǎn)品ASTRONIC系列。由于機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器是采用現(xiàn)代電子技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)手動(dòng)變速器而得到的,其研究時(shí)的一個(gè)初衷就是考慮機(jī)械變速器部分可以借用原有的結(jié)構(gòu),因而新增生產(chǎn)設(shè)備較少。但這也限制了為改善自動(dòng)變速器性能所要求的一些結(jié)構(gòu)上的變化。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),截至1996年底,裝備金屬帶式CVT的轎車(chē)就已達(dá)120多萬(wàn)輛。最近,日本本田汽車(chē)公司和荷蘭的VDT(Van Doorne s Transmissie B.V.)變速器公司共同研制的新型無(wú)級(jí)變速器已裝備在了本田1996Civic HX型轎車(chē)上。日產(chǎn)汽車(chē)公司原定在21世紀(jì)進(jìn)入CVT的實(shí)用化階段,但因該公司近幾年經(jīng)營(yíng)情況不理想,為有利于搶占市場(chǎng),現(xiàn)已明顯加快了CVT實(shí)用化步伐,電子控制的哈依帕CVT已裝在藍(lán)鳥(niǎo)等排量2L的轎車(chē)上。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),目前裝有CVT的轎車(chē)約120萬(wàn)輛,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)排量大多在0.63.3L。預(yù)計(jì)隨時(shí)間增加,無(wú)級(jí)變速器的裝車(chē)率,日本將達(dá)到15%,而美國(guó)將達(dá)到38%。這主要集中在中小排量的轎車(chē)上,用于大功率傳遞時(shí)仍有一些問(wèn)題需要解決。另外,美國(guó)一些高校的研究機(jī)構(gòu)以及裝備液力自動(dòng)變速器量最大的通用汽車(chē)公司也正在加緊CVT的研制和試裝車(chē)。由此可看出國(guó)外汽車(chē)企業(yè)對(duì)CVT的態(tài)度已由舉棋不定轉(zhuǎn)向了加速發(fā)展。42,國(guó)內(nèi)研究現(xiàn)狀我國(guó)的汽車(chē)及各種車(chē)輛的零部件產(chǎn)品在性能和質(zhì)量上和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家存在著一定的差距,其中一個(gè)重要原因就是設(shè)計(jì)手段落后,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家在機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)上早已進(jìn)入了分析設(shè)計(jì)階段,他們利用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù),將現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法,如有限元分析、優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)、可靠性設(shè)計(jì)等應(yīng)用到產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)中,采用機(jī)械CAD系統(tǒng)在計(jì)算機(jī)上進(jìn)行建模、分析、仿真、干涉檢查,實(shí)現(xiàn)三維設(shè)計(jì),大大地提高產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的一次成功率,減少了試驗(yàn)費(fèi)用,縮短了產(chǎn)品更新周期。隨著中國(guó)的改革開(kāi)放,大量國(guó)外轎車(chē)進(jìn)入我國(guó)市場(chǎng),其中許多中高檔轎車(chē)是帶有自動(dòng)變速器的,而其類別幾乎全部是液力自動(dòng)變速器。這也使一大批汽車(chē)修理企業(yè)對(duì)液力自動(dòng)變速器的維修變得十分熟悉。由于對(duì)自動(dòng)變速器良好性能的逐漸認(rèn)識(shí),用戶的需求量越來(lái)越大,使國(guó)內(nèi)汽車(chē)企業(yè)加快了自動(dòng)變速器的發(fā)展步伐。1998年,一汽大眾公司生產(chǎn)的“捷達(dá)王”已將自動(dòng)變速器列為選裝件。神龍汽車(chē)公司也在其“富康”1.6L的車(chē)型上推出了電控式液力自動(dòng)變速器。上海通用汽車(chē)公司在所生產(chǎn)的別克“世紀(jì)”轎車(chē)上裝備了目前最為先進(jìn)的一種液力自動(dòng)變速器4T65E型四檔電控自動(dòng)變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋。而廣州本田“雅閣”轎車(chē),自動(dòng)變速器幾乎是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置。因此,在國(guó)產(chǎn)車(chē)上選裝液力自動(dòng)變速器已成為必然之勢(shì)。從研究與生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)來(lái)看,CA770液力自動(dòng)變速器生產(chǎn)過(guò)近2 000臺(tái),加之工程機(jī)械、軍用車(chē)輛采用動(dòng)力換檔的行星齒輪變速器已有10多年的歷史,近幾年,國(guó)內(nèi)也為大功率車(chē)輛研制成功電控自動(dòng)變速器,因此可以說(shuō),在液力自動(dòng)變速器的研究、生產(chǎn)以及修理方面均有一定的基礎(chǔ)。但目前國(guó)產(chǎn)轎車(chē)所裝用的液力自動(dòng)變速器全部都依靠進(jìn)口。不過(guò)通用汽車(chē)公司在上海的合資企業(yè)已開(kāi)始試生產(chǎn)4T65E型四檔電控自動(dòng)變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋。當(dāng)然,完全國(guó)產(chǎn)化還有一段路要走。在電子控制機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器方面,國(guó)內(nèi)有關(guān)部門(mén)也正在進(jìn)行研究。目前已生產(chǎn)出樣機(jī)。至于機(jī)械式無(wú)級(jí)變速器,早在十年前,國(guó)內(nèi)就有高校購(gòu)買(mǎi)過(guò)國(guó)外樣機(jī)作分析研究,但苦于經(jīng)費(fèi)問(wèn)題,無(wú)法深入進(jìn)行。近一兩年一些高校才又開(kāi)始重新起步。根據(jù)國(guó)外目前CVT應(yīng)用的趨勢(shì)和所做的預(yù)測(cè),CVT可能是小功率(發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)排量2L以下)液力自動(dòng)變速器最有威脅的挑戰(zhàn)者,國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)前景不容忽視。但要想完全依靠國(guó)內(nèi)自己的力量做成實(shí)用的CVT,既不現(xiàn)實(shí),時(shí)間上也不允許。走技術(shù)引進(jìn)的道路是一條捷徑。11 (二)選題目的和意義隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展,汽車(chē)已經(jīng)不再有錢(qián)人的象征。21世紀(jì),汽車(chē)工業(yè)成為中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)之一,汽車(chē)企業(yè)對(duì)各系統(tǒng)部件的設(shè)計(jì)需求旺盛。隨著汽車(chē)工業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展,車(chē)型的多樣化、個(gè)性化已經(jīng)成為汽車(chē)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。而變速器設(shè)計(jì)是汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)中重要的環(huán)節(jié)之一,變速器在汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)系中扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色。它是用來(lái)改變發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)傳到驅(qū)動(dòng)輪上的轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速,目的是在各種行駛工況下,使汽車(chē)獲得不同的牽引力和速度,同時(shí)使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在最有利的工況范圍內(nèi)工作。因此它的性能影響到汽車(chē)的動(dòng)力性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性指標(biāo)。可以說(shuō),變速器是伴隨著汽車(chē)工業(yè)出現(xiàn)的必然產(chǎn)物,是汽車(chē)上的必需品。在完成了最基本的傳動(dòng)功能之外,我們對(duì)變速器的要求也是越來(lái)越高,汽車(chē)的性能、使用壽命、能源消耗、振動(dòng)噪聲等在很大程度上取決于變速器的性能。由此可見(jiàn),對(duì)汽車(chē)的變速器進(jìn)行研究具有十分重要的意義。本次設(shè)計(jì)是通過(guò)合理整合已有的設(shè)計(jì),閱讀大量文獻(xiàn),掌握機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的基本步驟和要求,以及傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械制圖的步驟和規(guī)則,掌握制動(dòng)器總成的相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)方法,以及進(jìn)一步扎實(shí)汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)基本知識(shí),學(xué)會(huì)用CAD進(jìn)行基本二維制圖,同時(shí)提高分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的能力。二、設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的基本內(nèi)容、擬解決的主要問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì)五菱宏光變速器,要求分析變速器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式及工作原理,確定變速器結(jié)構(gòu)類型,完成變速器結(jié)構(gòu)布置和總體設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)變速器中的關(guān)鍵齒輪和軸等零部件進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)并對(duì)其進(jìn)行校核計(jì)算。在給定發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩、轉(zhuǎn)速及最高車(chē)速、最大爬坡度等條件下,對(duì)變速器齒輪的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)、軸的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸等進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容包括輸入軸、主動(dòng)輪、從動(dòng)輪、輸出軸、中間軸、同步器、軸承、操縱機(jī)構(gòu)等結(jié)構(gòu),同時(shí)進(jìn)行必要的運(yùn)動(dòng)分析和強(qiáng)度校核。要求所設(shè)計(jì)的變速器結(jié)構(gòu)合理,繪制的圖紙格式規(guī)范,圖面質(zhì)量好;撰寫(xiě)的說(shuō)明書(shū)內(nèi)容完整,格式規(guī)范。主要內(nèi)容:1、變速器的主要參數(shù)的選擇與主要零件的設(shè)計(jì)變速器的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)布置方案、變速器主要參數(shù)的選擇、各檔傳動(dòng)比及其模數(shù)、壓力角、螺旋角和齒寬、齒輪變位系數(shù)的選擇等。2、變速器齒輪的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算與材料的選擇 齒輪的損壞原因與形式、確定齒數(shù)、齒輪強(qiáng)度計(jì)算與校核、倒檔齒輪等。3、變速器軸的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算與校核 變速器軸的結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸、軸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算、軸的校核等。4、變速器同步器的設(shè)計(jì)鎖環(huán)式同步器的基本尺寸、同步器的接合齒采用漸開(kāi)線齒形等。5、安裝說(shuō)明擬解決主要問(wèn)題:(1)、變速器主要參數(shù)的選擇(2)、齒輪變位系數(shù)(3)、軸強(qiáng)度校核(4)、同步器的設(shè)計(jì)三、技術(shù)路線(研究方法)方案的確定變速器參數(shù)確定變位系數(shù)的確定確定傳動(dòng)比齒輪齒數(shù)的計(jì)算齒輪強(qiáng)度的校核齒輪的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)軸的設(shè)計(jì)軸強(qiáng)度的校核軸的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)同步器的參數(shù)同步器的設(shè)計(jì)繪制圖紙安裝說(shuō)明四、進(jìn)度安排(1)調(diào)研,資料收集,完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告; 第1-2周(3月2日-3月15日)(2)分析搜集到的資料,提出最優(yōu)設(shè)計(jì)方案; 第3-4周(3月16日-3月21日)(3)計(jì)算五菱宏光變速器的各項(xiàng)參數(shù); 第5-6周(3月22日-4月5日) (4)繪制變速器草圖; 第7-8周(4月6日-4月26日)(5)繪制變速器總成圖、零件圖; 第9-12周(4月27日-5月24日)(6)撰寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū); 第13-14周(5月25日-6月7日)(7)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)及圖紙審核及修改; 第15-16周(6月8日-6月21日) (8)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯準(zhǔn)備及答辯。 第17周(6月22日-6月28日)五、參考文獻(xiàn)1 高維山.變速器M.北京:人民交通出版社,1990.2 余志生.汽車(chē)?yán)碚揗.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2000.3 王望予.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)(第四版)M.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004.4 劉惟信.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)M.北京:清華人學(xué)出版社,2001.5 蔡炳炎,徐勇,林寧.機(jī)械式汽車(chē)變速器的速比配置分析J.機(jī)械研究與應(yīng)用 2005-04:25-26.6 劉海江,于信匯,沈斌.汽車(chē)齒輪M.上海:同濟(jì)大學(xué)出版社,1997. 7 孫恒,傅則紹.機(jī)械原理M.北京:高等教育出版社,1990.8 陳家瑞.汽車(chē)構(gòu)造(上,下冊(cè)) M.北京:人民交通出版社,1994.9張炳力,趙韓,今朝勇,朱可.汽車(chē)自動(dòng)變速器研究現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)展望J 中國(guó)機(jī)械工程,2006(S2)10過(guò)學(xué)迅,吳濤.汽車(chē)自動(dòng)變速器在中國(guó)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及前景J 汽車(chē)研究與開(kāi)發(fā),1999,(06)11王銘.汽車(chē)變速器全解析J 汽車(chē)維修,2010,(05)12吳光強(qiáng),孫賢安.汽車(chē)自動(dòng)變速器發(fā)展綜述J 同濟(jì)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版)2010,(10)13彭運(yùn)鈞. 自動(dòng)變速器的換擋規(guī)律J 工程機(jī)械與維修 , 2005, (07)14楊勝義.現(xiàn)代汽車(chē)變速器技術(shù)發(fā)展J 中國(guó)商界(上半月),2010,(09)15Nakayama T,Suda E.The present and future of electric power steering.Int.J.of Vehicle Design,1994,15(3,4,5):243-25416Yasuo Shimizu,Toshitake Kawai.Dsvslopment of Electric Power Steering.SAE Paper No.910014六、備注指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn):簽字: 年 月 日摘 要變速器用來(lái)改變發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)傳到驅(qū)動(dòng)輪上的轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速,目的是在原地起步,爬坡,轉(zhuǎn)彎,加速等各種行駛工況下,使汽車(chē)獲得不同的牽引力和速度,同時(shí)使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在最有利工況范圍內(nèi)工作。變速器設(shè)有空擋和倒擋。需要時(shí)變速器還有動(dòng)力輸出功能。因?yàn)樽兯傧湓诘蜋n工作時(shí)作用有較大的力,所以一般變速箱的低檔都布置靠近軸的后支承處,然后按照從低檔到高檔順序布置各檔位齒輪。這樣做既能使軸有足夠大的剛性,又能保證裝配容易。變速箱整體結(jié)構(gòu)剛性與軸和殼體的結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)系。一般通過(guò)控制軸的長(zhǎng)度即控制檔數(shù),來(lái)保證變速箱有足夠的剛性。本文設(shè)計(jì)研究了三軸式五擋手動(dòng)變速器,對(duì)變速器的工作原理做了闡述,變速器的各擋齒輪和軸做了詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,并進(jìn)行了強(qiáng)度校核,對(duì)一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件進(jìn)行了選型。變速器的傳動(dòng)方案設(shè)計(jì)并講述了變速器中各部件材料的選擇。關(guān)鍵字:變速器;設(shè)計(jì);齒輪;軸;校核ABSTRACTTransmission to change the engine reached on the driving wheel torque and speed, is aimed at marking start, climbing, turning, accelerate various driving conditions, the car was different traction and speed Meanwhile engine in the most favorable working conditions within the scope of the work. And the trans mission in neutral gear with reverse gear. Transmission also need power output function.Gearbox because of the low-grade work at a larger role, In general, the low-grade gearbox layout are close to the axis after support, Following from low-grade to high-grade order of the layout of stalls gear. This will not only allow axis are large enough for a rigid, but also ensures easy assembly. Gear box overall structure and rigid axle and the shell structure of relations. Generally through the control shaft length control over several stalls to ensure that adequate gear box rigid. This paper describes the design of three-axis five block manual tran mission, the transmission principle of work elaborated, Transmission of the gear shaft and do a detailed design, and the intensity of a school. For some standard parts for the selection. Transmission Trans mission program design. A brief description of the trans mission of all components of the material choice. Keywords : Transmission; Design; Gear; Axis;Checking目 錄摘要IABSTRACTII第1章 緒論11.1選題的背景11.2目的及意義2第2章 總體方案設(shè)計(jì)32.1汽車(chē)參數(shù)的選擇32.2變速器設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)滿足的基本要求32.3傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)布置方案分析32.3.1固定軸式變速器32.3.2倒檔布置方案42.3.3其它問(wèn)題62.4齒輪形式72.5換擋機(jī)構(gòu)形式72.6變速器軸承82.7本章小結(jié)9第3章 變速器設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算103.1檔數(shù)113.2傳動(dòng)比范圍113.3各檔傳動(dòng)比的確定113.3.1主減速器傳動(dòng)比的確定113.3.2最低檔傳動(dòng)比的確定123.3.3各檔傳動(dòng)比的確定133.3.4中心距的選定133.3.5變速器的外形尺寸143.4齒輪參數(shù)143.4.1模數(shù)的選取143.4.2壓力角153.4.3螺旋角153.4.4齒寬163.4.5齒頂高系數(shù)173.4.6變位系數(shù)的選擇原則173.5各檔齒數(shù)的分配183.5.1確定一檔齒輪的齒數(shù)183.5.2對(duì)中心距進(jìn)行修正203.5.3確定常嚙合傳動(dòng)齒輪副齒數(shù)及變位系數(shù)203.5.4確定其他各檔齒數(shù)及變位系數(shù)213.5.5確定倒檔齒輪齒數(shù)及變位系數(shù)263.6本章小結(jié)28第4章 變速器的校核294.1齒輪的損壞形式294.2 齒輪強(qiáng)度計(jì)算284.2.1齒輪彎曲強(qiáng)度計(jì)算284.2.2齒輪接觸應(yīng)力計(jì)算304.3軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)324.4軸的強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算334.4.1軸的剛度的計(jì)算334.4.2軸的強(qiáng)度的計(jì)算384.5軸承壽命計(jì)算414.6本章小結(jié)44第5章 同步器的設(shè)計(jì)455.1 鎖銷式同步器455.1.1鎖銷式同步器結(jié)構(gòu)455.1.2鎖銷式同步器工作原理455.2鎖環(huán)式同步器465.2.1鎖環(huán)式同步器結(jié)構(gòu)465.2.2鎖環(huán)式同步器的工作原理465.2.3鎖環(huán)式同步器主要尺寸的確定47 5.3 本章小結(jié)49第6章 變速器操縱機(jī)構(gòu)506.1直接操縱手動(dòng)換擋變速器506.2遠(yuǎn)距離操縱手動(dòng)換擋變速器506.3本章小結(jié)51結(jié)論52參考文獻(xiàn)53致謝54附錄5531 附 錄 Research on Self-Adaptive Shift Schedule in Automated Mechanical Transmission of Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicle In our country, commercial vehicles include heavy-duty commercial vehicles, middle- duty commercial vehicles, light-duty commercial vehicles and mini commercial vehicles. Heavy-duty commercial vehicles market in china has been growing up rapidly in these years. With the increase of the fuel price, heavier emissions regulations, continued pressure on operating costs, increasing traffic congestion, and a shortage of skilled drivers, these changes will take place in the engine , the exhaust gas treatment system, and the transmission on vehicles, especially middle-duty and heavy-duty commercial vehicles.At the aspect of the transmission, we look at automated Mechanical transmission (AMT) attentively, which is low produce cost, high efficient, can shift and operate clutches automatically. Till now, the vehicle factories in our country have no ability to manufacture the automatic gearbox. In recent years, many manufacturers have been trying to seek automatic products, which suit our country situation and can be developed independently. In respect that we have many Mechanical transmission plants, for its high efficiency, low cost, and easier manufacture, AMT is considered to be the right product, which is the most suitable for us and has greatest potential in the development of industry.A new technology for AMT is non-clutch operation, and this technology bases on customary AMT. In the process of gear-shifting torque,the clutch does not separate from the engine and we need to adjust the running speed and the torque of the engine only. Eaton Company already uses this new technology in one transmission. If we put the new technology in commercial vehicles, there will be great meaning in automatic transmission of the commercial vehicles.Shift schedule decides the time to shift and it is the soul of the automatic transmission. When the AMT is working, by comparing the states of the vehicle with the optimal shift schedule, the AMT decides the optimal shift time and achieves the shift automatically. This will lessen the tiredness of the driver and improve the safety. Consequently, how to establish the best shift schedule is a crucial research aspect of AMT.The shift schedule of the automatic 2 transmission comes from 1-parameter、2-parameter to 3-parameter operation. In recent years, more and more researchers pay attention to intelligent control theory, and they want put this theory in shift schedule to make the shift.Combined with the national 863 project, Research and Development of AMT, this paper aims at the shift schedule of the AMT in heavy-duty commercial vehicles. According as the characteristic of the engine and the parameter of the vehicle, this paper established the traditional shift schedule and the self- adaptive shift schedule and according to this regulation simulates actual situation of the vehicle. When the AMT is working, by comparing the states of the vehicle with the optimal shift schedule, the AMT decides the optimal shift time and achieves the shift automatically. This will lessen the tiredness of the driver and improve the safety. The outcome shows these regulations are feasible. This paper has researched on these aspects as follows:1.At first the development history and the present conditions of automatic transmission are introduced in detail. At the same time, this paper analyses the makeup, the principium and the technique of AMT. At last the excellence and principium of the technique (non-clutch operated AMT) are discussed.2.Research on shift schedule of automatic transmissionThis paper analyses the characteristics of some kinds of shift schedules. Shift schedule is realized by electronic shift system.3.The establishment of the shift scheduleShift schedule is the basic part of automatic transmission. In this paper, dynamic capability and fuel consumption are considered. According as torque and fuel consumption characteristics of the engine, 2-parameter traditional shift schedule for the commercial vehicle is obtained. This regulation can be used in electronic control unit (TCU) directly and there are certain significance and actual value.Then this paper designs the self-adaptive shift schedule.4.Modeling of gear-shift regulation and vehicleFor qualitatively researching on the effectiveness of the shift schedule control system designed, and proceeding the simplification to the very complicated vehicle system, and putting forward the some assumption conditions of the simplification. At the same time keeps its general dynamic characteristics. And according to the construction parameter and technique data of one commercial vehicle, making use of the language of MATLAB with the tool of SIMULINK, for engine, transmission, shift schedule, whole vehicle dynamic model to proceed to set up models in SIMULINK.5.The simulation of shift schedule and the analysisFor the sake of verifying the rationality and possibilities of the shift schedule, this paper makes use of the models above. On the whole vehicle model this paper set up the simulation to test the regulation in some simulative situation. By the 3 simulation analysis, the simulation result indicates that the simulation model and the shift schedule designed in the article are reasonable.In conclusion, this paper studied the shift schedule of the automated mechanical transmission systematically on the basis of former research. In the paper, only the above work is completed because of limited time and the difficulty of AMT system. Further research should be continued in order to improve the properties of the AMT system and vehicle in the future. Shifting performance is defined as the extent of swiftness and softness during the procedure of non-power shifting and to extend the life of the power train. The index is comfort of passenger, time duration and shock, nine factors maybe influence the shifting performance, and two experimental methods can be used to investigate the nature of this performance: one is collecting real-time data during road experiment and analyzing them, the other is the simulation of the operation conditions of the vehicle. The core of the AMT system is the control strategy, the principle of the clutch engagement, shifting procedure, the choice of control method and the CAN communication between TCU and ECU can influence the shifting performance. Shifting schedule is the schedule of auto shifting time between two shifts with controlling parameters. It includes economical and dynamical shifting schedule. At present, shifting schedule of two controlling parameters (vehicle speed and opening on throttle) is mainly used. If shifting schedule is not good, shifting will not happen at right time and the working condition of engine will be severe. It will make the sound of engine abnormally and stability badly through the whole shifting procession. Sometimes even flame out Schedule of clutch engagement is determined by releasing journey of clutch, opening of throttle, shifting, vehicle speed and loading. The main Controlling goals are engaging quantity and engaging speed. The engaging control of clutch is mainly referred to the control of engaging speed. It is divided into three stages: fast, slow, fast. Shifting quality is directly influenced by the second stage. If engaging harder, it will make shifting concussion, even flame out; if engaging more slowly, it will make the friction time longer and reduce its longevity. The main controlling parameters are difference between initiative and passive and torques on both sides. When torques being approximately equal, it is proved by experiments that it can guarantee shifting time and 4 not make concussion through the procession of engagement at the time of difference of rotating speed below some value. Meanwhile, the abrasion of clutch is not severe. Shifting procedure is the procedure through working harmoniously among engine, clutch and transmission. Their cooperation will affect shifting time heavily. In order to decrease the shifting time, the time that is spent on the friction of the clutch should be decreased first. If we intend to increase the time of non-load stage, which helps to minimize the difference of the rotary speed between the driving disc and the driven disc. If we intend to shorten the time of the non-load stage, engage the clutch immediately after the gear change. The clutch can engage in a satisfying period if the new method of controlling the engaging speed of the clutch is realizable. And the time that is spent on synchronizing the gears should also be shortened. It can be realized in the following two ways. The first is to decrease the difference of the driving gear and the driven gear. The second is to increase the shifting force. If realizing the union control between ECU and TCU by CAN bus, AMT has the best control and the best shifting performance by use of communication strategy between TCU and ECU. Influence on shifting performance by hardware The elements in hardware system are the basis of proper functions of AMT. Executors, sensors, electronic components, hydraulic systems have influences on shifting performance, the choice of hardware parameters is of vital important to improvement of shifting performance. With the development of the theory and technology of vehicle, the technical increasingly mature of microprocessor and the extensive application of electronic technique on the car, people have no limit at satisfying the automotive means of transportation only, facing gradually from the request of the car power, economy and easily manipulating, flexibility, safety, an d the intelligent type of car becomes the focus in the vision of people increasingly. Companys publicity slogan of person, car, life, make people the center etc. On the side exhibit the expectation of people to the automotive individuation, humanity. In the development direction of the car intelligence, the intelligence of the automatic gearbox has important effect. But the intelligence of the automatic gearbox embodies at the 5 establishment of the shift regulation. For the fashion, for satisfying people to the new automotive request, for competitive advantage of the car type, at present, each big factory in world worked very much in shift regulation of new car type. Among those, the most arresting is AL4 automatic gearbox developed by PEUGEOT/CITROEN and RENAULT in that there unexpectedly are the 10 kinds of so many shift regulations. In the big system of person car road, the good and bad of the car control, reflect primarily in the coordination of the vehicle and environment (road), the coordination of the vehicle and person. And so, the electronic automatic control system can save various regulations to provide the driver to choose to use, not only having the economic regulation, motive (call to sport the type again) regulation, but also still having the general (usual) regulation, environment temperature and regulation with the outsider condition variety etc. Namely, the point of shifting can be freely enacted for every kind of regulation. In the intelligence direction of the shift regulation, everyone has made much work up to now, parts of the results has been applied on the car. But the work that developing this intelligent shift regulation still is hard, this is mainly because of: 1. The intelligence degree of the current intelligent gearbox needs to be increased, and it expresses at that accurate degree to identify environment is not high and to identify the drivers driving cant give satisfaction. 2. The intelligence function is still not perfect. The intelligent automatically shift system is an open system; it must be continuously perfect and plentiful on the current foundation. Only this way, it can adapt to the driving request of the different drivers, reducing the drivers labor strength, increasing the performance of the whole vehicle. Conventional design method which used in the structure parameters design of automobile gear box and synchronizer is a time-wasting job and hard work, and it is difficult to get idea design parameters and no good to the enhancement of products qualities. The optimum design of automobile gearbox and synchronizer which take the advantage of computers seeking the best structure parameters within constrains is a perfect and high- quality design method. The main target of this article is to set up a optimum mathematical model of structure parameters of the trucks gearbox and synchronizer, the auth or use a 6 optimum method based on K-T equation to improve the design level of automobile gearbox and synchronizer. Gear box is a important part of transmission, so the optimization of automobile gearbox is very important because the transmission is a main part of automobile. According to the design request and character sofa sort of truck, the optimum mathematical model of trucks gearbox is analyzed and set up in this article to decrease its weight and volume when the strength, stiffness, and lifetime of parts are permitted. And we can receive a satisfaction result through optimizing its parameter for instance. 重型商用車(chē)電控機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器換擋規(guī)律的研究 7 機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器 AMT(Automated Mechanical Transmission),是在原有齒輪式 機(jī)械變速器的基礎(chǔ)上加裝電腦控制系統(tǒng),對(duì)供油調(diào)節(jié)裝置、離合器、變速箱的控制采 用了電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)或液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu),實(shí)現(xiàn)起步、選擋、換擋的自動(dòng)化控制,使汽車(chē)成 為自動(dòng)變速的汽車(chē)。本文結(jié)合“十一五”國(guó)家863計(jì)劃現(xiàn)代交通技術(shù)領(lǐng)域“汽車(chē)開(kāi)發(fā) 先進(jìn)技術(shù)”重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目課題“重型商用車(chē)的機(jī)械自動(dòng)變速器(AMT)開(kāi)發(fā)”項(xiàng)目,針對(duì)重型 商用車(chē) AMT的換擋規(guī)律進(jìn)行相關(guān)研究。通過(guò)重型商用車(chē) AMT的結(jié)構(gòu)與工作特點(diǎn)的分析,結(jié) 合發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)特性與重型商用車(chē)的使用要求,對(duì)換擋規(guī)律進(jìn)行深入分析與研究,設(shè)計(jì)了兩參 數(shù)組合型換擋規(guī)律;在此基礎(chǔ)上,為最大限度地降低油耗,使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作在最經(jīng)濟(jì)工作 區(qū),提出了基于功率與車(chē)速的兩參數(shù)控制的自適應(yīng)換擋規(guī)律;MATLAB/SIMULINK 工具建 立起重型商用車(chē)的整車(chē)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型,對(duì)重型商用車(chē)的兩參數(shù)組合型換擋規(guī)律與自適應(yīng) 換擋規(guī)律分別進(jìn)行了仿真分析與研究,驗(yàn)證了所提出方案的有效性和可行性。本文的 研究成果對(duì)于開(kāi)發(fā)重型商用車(chē) AMT系統(tǒng)具有重要價(jià)值和現(xiàn)意義。 車(chē)輛自動(dòng)變速器通常分為液力機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器(簡(jiǎn)稱 AT)、電控機(jī)械式自動(dòng) 變速器(簡(jiǎn)稱 AMT)和機(jī)械式無(wú)級(jí)變速器(簡(jiǎn)稱 CVT)。AMT 以其傳動(dòng)效率高、 成本低和易于制造等優(yōu)點(diǎn)成為一種具有極具發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ淖詣?dòng)變速器。AMT 換檔品質(zhì) 的研究則是 AMT技術(shù)體系研究中關(guān)鍵的一環(huán),換檔品質(zhì)的好壞真接影響到 AMT 產(chǎn)業(yè) 化進(jìn)程及在市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。 AMT有很好的市場(chǎng)前景,但由于AMT 的換檔過(guò)程必需切斷動(dòng)力,所以其換檔品 質(zhì)較AT 和CVT 要差一些。只有提高AMT的換檔品質(zhì),使之接近或超過(guò)AT、CVT的換檔 品質(zhì),方能在市場(chǎng)上形成競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。所以對(duì)AMT換檔品質(zhì)的研究就成為AMT 技術(shù)體系研 究中關(guān)鍵的一環(huán)。 AMT發(fā)展分為三個(gè)階段:半自動(dòng)的SAMT階段、全自動(dòng)階段和智能階段。 AMT 結(jié) 構(gòu)分為硬件和軟件兩部分,硬件系統(tǒng)包括被控對(duì)象、執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、傳感器、TCU等;軟 件系統(tǒng)由實(shí)現(xiàn)控制策略的軟件組成。 自動(dòng)變速器(AT)的換檔性能的優(yōu)劣對(duì)整車(chē)性能有很大的影響。自動(dòng)變速器換檔品 質(zhì)問(wèn)題研究是自動(dòng)變速箱研究領(lǐng)域中的一個(gè)重要研究課題。換檔品質(zhì)的控制通過(guò)電液 系統(tǒng)來(lái)完成??刂破鞲鶕?jù)實(shí)時(shí)的油門(mén)開(kāi)度、車(chē)速等信號(hào),發(fā)出操縱指令控制換檔結(jié)合 元件的油壓變化規(guī)律,實(shí)現(xiàn)平穩(wěn)換檔。本文對(duì)自動(dòng)變速器的換檔品質(zhì)控制系統(tǒng)、換檔 過(guò)程結(jié)合元件油壓變化規(guī)律進(jìn)行了較深入的分析和研究。 文中首先對(duì)換檔品質(zhì)的現(xiàn)有評(píng)價(jià)方法和指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了分析和總結(jié),并對(duì)現(xiàn)有AT換檔 品質(zhì)的控制方式進(jìn)行了較為全面的介紹和分析。 8 提出了一種自動(dòng)變速器換檔過(guò)程分析的等效力學(xué)模型和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)一變矩器動(dòng)力學(xué)簡(jiǎn) 化模型,以適應(yīng)車(chē)輛起步、換檔實(shí)時(shí)控制研究的需要。應(yīng)用所建立的數(shù)學(xué)模型,對(duì)自 動(dòng)變速器的換檔過(guò)程進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的分析。 制定了適當(dāng)?shù)膿Q檔過(guò)渡過(guò)程結(jié)合元件的油壓變化規(guī)律,可改變自動(dòng)變速器的換檔 品質(zhì)。對(duì)AG4自動(dòng)變速箱的油壓控制給出了具體的計(jì)算方法??筛纳谱詣?dòng)變速器的換 檔品以AG4自動(dòng)變速箱2H檔到3H檔為例進(jìn)行了模擬仿真,仿真的結(jié)果對(duì)所建立的簡(jiǎn) 化模型和提出的期望油壓規(guī)律進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。 詳細(xì)分析了AG4液壓操縱系統(tǒng)的供油調(diào)壓和換檔品質(zhì)控制工作原理。并對(duì)換檔品 質(zhì)控制的框圖設(shè)計(jì)做了初步的探討。利用自動(dòng)變速器電液控制試驗(yàn)臺(tái)對(duì)AG4自動(dòng)變速 箱的控制系統(tǒng)和液壓系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了測(cè)試。通過(guò)試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了本文所建立的數(shù)學(xué)模型及其分 析結(jié)論。 電控機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器(Automated Mechanical Transmission, AMT)是一種新型的 自動(dòng)變速系統(tǒng),其通過(guò)對(duì)手動(dòng)固定軸式變速器和干式摩擦離合器的自動(dòng)化改造從而實(shí) 現(xiàn)了選檔、換檔以及離合器和油門(mén)的自動(dòng)操縱。AMT技術(shù)適合我國(guó)國(guó)情,有著廣泛的 市場(chǎng)和發(fā)展前途。換檔規(guī)律是電控機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器的靈魂,它是判斷換檔時(shí)機(jī)的依 據(jù)。在應(yīng)用中,通過(guò)將采集的車(chē)輛行駛狀態(tài)與換檔規(guī)律相對(duì)比,從而判斷是否達(dá)到最 佳的換檔點(diǎn)并自動(dòng)執(zhí)行換檔操作,這樣大大減輕了駕駛員的疲勞,提高行駛安全,同 時(shí)使整車(chē)具有較好的動(dòng)力性及燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。本論文選擇電控機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器換檔規(guī) 律這一關(guān)鍵性問(wèn)題作為研究對(duì)象,研究目的是為AMT制定最佳的換檔規(guī)律以提高車(chē)輛 的動(dòng)力性和燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。通過(guò)對(duì)影響車(chē)輛動(dòng)力性和燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性的因素進(jìn)行分析,本論 文推導(dǎo)了最佳動(dòng)力性和最佳燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性換檔規(guī)律的制定方法。為解決質(zhì)量影響問(wèn)題, 提出了一種變結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳換檔系統(tǒng),豐富了換檔規(guī)律理論。鑒于計(jì)算機(jī)仿真技術(shù)與實(shí) 車(chē)測(cè)試相比可以節(jié)省大量的人力物力,本論文在進(jìn)行換檔規(guī)律的設(shè)計(jì)中,采用 MATLAB/Simulate仿真工具箱建立了最佳換檔規(guī)律的仿真模型,利用此仿真模型對(duì)制 定的最佳動(dòng)力性和最佳燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性換檔規(guī)律進(jìn)行仿真,仿真結(jié)果表明本論文所建立的 換檔規(guī)律是合理的。 換檔品質(zhì)是指在保證動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)壽命的前提下,能夠迅速、平穩(wěn)換檔的程度, 其評(píng)價(jià)的指標(biāo)主要是舒適性,量化指標(biāo)包括換檔時(shí)間和沖擊度。換檔品質(zhì)的影響因素 包括軟、硬件兩方面九大因素,并且可用兩種實(shí)驗(yàn)方法對(duì)換檔品質(zhì)進(jìn)行研究,一種是 9 整車(chē)道路實(shí)驗(yàn)實(shí)時(shí)采集數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析;第二種方法就是通過(guò)做模擬整車(chē)工況的臺(tái)架實(shí) 驗(yàn)。 AMT的控制策略是AMT控制的全部控制思想,控制策略里換檔規(guī)律、離合器結(jié)合 規(guī)律、換檔時(shí)序、控制方法的選擇、以及近來(lái)比較熱門(mén)的通過(guò)CAN總線實(shí)現(xiàn)的TCU 和ECU通訊策略都對(duì)檔品質(zhì)有影響,控制策略制訂得是否合理,將直接決定AMT 的換 檔品質(zhì)。 換檔規(guī)律是指兩排檔間自動(dòng)換檔時(shí)刻隨控制參數(shù)變化的規(guī)律,包括經(jīng)濟(jì)性和動(dòng)力 性換檔規(guī)律。目前汽車(chē)上多用兩控制參數(shù)(車(chē)速和油門(mén)開(kāi)度)的換檔規(guī)律。換檔規(guī)律 沒(méi)做好,就會(huì)使汽車(chē)在不該換檔的時(shí)候換檔,該換檔的時(shí)候不換檔,使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工況嚴(yán) 重不好,造成整個(gè)換檔過(guò)程中發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)聲音的異常和平順性的不良,有時(shí)還可能使發(fā)動(dòng) 機(jī)熄火。離合器結(jié)合規(guī)律受離合器釋放行程、油門(mén)開(kāi)度、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速、檔位和車(chē)速、 載荷等素影響,主要控制目標(biāo)是結(jié)合量和結(jié)合速度。而離合器接合控制主要指接合速 度的控制,大體上分快、慢、快三個(gè)階段。其中直接影響換檔品質(zhì)的是第二階段,如 果接合過(guò)快將造成換檔沖擊,甚至熄火;若過(guò)慢將使離合器滑磨時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng),有損其壽 命??刂频膮?shù)主要是離合器主從動(dòng)片轉(zhuǎn)速差及兩邊扭矩值,實(shí)驗(yàn)表明在扭矩值大致 相同,轉(zhuǎn)速差小于一定值時(shí)接合離合器既能保證換檔時(shí)間又不會(huì)產(chǎn)生沖擊,離合器磨 損也不太嚴(yán)重。 換檔時(shí)序是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、離合器、變速器三者協(xié)調(diào)動(dòng)作的時(shí)序 ,它們的配合情況對(duì)換 檔時(shí)間有很大的影響。減小換擋時(shí)間最重要的是盡可能地縮小離合器滑摩時(shí)間。如果 延長(zhǎng)空載階段時(shí)間,將減小離合器主從動(dòng)盤(pán)轉(zhuǎn)速差。有利于縮短滑摩時(shí)間。如果盡可 能縮短空載時(shí)間,掛上新?lián)鹾罅⒓唇雍想x合器,如果離合器接合速度控制的新方法可 行,也可以在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成離合器的接合。其次是減小齒輪同步時(shí)間,這可以通 過(guò)兩種方式實(shí)現(xiàn):1.減小齒輪間轉(zhuǎn)速差;2.增大換擋力。 運(yùn)用TCU和ECU通訊策略,通過(guò)CAN總線實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和變速器之間的聯(lián)合控制, AMT能夠達(dá)到最優(yōu)控制,獲得最理想的換檔品質(zhì)。 硬件系統(tǒng)元器件性能對(duì)換檔品質(zhì)的影響: 硬件系統(tǒng)元器件實(shí)現(xiàn)AMT功能的基礎(chǔ),硬件系統(tǒng)里執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、傳感器、電子元器 件、液壓系統(tǒng)等都對(duì)換檔品質(zhì)有影響,硬件參數(shù)的選擇對(duì)AMT換檔品質(zhì)的提高是至關(guān) 重要的。 10 伴隨汽車(chē)?yán)碚摷夹g(shù)的發(fā)展,微處理器的技術(shù)的日益成熟和電子技術(shù)在汽車(chē)上的廣 泛應(yīng)用,人們已經(jīng)不再只局限于滿足汽車(chē)的代步功能,對(duì)汽車(chē)動(dòng)力性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性的要求 逐步向易操縱性、機(jī)動(dòng)性、安全性轉(zhuǎn)移,智能型汽車(chē)日益成為人們目光中的焦點(diǎn)。商 家的“人、車(chē)、生活”,“以人為本”等宣傳口號(hào)也側(cè)面體現(xiàn)了人們對(duì)汽車(chē)的個(gè)性化、 人性化的期望。 在汽車(chē)智能化的發(fā)展方向上,自動(dòng)變速器的智能化占有重要一席。而自動(dòng)變速器 的智能化又集中體現(xiàn)在換擋規(guī)律的制定上。為順應(yīng)潮流,為滿足人們對(duì)汽車(chē)的新要求, 加強(qiáng)各自車(chē)型的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),目前,世界各大廠商在新車(chē)型的換擋規(guī)律上大做文章,最 引人注意的是標(biāo)致雪鐵龍集團(tuán)和雷諾公司開(kāi)發(fā)的AL4 自動(dòng)變速器竟內(nèi)置了10 種換 擋規(guī)律之多。在人車(chē)路的大系統(tǒng)中,汽車(chē)控制的優(yōu)劣,主要反映在車(chē)輛與環(huán)境 (路)的協(xié)調(diào)、車(chē)輛與人的協(xié)調(diào),故電子自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)可存儲(chǔ)多種規(guī)律供駕駛員選用, 不僅有經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)律、動(dòng)力性(又稱運(yùn)動(dòng)型)規(guī)律,而且還有一般(日常)規(guī)律、環(huán)境 溫度以及隨外界條件變化的規(guī)律等。 即換擋點(diǎn)可以自由設(shè)定為各種規(guī)律。在換擋規(guī) 律智能化的方向上,各方面至今已作了不少的工作,其中部分成果已開(kāi)始在汽車(chē)上應(yīng) 用。但是開(kāi)發(fā)此項(xiàng)智能換擋規(guī)律的工作依然艱巨,這主要因?yàn)椋?1.現(xiàn)有的智能變速器的智能程度有待提高,它表現(xiàn)在對(duì)環(huán)境的識(shí)別判斷的準(zhǔn)確度 不高,對(duì)駕駛員的意圖識(shí)別不能令人滿意。 2.智能功能還不完善。智能自動(dòng)變速系統(tǒng)是開(kāi)放的系統(tǒng),它應(yīng)在現(xiàn)有的基礎(chǔ)上不 斷完善、豐富,只有這樣才能適應(yīng)不同駕駛員的駕駛要求,減少駕駛員的 勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,提高汽車(chē)的整體性能。適應(yīng)駕駛員個(gè)性的換擋規(guī)律是研究項(xiàng)目中的重 要一項(xiàng),為了使汽車(chē)能夠在選換擋時(shí)體現(xiàn)不同駕駛員的風(fēng)格特點(diǎn),適應(yīng)不同駕駛員的 對(duì)加速的不同要求,前人工作的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)適應(yīng)駕駛員風(fēng)格的換擋規(guī)律作了較為深入的 研究,對(duì)駕駛員的駕駛意圖、風(fēng)格特點(diǎn)提出了新的識(shí)別策略,并系統(tǒng)地提出了換擋智 能調(diào)整控制的解決方案。 傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方法設(shè)計(jì)汽車(chē)變速器與同步器結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)是一項(xiàng)非常費(fèi)時(shí)和艱苦的工作, 而且難以求得較理想的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù),不利于產(chǎn)品性能的提高。變速器與同步器的優(yōu)化設(shè) 計(jì)則可利用計(jì)算機(jī)在約束域內(nèi)按預(yù)定目標(biāo)高速有效地優(yōu)選出最佳的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù),是一種 理想的高質(zhì)量的設(shè)計(jì)方法。研究的主要目標(biāo)是建立一個(gè)載貨汽車(chē)變速器與同步器結(jié)構(gòu) 參數(shù)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)學(xué)模型,采用基于K-T(Kuhn-Tucker)方程解的方法進(jìn)行優(yōu)化計(jì)算, 11 以期提高汽車(chē)變速器與同步器的設(shè)計(jì)水平。汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)系是汽車(chē)的主要組成部分,變速 器又是傳動(dòng)系的重要部件,因此汽車(chē)變速器的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)十分重要。以輕型載貨汽車(chē)為 例,根據(jù)汽車(chē)變速器的設(shè)計(jì)要求與特點(diǎn),在保證零件的強(qiáng)度、剛度、使用壽命等條件 下,以減少重量和體積作為追求目標(biāo),分析建立了載貨汽車(chē)變速器優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的數(shù)學(xué)模 型,并通過(guò)實(shí)例對(duì)其進(jìn)行了參數(shù)優(yōu)化,獲得了滿意的設(shè)計(jì)效果。
收藏