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2022年高中英語(yǔ)《Unit4 Wildlife protection》學(xué)案 必修2
學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容:
1、 了解被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本內(nèi)容。
2、 了解將來(lái)時(shí)和含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。
3、 了解被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中需要注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題
學(xué)習(xí)方法:觀察分析,合作交流,自我總結(jié)。
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)指主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的使動(dòng)方。也就是說(shuō)謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作源自主語(yǔ),而施加于賓語(yǔ)。相反,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的受動(dòng)方,如果有賓語(yǔ)的,賓語(yǔ)往往是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的使動(dòng)方。在語(yǔ)法機(jī)構(gòu)上,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別主要在于,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)直接使用動(dòng)詞原形作為謂語(yǔ),然后再在該動(dòng)詞原形的基礎(chǔ)上施加時(shí)態(tài)和其他語(yǔ)法;而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則使用系詞+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去
2、分詞作為謂語(yǔ),各種時(shí)態(tài)和其他語(yǔ)法也施加在系詞上。
舉例:
主動(dòng):The snowslide killed him.
被動(dòng):He was killed by the snowslide.
意義均為:他死于雪崩。
英語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用得比漢語(yǔ)要多,要普遍,許多課本乃至實(shí)際應(yīng)用中都常常涉及到這個(gè)問(wèn)題。一般說(shuō)來(lái),當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者,不必說(shuō)出執(zhí)行者或含糊不清的執(zhí)行者時(shí),多用被動(dòng)式。須注意的是,許多地方與漢語(yǔ)不同。注意那些漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有"被……"的意思,英語(yǔ)卻用被動(dòng)態(tài)。還要注意,英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)態(tài)往往由"by"引出,而有用介詞"by"的短語(yǔ)往往又不是被動(dòng)態(tài),而是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。還有些待殊現(xiàn)象,如…kno
3、wn to man(人類......所知),on foot步行(美國(guó)人有時(shí)用by foot),in carraige(乘四輪馬車)等等。還有假主動(dòng),真被動(dòng)的十幾個(gè)常用詞的用法,以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to be carried等習(xí)慣用法。有關(guān)這類情況,做到心中有數(shù)對(duì)全面掌握被動(dòng)態(tài),準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地解答習(xí)題非常關(guān)鍵,被動(dòng)態(tài)必須涉及的是動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化的問(wèn)題。英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)本來(lái)很復(fù)雜,怎樣記住各自的被動(dòng)形式呢? 首先要明確"將來(lái)進(jìn)行,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)這兩種時(shí)態(tài)無(wú)被動(dòng)形式。另外,不及物動(dòng)詞帶有同源賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞,反身代詞的動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞都無(wú)被動(dòng)形式。即便如此,還有不定式,動(dòng)名詞
4、,分詞,以及它們的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))的被動(dòng)態(tài),再加上情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞以及它們的疑問(wèn)式和否定式從中摻雜,真是令人頭痛,眼花繚亂。下面口訣就以動(dòng)詞do為例,即do did過(guò)去式done過(guò)去分詞,以口訣形式總結(jié)各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)態(tài)。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中的賓語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中的主語(yǔ),主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中的主語(yǔ)成為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中的動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。
《被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的口訣》
一般現(xiàn)、過(guò)用be done,be有人稱、時(shí)、數(shù)變。
完成時(shí)態(tài)have done,被動(dòng)將been加中間。
一般將來(lái)shall (will) do,被動(dòng)變do為be done。
將來(lái)進(jìn)行無(wú)被動(dòng),sha
5、ll (will) be doing,
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行同,have (has) been doing。
現(xiàn)、過(guò)進(jìn)行be doing, 被動(dòng)be加being done。
情、助、有、是妥安排,一律隨新主語(yǔ)變。
否定助后加not,疑問(wèn)一助置主前。
主語(yǔ)恰是疑問(wèn)詞,直陳語(yǔ)序主在前。
一般情助加be done,雙賓多將間賓變。
復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)賓變主,賓補(bǔ)、主補(bǔ)相應(yīng)變。
特別注意:不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況:
1) 不及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):
appear, die disappear, end (vi. 結(jié)束), fail, happen, last, lie, rema
6、in, sit, spread, stand
break out, e true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比較: rise, fall, happen是不及物動(dòng)詞;raise, seat是及物動(dòng)詞。
(錯(cuò)) The price has been risen.
(對(duì)) The price has risen.
(錯(cuò)) The accident was happened last week.
7、(對(duì)) The accident happened last week.
(錯(cuò)) The price has raised.
(對(duì)) The price has been raised.
(錯(cuò)) Please seat.
(對(duì)) Please be seated.
要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問(wèn)題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中多留意積累。
2) 不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ):
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agr
8、ee with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
3) 系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):
appear, be bee, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay,
9、 taste, turn
It sounds good.
4) 帶同源賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞,反身代詞,相互代詞,不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
5) 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí),很少用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
(對(duì)) She likes to swim.
(錯(cuò)) To swim is liked by her.PS:
有些動(dòng)詞可以帶雙賓語(yǔ),在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)時(shí),直接賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面;直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)時(shí),直接賓語(yǔ)前通常加上介詞for/to
10、
He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.在記者招待會(huì)上人們問(wèn)了他很多問(wèn)題
They are taught a lot of things in the kindergartens.他們?cè)谟變簣@被教給很多東西。
A new MP4 was given to him as birthday present/gift.作為生日禮物他收到了一個(gè)新MP4。⑴含有使役動(dòng)詞(make /let /have)或感官動(dòng)詞(hear ,see, listen to ,look at ,find ,watch, feel等)的
11、句子,在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中這些詞后常跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式,但是在改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),則一定要把省去的to再加上去,另外help這一個(gè)詞在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中后面的動(dòng)詞不定式可以帶to,也可不帶to, 但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中也必須把to加上去。
例:①M(fèi)other often makes me do homework.
→I am often made to do homework by mother.
⑵teach ,give ,pass ,show ,buy, tell等動(dòng)詞常常帶有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)(雙賓語(yǔ):直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)),改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)可以選其中任一個(gè)作主語(yǔ)。如果直接賓語(yǔ)被提前作主語(yǔ),那么間接賓語(yǔ)(一
12、般是人)前要加相應(yīng)的介詞to/for。
例:
①She gave me a book.= She gave a pen to book.
→I was given a book by her.
→A book was given to me by her.
②My father bought me a MP3.= My father bought a MP3 for me.
→I was bought a MP3 by my father.
→A MP3 was bought for me by my father.
[3]含有賓
13、語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子改為變動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。(賓補(bǔ)放在原來(lái)位置不變)
例:①We call him Xiao Ming.
主 謂 賓 賓補(bǔ) →He is called Xiao Ming by us.
②He found the novel very interesting.
→The novel was found very interesting by him.
[4] 沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞:
1. 沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的詞, 表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動(dòng)詞如 cost, fit, have, suit等沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式,另外,像happ
14、en = take place, break out(爆發(fā)),break down(壞了) result from(緣于),belong to, consist of等只用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),而不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
2. 不及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): appear, die ,disappear, end (vi. 結(jié)束), fail, last, lie, remain, sit, spread(傳播), stand, e true, fall asleep, ...
3. 大多數(shù)系動(dòng)詞:be , feel (摸起來(lái)),sound(聽(tīng)起來(lái)),smell(聞起來(lái)),taste(嘗起來(lái)),look(看起來(lái)),等詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),它們的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
例:①The shirt feels very soft. 這件襯衣摸起來(lái)很柔軟。
②Many changes have taken place in our country.