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Unit 4　Astronomy：the science of the stars 【短文語(yǔ)法填空】 It is well known that the Chinese have great respect for their elders, and here is an occasion to show it—the Chongyang Festival. It falls 1. the ninth day of the ninth lunar month. In Chinese, nine 2. (regard) as the number of “yang”. The ninth day of the ninth month is the day that has two“yang” numbers, and “chong” in Chinese means double, which is 3. the name “Chongyang” came into being. The festival can date back to the Warring States Period. However, it was not 4. (formal) set as a festival until the Tang Dynasty. In 1989, the Chinese government 5. (declare) the ninth day of the ninth lunar month to be the Seniors’ Day—a day to respect 6. elderly and to let them enjoy 7. (they)． Traditionally, people climb mountains, drink chrysanthemum(菊花) wine, and eat Chongyang cakes. Since “cake” in Chinese is pronounced “gao” meaning “high”， people consider climbing a high mountain to be the same as eating cakes in the hope of 8. (promote) to high positions. And people often think that chrysanthemum wine can get rid of all kinds of diseases and 9. (disaster)． Today many activities are held 10. (show) respect to the seniors like organizing a trip for them, sending them gifts and more on the day of the festival. 【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日重陽(yáng)節(jié)的歷史發(fā)展、名稱由來(lái)等。 1．on　解析：考查介詞。重陽(yáng)節(jié)是在農(nóng)歷九月初九這一天。在特定的某一天用介詞on。 2．is regarded　解析：考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。在中國(guó)，九被視為陽(yáng)數(shù)。主語(yǔ)nine和動(dòng)詞regard之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示“被視為”，故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；此處是對(duì)客觀情況的描述，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 3．how　解析：考查表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞。九月的第九天含有兩個(gè)陽(yáng)數(shù)，“重”在漢語(yǔ)中表示“雙倍”的意思，這就是重陽(yáng)節(jié)名稱的由來(lái)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可以判斷，空處表示“重陽(yáng)節(jié)名稱的由來(lái)”，故用how引導(dǎo)該表語(yǔ)從句。 4．formally　解析：考查副詞。根據(jù)空處后的動(dòng)詞set可知，空處修飾該動(dòng)詞，故用副詞形式。 5．declared　解析：考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)該句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“In 1989”可知，該句陳述的是發(fā)生在1989年的事情，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 6．the　解析：考查定冠詞。the＋形容詞，表示一類人。the elderly表示“老年人”。 7．themselves　解析：考查反身代詞。1989年，中國(guó)政府宣布農(nóng)歷九月初九為“敬老節(jié)”，以此來(lái)尊敬老人，并讓他們過(guò)得愉快。enjoy oneself意為“得到樂(lè)趣”。 8．being promoted　解析：考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)空處前的介詞of可知，空處用動(dòng)詞的ing形式；根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，主語(yǔ)people和動(dòng)詞promote之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示“被提升”，故用being promoted。 9．disasters　解析：考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。人們常常認(rèn)為菊花酒能消除各種疾病和災(zāi)難。根據(jù)該句中“diseases and”可知，空處用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 10．to show　解析：考查動(dòng)詞不定式。如今，人們舉辦許多活動(dòng)如組織老人旅游、給老人送禮物以表達(dá)對(duì)老人的尊敬。根據(jù)句意可知，空處表示目的，故用動(dòng)詞不定式。 exist vi.存在；生存 (1)exist on(＝live on)sth.靠某物生存 exist in 存在于……之中 exist as 作為……而存在；以……形態(tài)存在 exist by 靠……方式為生 There exist(s)．..有/生存…… (2)in existence 現(xiàn)存的；現(xiàn)有的 e into existence 產(chǎn)生；存在 ①(教材原句)They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years. 它們也生蛋，在地球上生存了一億四千多年。 ②Does life exist on other planets? 其他行星上有生命嗎？ ③As is known to us，China came into existence (exist) as an independent country in 1949. 眾所周知，在1949年中國(guó)以一個(gè)獨(dú)立的國(guó)家存在了。 ④單句語(yǔ)法填空(2017北京卷)A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence (exist). harmful adj.有害的；傷害的 (1)do sb.harm/do harm to sb.對(duì)某人有害 do more harm than good 弊大于利 There is no harm in doing sth.做某事沒(méi)有害處 (2)be harmful to...對(duì)……有害處 (3)do good to sb./do sb.good 對(duì)某人有好處 do wrong to sb./do sb.wrong 冤枉某人 ①(教材原句)What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. 很多科學(xué)家相信，由于地球上長(zhǎng)期有水存在，它使得地球得以把曾經(jīng)存在于大氣層中的有害氣體和酸性物質(zhì)溶解在海洋里。 ②(2016江蘇卷)Droughts bee more harmful(harm)than floods. 干旱變得比洪澇更有害。 ③Playing puter games will not only do harm (harmful) to your physical health，but it is also harmful (harm) to your mental health.So there is no harm in advising you to give it up. 玩電腦游戲不僅對(duì)你的身體健康有害，而且對(duì)你的身心健康也有害，因此建議你放棄玩電腦游戲是沒(méi)有害處的。 puzzle vt.使迷惑；使為難；使窘困 n．(游戲的)猜謎；難題；謎 (1)puzzle sb.使某人為難 be puzzled by 被……迷惑 puzzle about/over sth.苦苦思索；仔細(xì)琢磨 (2)be in a puzzle about sth.對(duì)某事迷惑不解 (3)puzzling adj.令人困惑的 puzzled adj.感到困惑的 ①(教材原句)How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve. 地球生命如何起源是科學(xué)家們覺(jué)得很難解決的最大的難題之一。 ②(2016上海卷)“Patty Poem”leads the writer to recognize her love for puzzles(puzzle)． “Patty Poem”使作者意識(shí)到她對(duì)“猜謎”的喜愛(ài)。 ③Her puzzled (puzzle) look showed that she was_puzzled (puzzle) about what he said.Yes，it was really a puzzle because it was_puzzling (puzzle) that he would rather throw away the food than give it to those in need.What he said as well as what he did puzzled (puzzle) all the people present. 她的困惑的表情表明她對(duì)他說(shuō)的話感到迷惑。這的確是個(gè)謎，因?yàn)樗麑幙砂涯切┦澄锶拥粢膊唤o那些急需的人的做法令人困惑。他所說(shuō)的和他所做的讓在場(chǎng)的人感到困惑。 pull n．& vt.拉(力)；拖；牽引力 pull apart 拆開(kāi)；拆散 pull away (汽車等)開(kāi)走 pull down 拆毀；摧毀 pull in (車輛)進(jìn)站；向路邊(或某處)靠停 pull out 駛出；退出 pull up 停車 ①(教材原句)As the rocket rose into the air，we were pushed back into our seats because we were trying to escape the pull of the earth’s gravity. 隨著火箭的升空，由于我們?cè)谂昝摰厍虻囊?，我們被向后推在座位上? ②They are_pulling (pull) down those houses to make room for a new hotel. 為了給新旅館騰地，他們正在拆除那些房屋。 ③(牛津P1604)The police car signalled to us to_pull (pull)in. 警車發(fā)出信號(hào)，要我們駛向路邊?？?。 【七選五】 Everyone knows that fish is good for health. 　 1 　But it seems that many people don’t cook fish at home. Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year, but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home. Buying, storing, and cooking fish isn’t difficult. 　 2 　This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way. 　 3 　Fresh fish should smell sweet: you should feel that you’re standing at the ocean’s edge. Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isn’t fresh. 　 4 　When you have bought a fish and arrive home, you’d better store the fish in the refrigerator if you don’t cook it immediately, but fresh fish should be stored in your fridge for only a day or two. Frozen fish isn’t as tasty as the fresh one. There are many mon methods used to cook fish. 　 5 　First, clean it and season it with your choice of spices (調(diào)料). Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound. (A larger one will take more time.) Then, it’s ready to serve. A. Do not buy it. B. The easiest is to steam it. C. This is how you can do it. D. It just requires a little knowledge. E. The fish will go bad within hours. F. When buying fish, you should first smell it. G. The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文向大家介紹了如何用簡(jiǎn)單的方法購(gòu)買和烹制魚。 1.G 【解析】考查與首句語(yǔ)意的一致性。由空后的句意表示轉(zhuǎn)折可知，轉(zhuǎn)折前的句子在語(yǔ)意上應(yīng)該保持一致，即說(shuō)明吃魚對(duì)健康的益處。故選G。 2.D 【解析】考查句子的承上啟下作用?？涨耙痪涮岬綄?duì)魚的選購(gòu)、儲(chǔ)存和烹制并不困難，空后一句講本文是關(guān)于如何以一種簡(jiǎn)單的方式購(gòu)買和烹制魚的，故選D＂這只需要一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)知識(shí)就能做好＂。 3.F 【解析】考查主題句。段落的支撐細(xì)節(jié)始終圍繞主題句展開(kāi)，本段中第二、三句圍繞如何通過(guò)嗅覺(jué)來(lái)鑒別魚是否新鮮，因此可以判斷F項(xiàng)正確。 4.A 【解析】考查段落中句子間語(yǔ)意的連貫性和代詞的正確使用?？涨疤岬剑瑵饬业臍馕墩f(shuō)明魚已不新鮮，故不能買這種魚。據(jù)此可知A項(xiàng)正確。 in time 及時(shí)；總有一天，遲早；合拍子 ahead of time 提前，提早 at no time 絕不，在任何時(shí)候都不 at one time 曾經(jīng)，一度 at a time 一次 from time to time 有時(shí)，偶爾 in no time 立刻，馬上 for the time being 暫時(shí) once upon a time 從前 ①(教材原句)They were in time to produce carbon，nitrogen，water vapour and other gases. 它們最終產(chǎn)生了碳、氮?dú)狻⑺魵夂推渌喾N氣體。 ②If you keep on，you will succeed in time. 如果堅(jiān)持下去，你遲早會(huì)成功的。 ③Luckily，I quickly adapted and everything was back in no time. 所幸我很快就適應(yīng)了，不久一切都走上了正軌。 ④At one time，half the land on the earth’s surface was covered by forest. 曾經(jīng)，地球表面有一半的土地被森林所覆蓋。 in one’s turn 輪到某人；接著 in turn 依次；輪流；反之；反過(guò)來(lái) by turns 輪流；交替地 at every turn 處處；事事；每次 take turns to do sth.輪流做某事 It is one’s turn to do sth.輪到某人做某事 ①(教材原句)Thus they have，in their turn，bee the most important animals on the planet. 于是，他們接著成為了這個(gè)行星上最重要的動(dòng)物。 ②We take turns to_do (do) housework. 我們輪流做家務(wù)。 ③Now it is your turn to_look (look) after the children. 現(xiàn)在輪到你照看孩子了。 cheer up 使(人)……高興/振奮；振作起來(lái)(表示鼓勵(lì)) (1)cheer v．歡呼；喝彩 cheer sb.on (比賽中)以喝彩聲鼓勵(lì)；為某人加油 cheer sb.up 使某人高興/振奮 cheer for...為……歡呼 (2)cheerful adj.快樂(lè)的；高興的 (3)Cheers！(用于祝酒)干杯！ ①(教材原句)I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth bee smaller and the moon larger. 我立刻高興起來(lái)，由于失重我在太空艙里飄來(lái)飄去，我望著(身后的)地球越來(lái)越小，而(前方的)月亮越來(lái)越大。 ②A thousand supporters packed into the stadium to cheer them on. 1 000名支持者擠進(jìn)體育館里為他們加油。 ③The cheering (cheer) news made the cheerless (cheer)boy cheerful (cheer)，which made his parents cheer up，too. 這個(gè)令人鼓舞的消息使得這個(gè)不愉快的小男孩高興起來(lái)，他的父母也感到很高興。 【短文改錯(cuò)】 I like travelling and my dream of visit Beijing，the capital city of our country，e true during the National Day holidays this year.In October 1st，I went to Tiananmen Square with my parents，there we watched the flagraising ceremony. As I watched flag rising slowly，I sang the national anthem，feeling extremely exciting.Then we went to some other famous tourist attraction，like the Great Wall.Standing on the Great Wall，I felt very proudly.I thought of the old saying that“One who fail to reach the Great Wall is not a hero.”Although I was tired，but I really had a good time. 【答案】　 I like travelling and my dream of Beijing，the capital city of our country， true during the National Day holidays this year. October 1st，I went to Tiananmen Square with my parents， we watched the flagraising ceremony. As I watched flag rising slowly，I sang the national anthem，feeling extremely .Then we went to some other famous tourist ，like the Great Wall.Standing on the Great Wall，I felt very .I thought of the old saying that“One who to reach the Great Wall is not a hero.”Although I was tired，/ I really had a good time. 第一處：visit→visiting。考查動(dòng)名詞。of為介詞，后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。 第二處：e改為came?？疾閯?dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)該句中的“this year”可知，該處講述的是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 第三處：In→On?？疾榻樵~。介詞on表示在具體的某一天。 第四處：there→where?？疾槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處應(yīng)用where引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞Tiananmen Square。 第五處：flag前面加上the。考查定冠詞。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，這里的flag表特指，故用定冠詞。 第六處：exciting→excited?？疾樾稳菰~。該句主語(yǔ)為I，修飾人，應(yīng)用形容詞excited，表示“激動(dòng)的，興奮的”。 第七處：attraction→attractions。考查名詞的數(shù)。attraction作“吸引人的事物”講時(shí)，為可數(shù)名詞，根據(jù)該句中的some可知，此處指多個(gè)旅游景點(diǎn)，故用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 第八處：proudly→proud。考查形容詞。該句中的感官動(dòng)詞felt用作系動(dòng)詞，后接形容詞。 第九處：fail→fails?？疾閯?dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。該句陳述的是一般情況，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；該句主語(yǔ)為One，為第三人稱單數(shù)，故用fails。 第十處：刪除but或but改為yet。although不能和but連用，能和yet連用。補(bǔ)充：此處也可刪除Although，但是語(yǔ)意上沒(méi)有修改but好。 This produced a chain reaction，which made_it_possible for life to develop. 這就產(chǎn)生了一系列的反應(yīng)，使得生命得以發(fā)展了。 句中使用了“make＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)。即： make＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 當(dāng)該結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)是不定式短語(yǔ)或從句時(shí)，多用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而把不定式短語(yǔ)或從句后置，即make＋it＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)＋不定式短語(yǔ)或從句。 ①We made him (he)our monitor. 我們選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)。 ②Our teacher makes us feel more confident (confidence)． 我們的老師使我們感到更自信。 ③He made it a rule to_get (get) up at 6 in the morning. 他早上六點(diǎn)起床成了慣例。 ④I had to speak aloud to make myself heard (hear)． 為了讓人聽(tīng)見(jiàn)我不得不大聲講話。 單句語(yǔ)法填空 ⑤(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Visiting the exhibition will make you exposed (expose) to Chinese traditional culture. ⑥(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)The government has already permitted the pany to use special materials to make it easier (easy) for the vehicle to fly. But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried twice_as_far_as on the earth and fell over. 而當(dāng)我試著向前邁步時(shí)，我發(fā)覺(jué)我被送出去很遠(yuǎn)，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的兩倍，因而我摔倒了。 twice as far as...是一種倍數(shù)的表示方式，意為“是……的兩倍遠(yuǎn)”。as far as...“遠(yuǎn)到……”。 (1)“A＋倍數(shù)＋形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)＋than＋B”，表示“A比B大(長(zhǎng)、高、寬等)多少倍” (2)“A＋倍數(shù)＋as＋形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)＋as＋B”，表示“A是B的多少倍” (3)“A＋倍數(shù)＋the size/height/length/width，etc.＋of＋B”，表示“A是B大(高、長(zhǎng)、寬等)的多少倍” (4)“A＋倍數(shù)＋what從句”表示“A是……的多少倍”。 (5)“A＋倍數(shù)＋as＋many/much＋n.＋as＋B”，表示“A是B的多少倍” ①This table is twice bigger (big) than that one. ＝This table is 3 times as big as that one. ＝This table is 3 times the size of that one. 這張桌子是那張的3倍大。 ②They have three times as many cows as we have. 他們的牛是我們的三倍。 ③Our city has experienced twice as much rain this year as it did (do) last year. 我們城市今年的降雨量是去年的兩倍。 ④The production now is three times what it was ten years ago. 現(xiàn)在的產(chǎn)量是10年前的3倍。 【閱讀理解】 When Columbus ‘sailed the ocean blue in 1492’ he wasnt looking for America, he was searching for a route from Spain to China; America just got in the way. The Spanish were after the riches of Asia: silk, dates, spices. Until later adventurers discovered how to sail to the Far East, trade with China depended on the Silk Road. The trade between China and Europe brought huge wealth, so the Spanish had a strong desire to find a new way to the East. Eventually a way appeared; as sea traffic developed from the 17th Century onwards, the overland route diminished. Now China is seeking to revive(復(fù)興)the Silk Road and is preparing to invest 4 trillion pounds in new roads, rail links, oil pipelines and other basic facilities. It is hoped that goods can be shipped westwards by land far more quickly and economically than by sea. But the plan is also to attract more tourists. Actually, China does pretty well for tourists already; its the worlds fourth most visited country. Two cities — Beijing and Shanghai—possess the tourism business, with significant interest in destinations such as Xian and Chengdu. While Beijing is modern, cities such as Lanzhou and Dunhuang have one foot planted firmly in old China. Other places featured include Xian, the former capital of China, where you can e face to face with the Terracotta Army built to protect Chinas first emperor in the afterlife. From Lanzhou tour members take the train to Jiayuguan, Chinas western gateway and a key location on the Silk Road. There is also a fourday coach journey along the original Silk Route through the Xinjiang region to Kashgar. Along the way, at Kurla, you can visit the ruins of the Iron Fortress. 【文章大意】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。在古代，絲綢之路促進(jìn)了東西方商品和文化的交流，后來(lái)沒(méi)落了。但是最近幾年，中國(guó)復(fù)興絲綢之路的計(jì)劃使它又煥發(fā)了活力、魅力。 【長(zhǎng)難句分析】Other places featured include Xian, the former capital of China, where you can e face to face with the Terracotta Army built to protect Chinas first emperor in the afterlife.(倒數(shù)第二段第一句) 分析：本句是復(fù)合句。where引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞Xian。 譯文：其他比較重要的旅游地還包括西安，它曾是中國(guó)古代的都城，在那里可以看到為保護(hù)去世的中國(guó)第一個(gè)皇帝而建的兵馬俑。 1．What does the underlined word “diminished” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Discovered. B．Disappeared. C．Disturbed. D．Displayed. 答案與解析：B　考查詞義猜測(cè)。該題提問(wèn)的是劃線詞的含義。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句中的“the Spanish had a strong desire to find a new way to the East. Eventually a way appeared; as sea traffic developed from the 17th Century onwards”可知，當(dāng)時(shí)西班牙人找到了一條更快、更方便的通往中國(guó)的海路，因此隨著海上貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，那條陸地上的絲綢之路逐漸廢棄，消失不見(jiàn)了。由此可推斷出，“diminish”應(yīng)意為“消失”。故選B。 2．What is the purpose of reviving the Silk Road? A．To rebuild the ruins of the Iron Fortress. B．To construct new roads and other basic structures. C．To make transportation westwards faster and cheaper. D．To draw more inland tourists attention to the western gateway. 答案與解析：C　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。 It is hoped that goods can be shipped westwards by land far more quickly and economically than by sea.(第三段第二句) 譯文：中國(guó)希望通過(guò)陸地比通過(guò)海洋能夠更快、更經(jīng)濟(jì)地將商品運(yùn)送至西方。該題提問(wèn)的是復(fù)興絲綢之路的目的是什么。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句可知，這是為了更快、更便宜地將商品輸送至西方。故選C。 3．What can we learn about the Silk Road? A．It is nothing but a trade route. B．It may destroy some cities ancient style. C．It attracts foreign investment of ￡4 trillion. D．It promotes the tourism industry of China. 答案與解析：D　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。 But the plan is also to attract more tourists.(第四段第一句) 譯文：但是，該計(jì)劃也是為了吸引更多的游客。該題提問(wèn)的是關(guān)于絲綢之路我們可以了解到什么信息。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句可知，復(fù)興絲綢之路也是為了吸引更多的游客，促進(jìn)中國(guó)旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展。故選D。 4．What is the best title for the text? A．The charming of the Silk Road B．The function of the Silk Road C．The origin of the Silk Road D．The future of the Silk Road 答案與解析：A　考查標(biāo)題概括。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可判斷出，本文主要講述的是：在最近幾年，絲綢之路又煥發(fā)出了魅力和活力，它不僅方便了商品的運(yùn)輸，而且促進(jìn)了中國(guó)旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展。A項(xiàng)體現(xiàn)了本文的主題，適合用作標(biāo)題。故選A。