變速器、傳動(dòng)軸和操縱機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)-3

變速器、傳動(dòng)軸和操縱機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)-3,變速器,傳動(dòng)軸,以及,操縱,機(jī)構(gòu),設(shè)計(jì) 外文翻譯原文INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE1.Engine Block and Cylinder HeadThe engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries.The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings. Some engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter than iron. However, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.The cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. The most common cylinder head types are the hemi, wedge, and semi-hemi.All three of these terms refer to the shape of the engines combustion chamber. The cylinder head carries the valves, valve springs and the rockers on the rocker shaft, this part of the valve gear being worked by the push-rods. Sometimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinder head and operates on the valves without rockers. This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement. Like the cylinder block, the head is made from either cast iron or aluminum alloy.2.Gasket The cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket. This is a sandwich gasket, i.e. a sheet of asbestos between two sheets of copper, both these materials being able to withstand the high temperature and pressures within the engine.3.Oil Pan or SumpThe oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.4.Cooling SystemThe purpose of the cooling system is to keep the engine at its most efficient operating temperature at all speeds under all driving conditions.As fule is burned in the engine, about one-third of the heat energy in the fuel is converted into power.Another third goes out through the exhaust pipe unused, and the remaining third must be handled by the cooling system.This means that the engine can work effectively only when the heat energy is equally handled so as to keep the engine temperature in balance.So,the temperature is quite essential for an engine to produce power.No engines can work well without suitable operating temperatures.If the engine runs too hot, it may suffer from pre-ignition,while the air-fule charge is ignited prematurely from escessive combustion chamber temperature.Viscosity of the oil circulating in an over heating engine is reduced.Hot oil alvarnish and carbon depostis may be drawn into the combustion chamber where it increases HC emission.This also causes poor performance and premature wear, and may even result in engine damage.Whats more, the begavior of the metals at excessively high temperature also differs from that at normal temperatures and can produce a condition in which the metal deforms slowly and continuously at a constant stress.If the engine runs too cold, the fuel will not vaporize properly. If liquid fuel reaches the cylinders, it will reduce lubrication by washing the oil from the cylinder walls and diluting the engine oil.This causes a loss of performance, an increase in HC emissions, and premature engine wear. For these reasons, a ooling system of some kind is necessary in any internal combustion ebgine.5.Valve SystemIf the inlet valve opened at TDC of the intake stroke and closed at BDC of that stroke, it would have a duration of 180.It would have remained open for half of a complete 360 revolution, or 180. However, it takes some time for the valve to open to its full position. It also takes time for it to close tightly. Therefore the valve is opened before TDC (BTDC) and closed after BDC (ABDC). If the exhaust valve opened at BDC at the beginning of the exhaust stroke and closed at TDC at the end of the exhaust stroke, it would have a duration of 180. But like the inlet valve, the exhaust valve needs time to reach the full-open position, It also needs time to reach the full-closed position. So the exhaust valve opens before BDC and closes after TDC. The intake opens at 17 BTDC and the exhaust closes at 17 ATDC. Thus, for a period of 34, both of the valves are open: (17 + 17 =34). This period of time is known as valve overlap. The closing of the exhaust valve laps over the opening of the intake valve. During this time, the first of the new mixture pushes the last of the burned gases out the exhaust valve. Valve overlap is held to a minimum on turbo-charged engines. This prevents the intake charge from being blown out the exhaust. To coordinate the four-stroke cycle, a group of parts called the valve train opens and closes the valves (moves them down and up, respectively). These valve movements must take place at exactly the right moments. The opening of each valve is controlled by a camshaft.The cam is an egg-shaped piece of metal on a shaft that rotates in coordination with the crankshaft. The metal shaft, called the camshaft, typically has individual cams for each valve in the engine. As the camshaft rotates, the lobe, or high spot of the cam, pushes against parts connected to the stem of the valve. This action forces the valve to move downward. This action could open an inlet valve for an intake stroke, or open an exhaust valve for an exhaust stroke.As the camshaft continues to rotate, the high spot moves way from the valve mechanism. As this occurs, valve springs pull the valve tightly closed against its opening, called the valve seat. Valves in modern car engines are located in the cylinder head at the top of the engine. This is known as an overhead valve (OHV) configuration. In addition, when the camshaft is located over the cylinder head, the arrangement is known as an overhead camshaft (OHC) design. Some high-performance engines have two separate camshafts, one for each set of inlet and exhaust valves. These engines are known as dual overhead camshaft (DOHC) engines.The camshaft also can be located in the lower part of the engine, within the engine block. To transfer the motion of the cam upward to the valve, additional parts are needed. In this arrangement, the cam lobes push against round metal cylinders called cam follower. As the lobe of the cam comes up under the cam follower, it pushes the cam follower upward (away from the camshaft). The cam follower rides against a push rod, which pushes against a rocker arm. The rocker arm pivots on a shaft through its center. As one side of the rocker arm moves up, the other side moves down, just like a seesaw. The downward-moving side of the rocker arm pushes on the valve stem to open the valve. Because a push-rod valve train has additional parts, it is more difficult to run at high speeds. Push-rod engines typically run at slower speeds and, consequently, produce less horsepower than overhead-camshaft designs of equal size. (Remember, power is the rate at which work is done.) When the engine runs in compression stroke and power stroke, the valves must close tightly on their seats to produce a gas-tight seal and thus prevent the gases escaping from the combustion chamber. If the valves do not close fully the engine will not develop full power. Also the valve heads will be liable to be burnt by the passing hot gases, and there is the likelihood of the piston crown touching an open valve, which can seriously damage the engine. So that the valves can close fully some clearance is needed in the operating mechanism. This means that the operating mechanism must be able to move sufficiently far enough away from the valve to allow the valves to be fully closed against its seat by the valve spring. However, if the clearance is set too great this will cause a light metallic tapping noise. Each cam must revolve once during the four-stroke cycle to open a valve. A cycle, remember, corresponds with two revolutions of the crankshaft. Therefore, the camshaft must revolve at exactly half the speed of the crankshaft. This is accomplished with a 2:1 great ratio. A gear connected to the camshaft has twice the number of teeth as a gear connected to the crankshaft. The gears are linked in one of three ways:（1）Belt drive A cog-type belt can be used. Such belts are made of synthetic rubber and reinforced with internal steel or fiberglass strands. The belts have teeth, or slotted spaces to engage and drive teeth on gear wheels. A belt typically is used on engines with overhead-cam valve trains.（2）Chain drive On some engines, a metal chain is used to connect the crankshaft and camshaft gears. Most push-rod engines and some OHC engines have chains. l （3）Gear drive The camshaft and crankshaft gears can be connected directly, or meshed. This type of operating linkage commonly is used on older six-cylinder, inline engines. A camshaft driven by a chain or belt turns in the same direction as the crankshaft. But a camshaft driven directly by the crankshaft gear turns in the opposite direction. Timing belts are used because they cost less than chains and operate more quietly. A typical timing belt is made of neoprene (synthetic rubber) reinforced with fiberglass. 6.Piston The piston is an important part of a four-stroke cycle engine. Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston , through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force create by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft .Thin, circular , steel bands fit into grooves around the piston to seal the bottom of the combustion chamber. These bands are called piston rings. The grooves into which they fit are called ring grooves. A piston pin fits into a round hole in the piston . The piston pin joins the piston to the connecting rod . The thick part of the piston that holds the piston is the pin boss.The piston itself , its rings and the piston pin are together called the piston assembly. To withstand the heat of the combustion chamber, the piston must be strong. It also must be light, since it travels at high speeds as it moves up and down inside the cylinder. The piston is hollow. It is thick at the top where it take the brunt of the heat and the expansion force. It is thin at the bottom, where there is less heat. The top part of the piston is the head , or crown . The thin part is the skirt The sections between the ring grooves are called ring lands.The piston crown may be flat , concave ,dome or recessed . In diesel engine , the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown , depending on the method of injection . So they use pistons with different shapes.7.Piston RingsAs Fig shows , piston rings fit into ring grooves near the of the piston. In simplest terms, piston rings are thin, circular pieces of metal that fit into grooves in the tops of the pistons. In modern engines ,each piston has three rings. (Piston in older engines sometimes had four rings, or even five.) The rings outside surface presses against the cylinder walls. Rings provide the needed seal between the piston and the cylinder walls. That is, only the rings contact the cylinder walls. The top two rings are to keep the gases in the cylinder and are called compression rings. The lower one prevents the oil splashed onto the cylinder bore from entering the combustion chamber , and is called an oil ring. Chrome-face cast-iron compression rings are commonly used in automobile engines. The chrome face provide a very smooth , wear-resistant surface.During the power stoke , combustion pressure on the combustion rings is very high. It causes them to untwist . Some of the high-pressure gas gets in back of the rings. This force the ring face into full contact with the cylinder wall. The combustion pressure also holds the bottom of the ring tightly against the bottom of the ring groove. Therefore , high combustion pressure causes a tighter seal between the ring face and the cylinder wall.8. Piston Pin The piston pin holds together the piston and the connecting rod . This pin fits into the piston pin holes and into a hole in the top end of the connecting rod. The top end of is much smaller than the end that fits on the crankshaft . This small end fits inside the bottom of the piston . The piston pin fits through one side of the piston , through the small end of the rod , and then through the other side of the piston . It holds the rod firmly in place in the center of the piston. Pins are made of high-strengh steel and have a hollow center . Many pins are chrome-plated to help them wear better.8