八年級上冊外研社版英語知識點(diǎn)歸納.docx
英語初二上冊重點(diǎn)知識點(diǎn)講解Module 1 How to learn Englishpair n. (相關(guān)的)兩個(gè)人,一對,一雙,一副a pair of socks a pair of gloves two pairs of trousers一雙襪子 一副手套 兩條褲子 e.g.A pair of teenage boys are watching a football game.兩個(gè)青少年正在看足球賽。 2correct(1)v. 改正,糾正 e.g.The teacher returned to her room to correct exercise books.老師回到房間去改練習(xí)本。 Correct the spelling.糾正拼寫。 (2)adj. 正確的;恰當(dāng)?shù)?e.g.correct pronunciation 正確發(fā)音 Do you have the correct time? 你的表走得準(zhǔn)嗎? 3advice (1)n.意思是“意見,建議”,為不可數(shù)名詞,可用some,much,a piece of,pieces of等修飾,不能說an advice或many/a few advices。 (2)表示“有關(guān)的建議”時(shí),用介詞on,接名詞、代詞或由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的不定式。 e.g.Lets ask for his advice on what to do next. 我們?nèi)フ髑笠幌滤囊庖娤乱徊皆撛趺崔k。 常見搭配:take/follow ones advice 接受某人的建議 ask for advice 征求意見 accept/refuse ones advice 接受(拒絕)某人的建議 offer advice to sb. 向某人提供建議 拓展: advise vt建議 常見搭配:advise sb. to do sth. advise that sb. (should) do sth.e.g.My teacher advises me to leave now.老師建議我現(xiàn)在就離開。 We advise measures(should)be taken to stop pollution at once. 我們建議立即采取措施以阻止污染。 4We should always speak English in class.我們應(yīng)該總是在課堂上說英語。 should是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,意思是“應(yīng)該”。通常用來表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼呢?zé)任或義務(wù)。 should/shouldnt do sth.e.g.He should work harder. 他應(yīng)該更加努力。 You should help your mother with the housework. 你們應(yīng)該幫媽媽做家務(wù)。 5Lets try to speak English as much as possible.讓我們一起盡可能地說英語。 (1) e.g.They are trying to study English well.他們正努力學(xué)好英語。 I am trying doing it in this way.我正試著用這種方法做。 We should try/do our best to help the people in trouble. 我們應(yīng)該盡最大努力幫助困境中的人們。 (2)譯為“盡量”、“盡最大努力(可能)”,主要用于 as.as possible/one can。 e.g.You should rest as much as possible. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量多休息。 I have helped you as much as I can. Now it is up to you. 我已盡我所能地幫助你了?,F(xiàn)在該看你自己了。6Each time you will learn something new. I also advise you to talk about the films or songs with your friends.每次你將會學(xué)習(xí)一些新東西。我也建議你和朋友們談?wù)撾娪盎蚋枨?。time的用法: (1)time側(cè)重指“時(shí)間”這一概念,或說明“時(shí)間”的量,time用作不可數(shù)名詞,前面可much, little, a lot of, plenty of等修飾。 e.g.This saves time and allows farmers to grow an extra crop in each season. 這節(jié)省了時(shí)間,使農(nóng)民能夠在每個(gè)季節(jié)中多種點(diǎn)莊稼。 (2)當(dāng)作“次數(shù);倍數(shù)”講時(shí),time是可數(shù)名詞。 e.g.I have been to Beijing three times. 我去過北京三次。 (3)time構(gòu)成的短語: at a time一次, 每一次 at one time曾經(jīng),一度 at times /from time to time有時(shí),偶爾 all the time總是,一直 in time及時(shí),遲早 on time準(zhǔn)時(shí) (4)time構(gòu)成的句型: Its time for sb. to do sth./Its (high) time sb. did sth. 該是某人干的時(shí)間了。 e.g.Its time for children to go to bed. 是小孩睡覺的時(shí)候了。 Its high time that we started. 我們該出發(fā)了。 each time(每次),next time(下次),the first/last time(第一次/最后一次的時(shí)候)等詞組引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。 e.g.The last time I went to China, I visited Shanghai. 我上次到中國時(shí),游覽了上海。14I suggest you write four or five words a day on pieces of paper and place them in your room.我建議你一天把四個(gè)或者五個(gè)單詞寫在紙上并且放在你的房間里。 suggest,做動(dòng)詞,表示“建議,提議”的意思,對應(yīng)的名詞是suggestion。suggest的用法: e.g.She suggested an early start. 她建議早一點(diǎn)出發(fā)。I suggested his / him giving up the foolish idea. 我建議他放棄那愚蠢的念頭。She suggested that the class meeting (should) not be held on Saturday. 她建議班會不要在星期六舉行。注意:當(dāng)suggest表示“暗示,表明”的意思,它后面接賓語從句,謂語用真實(shí)的時(shí)態(tài),而不用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”。 e.g.他臉上的表情表明他很開心。()The expression on his face suggested that he should be very happy. ()The expression on his face suggested that he was very happy游覽了上海。 Module 2 My home town and my country1It is on the River Cam and has a population of about 120,000.它(劍橋)位于康河河畔,人口約為12萬。 population n. 意思是“人口,居民”,它是一個(gè)集體名詞,它的用法有時(shí)較為特殊, 所以很容易用錯(cuò)。 population常與定冠詞the連用,作主語用時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞常用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。 e.g.The worlds population is increasing faster and faster. 全世界的人口增長得越來越快。 當(dāng)主語是表示“人口的百分之幾、幾分之幾”時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 e.g.About seventy percent of the population in China are farmers. 中國大約有百分之七十的人口是農(nóng)民。 有時(shí)population可用作可數(shù)名詞,其前可用不定冠詞。 e.g.China has a population of about 1.3 billion. =There is a population of about 1.3 billion in China.中國大約有十三億人口。 表示人口的“多”或“少”,不用“much”或“l(fā)ittle”,而要用“l(fā)arge”或“small”。 e.g.India has a large population. 印度人口眾多。 Singapore has a small population. 新加坡人口少。 詢問某國、某地有多少人口時(shí),不用“How much.?”,而用“How large.?”。在問具體人口時(shí)用“What.?”。 e.g.What is the population of Canada? = How large is the population of Canada? 加拿大的人口有多少? The population of Canada is about 29 million. 加拿大的人口大約有二千九百萬。 2It has a population of about seven and a half million, so it is bigger and busier than Cambridge.它(倫敦)大約有750萬人口,所以比劍橋更大更繁忙。 (1)million是數(shù)詞,意思是“百萬”。它的用法如下: 當(dāng)與具體數(shù)字連用時(shí),習(xí)慣上用單數(shù),而且也不后接介詞of。e.g.three million people 三百萬人 He was prepared to pay two million. 他愿意支付200萬。 但是,后面的名詞有了the, these, those等特指限定詞修飾時(shí),或其后的接的是us, them 這樣的人稱代詞時(shí),則此時(shí)必須用介詞 of。e.g.About three million of them have left there. 他們當(dāng)中約有三百萬人離開了那兒。 當(dāng)不與具體數(shù)字連用,而是表示不確定的泛指數(shù)時(shí),則不僅要用復(fù)數(shù),而且要后接介詞of,然后才能接名詞。 e.g.A careless mistake cost the company millions of pounds. 一個(gè)粗心的錯(cuò)誤使公司蒙受數(shù)百鎊的損失。 拓展:與million有相同用法的數(shù)詞還有:hundred(百), thousand(千), billion(十億)。本節(jié)課主要學(xué)習(xí)形容詞的比較級的規(guī)則變化及用法。 (1)規(guī)則變化: 類別 構(gòu)成方法 原級 比較級 單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞 一般直接加-erlongtalllongertaller不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾時(shí)加-rlatelargelaterlarger輔音字母加y結(jié)尾時(shí)把y變i,再加-ereasyhappyeasierhappier重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾并且只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí),雙寫最后的輔音字母,再加-erbighotbiggerhotter(2)形容詞比較級用法 表示兩者進(jìn)行比較時(shí)用形容詞比較級,最明顯的提示詞是than,其結(jié)構(gòu)為“A+比較級+than+B”。 e.g.Li Leis room is bigger than mine.李雷的房間比我的大。 This mooncake is nicer than that one.這塊月餅比那塊好吃。 有表示程度的副詞a little,a bit,a few,a lot,much,even,still,far,rather,any等修飾時(shí),用形容詞比較級。 e.g.I feel even worse now.我現(xiàn)在覺得更難受了。 It is much colder today than before.今天比以前冷得多。 比較級前面可以加上表示具體數(shù)量差別的結(jié)構(gòu),表示具體“大多少”,“小多少”,“長多少”,“短多少”等。 e.g.I am two years older than he.我比他大兩歲。 This building is 20 meters higher than that one.這棟樓房比那棟高20米。 表示“兩者之間最一個(gè)(of the two)”時(shí),常用“the+比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)。 e.g.Mary is the taller of the twins. Mary是雙胞胎中的高個(gè)子。 表示“越來越”,用比較級重疊結(jié)構(gòu),即“比較級+and+比較級”,多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞時(shí)用“more and more+形容詞原級”。 e.g.Its getting warmer and warmer in spring.春天天氣變得越來越暖和。 Our home town is becoming more and more beautiful.我們的家鄉(xiāng)越來越漂亮了Module 3 Sports節(jié)課進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)形容詞和副詞的比較級的規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化 (1)規(guī)則變化: 類別 構(gòu)成方法 原級 比較級 多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞 在原級前加morecarefulbeautifulmore carefulmore beautiful在原級前加lessimportantusefulless importantless useful(2)不規(guī)則變化: 原級 比較級 good/well(身體好的) bettermany/muchmorebad/illworselittlelessfarfarther(較遠(yuǎn))further(進(jìn)一步)oldolderelder(較年長的)(3)形容詞和副詞比較級用法 表示兩者進(jìn)行比較時(shí)用比較級,最明顯的提示詞是than,其結(jié)構(gòu)為“A+比較級+than+B”。 e.g.The sun is bigger than the moon.太陽比月亮更大。 This painting is nicer than that one.這幅繪畫比那幅更漂亮。 有表示程度的副詞a little,a bit,a few,a lot,much,even,still,far,rather,any等修飾時(shí),用比較級。 e.g.I feel even better now.我現(xiàn)在覺得好多了。 It is much cooler today than before.今天比以前涼爽得多。 比較級前面可以加上表示具體數(shù)量差別的結(jié)構(gòu),表示具體“大多少”,“小多少”,“長多少”,“短多少”等。 e.g.This house is 10 meters higher than that one.這棟樓房比那棟高10米。 表示“兩者之間最一個(gè)(of the two)”時(shí),常用“the+比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)。 e.g.Mary is the fatter of the twins. Mary是雙胞胎中較胖的。 表示“越來越”,用比較級重疊結(jié)構(gòu),即“比較級+and+比較級”,多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞時(shí)用“more and more+形容詞原級”。 e.g.Its getting warmer and warmer in spring.春天天氣變得越來越暖和。 Our city is becoming more and more beautiful.我們的城市越來越漂亮了。 表示“越就越”時(shí),用“the+比較級,the+比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)。 e.g.The busier he is, the happier he feels. 他越忙越高興。 Module 4 Planes, ships and trains(1)規(guī)則變化: 類別 構(gòu)成方法 原級 最高級 單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞 一般直接加-estlongtalllongesttallest不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾時(shí)加-stlatelargelatestlargest輔音字母加y結(jié)尾時(shí)把y變i,再加-esteasyhappyeasiesthappiest重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾并且只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí),雙寫最后的輔音字母,再加-estbighotbiggesthottest多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞 在原級前加mostcarefulbeautifulmost carefulmost beautiful在原級前加leastimportantusefulleast importantleast useful(2)不規(guī)則變化: 原級 最高級 good/well(身體好的) bestmany/muchmostbad/illworstlittleleastfarfarthest(更遠(yuǎn)的)furthest(最大程度)oldoldesteldest(較年長的)(3)形容詞最高比較級用法 表示三者或三者以上的人或物進(jìn)行比較時(shí),用最高級形式。形容詞最高級前必須加定冠詞the,句末常跟一個(gè)in/of短語來表示范圍。(of表示同范圍,in表示不同范圍) e.g.He is the strongest of the three boys.在三個(gè)男孩子中,他是最強(qiáng)壯的。 Shanghai is the biggest city in China.上海是中國最大的城市。 表示在三者或三者以上的人或物進(jìn)行選擇時(shí),用“Which/Who is+the+最高級,A,B or C?”結(jié)構(gòu)。 e.g.Which city is the most beautiful, Beijing, Shanghai or Fuzhou? 哪個(gè)城市最漂亮,北京,上海還是福州? 表示“最的之一”時(shí),用“one of the+形容詞最高級”結(jié)構(gòu),該形容詞后面的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 e.g.Zhou Jielun is one of the most popular singers.周杰倫是最受歡迎的歌星之一。 形容詞最高級前面可以加序數(shù)詞,表示“第幾最”。 e.g.The Changjiang River is the first longest river in China.長江是中國第一大長河。 形容詞最高級前面可以有物主代詞,指示代詞,名詞所有格等修飾,但此時(shí)不能再用定冠詞the。 e.g.This is our last lesson today.這是我們今天的最后一節(jié)課。 形容詞比較級結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示最高級含義。 e.g.Li Lei is the tallest student in his class.李雷是班上最高的學(xué)生。 =Li Lei is taller than any other student in his class.李雷比班上其他任何一個(gè)學(xué)生都高。 =Li Lei is taller than the other students in his class.李雷比班上其他所有的學(xué)生都高。 =Li Lei is taller than anyone else in his class.李雷比班上其他任何人都高。 Module 5 Lao She Teahouse重點(diǎn)知識講解 1offer (1)做動(dòng)詞,意思是“提供;提議;提出”。常用的搭配: offer sth. e.g.Many people willingly offered their blood. 很多人自愿獻(xiàn)血。 offer sb. sth.=offer sth. to sb. 把某物給予某人 e.g.The young man offered the old man his own seat on the bus. =The young man offered his own seat to the old man on the bus. 那個(gè)年輕人在公共汽車上將自己的座位讓給了那位老人。 offer to do sth. 主動(dòng)提出做某事 e.g.She offered to lend me her bike. 她提出將自行車借給我。 (2)做名詞,表示愿做某事或給予某物(后接of/to do sth) 。e.g.Thank you for your kind offer of helping me. = Thank you for your kind offer to help me. 謝謝你提供的幫助。 2.Show show做及物動(dòng)詞,意為“展示;顯示;給看”,show后可接雙賓語。 show sb. sth.或show sth. to sb.給某人看或者展示某物e.g.Show me your pen, please.=Show your pen to me, please.請讓我看一下你的鋼筆。Show your tickets, please.請出示車票。注意:在“show+間接賓語+直接賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)中,若直接賓語為指物的代詞it或them時(shí),只能用“show it(them) to sb.”結(jié)構(gòu)。 你有一支鋼筆,請給我看看。 You have a new pen, please show it to me. You have a new pen, please show me it. 意為“帶領(lǐng)”,常構(gòu)成短語show sb. to, 意為“帶某人去”;show sb. around,意為“帶某人參觀”。e.g.Please show me to your school. 請帶我到你們學(xué)校去。 Uncle Wang is going to show us around his farm. 王叔叔將帶領(lǐng)我們參觀他的農(nóng)場. show+ that從句 看出或者顯示說明 e.g.Your homework shows that you are careful.從你的作業(yè)上可以看出你很認(rèn)真。 此外,show還可用作名詞,意為“展覽;陳列;演出”,常構(gòu)成短語on show,意為“陳列,展覽” 。 e.g.There is going to be a picture show in our school. 我們學(xué)校將舉辦一次畫展。 His pictures are on show now.他的畫現(xiàn)在正在展覽。 3If you like the Beijing Opera, traditional music or magic shows, you can enjoy them at the teahouse.如果你喜歡京劇、傳統(tǒng)音樂和魔術(shù)表演,你可以在這家茶館里欣賞到它們。 (1)這個(gè)句子是一個(gè)由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。if是連詞,意思是“如果;若”。主句是you can enjoy them at the teahouse,從句是you like the Beijing opera, traditional music or magic shows。 思考:如何使用if條件狀語從句呢? 在句中做條件狀語的從句是條件狀語從句,可以放在句首,也可以放在句末。常見的if條件狀語從句表示在某條件下,某事很可能發(fā)生。緊跟在if后面的句子是從句。 e.g.If you ask him,he will help you 如果你請他幫忙,他會幫你的。 If you fail in the exam,you will let him down 如果你考試不及格,你會讓他失望的。 另外,if從句還表示不可實(shí)現(xiàn)的條件或根本不可能存在的條件,也就是一種虛擬的條件或假設(shè)。從句多用一般過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí),表示對現(xiàn)在或過去的一種假設(shè)。 e.g.If I were you,I would invite him to the party 如果我是你,我會邀請他參加聚會。 學(xué)習(xí)小竅門: if 條件句不一般,幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)記心間; 條件句,放在前,逗號要放句中間。 條件句表可能,主句多用將來時(shí); 條件句表事實(shí),主句常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 if:當(dāng)“是否”講時(shí),引導(dǎo)賓語從句。 e.g.I dont know if he will be free tomorrow.我不知道他明天是否有空。 注意:if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中,如果主句使用的是一般將來時(shí),或含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的句子或祈使句,從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 e.g.If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the zoo.如果明天下雨的話,我們將不去動(dòng)物園。 If he comes, let me know.如果他來,讓我知道。 (從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主句是祈使句)難點(diǎn)知識講解:動(dòng)詞不定式(I) (1)動(dòng)詞不定式的含義 生活中我們常遇到“我努力去理解”、“決定留下來”等表達(dá)方式,其中連續(xù)出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞,這種情況下英語應(yīng)該如何表達(dá)呢?首先請看下面的例句: We decided to stay for a cup of tea.我們決定留下來喝杯茶。 I tried to understand the words.我努力理解這些話。 I want to go to the teahouse.我想去茶館。 這三個(gè)句子中使用了decide to do sth.,want to do sth.,try to do sth.的表達(dá)方式,即行為動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)詞都采用了“to+動(dòng)詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu)。我們把這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為動(dòng)詞不定式。其否定形式是“not to do”。 (2)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語的用法 動(dòng)詞不定式置于謂語動(dòng)詞之后,作動(dòng)詞的賓語,表明意圖、希望或決定的內(nèi)容。 在英語中,并不是所有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)都采用“動(dòng)詞+不定式”的形式,一般說來,用不定式時(shí),所表示的多為將來的行為。但是在具體使用中同學(xué)們還要注意記憶,因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞不同,其后動(dòng)詞形式的要求也就不同。常見的后面接“to十動(dòng)詞原形”作賓語的動(dòng)詞有:plan, decide, hope, want, agree, offer, try, like, love等。口訣(接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞)想要學(xué)習(xí) 早打算( want learn plan)快準(zhǔn)備 有希望( prepare hope wish expect)同意否 供選擇(agree offer choose)決定了 已答應(yīng)(decide determine promise)盡力去 著手做(manage undertake)別拒絕 別假裝(refuse pretend)失敗不是屬于你(fail)e.g.Tom refused to lend me his pen.湯姆拒絕把他的鋼筆借給我。We hope to get there before dark.我們希望在天黑之前到達(dá)那兒。The girl decided to do it herself.這個(gè)女孩決定自己做。注意:某些及物動(dòng)詞可用-ing也可用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語,但意義不同的有:Module 6 Animals in danger1.形容詞變成副詞的規(guī)律。 一般在形容詞的詞尾加-ly可以變成副詞。例如:quickquickly, slowslowly, loudloudly, suddensuddenly等。 特殊情況: 構(gòu)成方法 例子 一些以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的形容詞,要把y改為i再加-ly。 happyhappily,angryangrily有些以-ble或-le結(jié)尾的形容詞,去掉e加-y。 possiblepossiblyterribleterribly少數(shù)以e結(jié)尾的形容詞,要去掉e再加-ly。 但絕大多數(shù)以e結(jié)尾的形容詞仍然直接加-ly。 truetrulypolitepolitelywidewidely以-l結(jié)尾的形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~時(shí)仍然要在詞尾加-ly,而不是只加-y。除非是以-ll結(jié)尾的才在詞尾只加-y。 carefulcarefullyusefulusefullyfullfully溫馨提示:副詞修飾行為動(dòng)詞這一點(diǎn)。如: He is very _(careful).He does everything _(carefully)第一句中是作表語,用形容詞careful;第二句中修飾行為動(dòng)詞does用副詞carefully。 ??嫉男稳菰~和副詞辨析有:hard 努力hardly 幾乎不;late遲的,晚的lately 近來;deep 深deeply 深深地;near靠近nearly 差不多;wide 寬widely 廣泛地;high高的highly 高度地;close 靠近的closely 密切地; free免費(fèi)的freely 自由地。 典例剖析: Tom studies _ but his sister _ studies.Ahard,hardBhardly,hardlyChard,hardlyDhardly,hard答案:C解題技巧: 此題第一個(gè)陷阱是hard和hardly的區(qū)別,通常我們會認(rèn)為hard的副詞是hardly,事實(shí)上hard既是adj.又是adv.,而hardly是另外一個(gè)adv.,中文是“幾乎不”。hard作為adv.時(shí),通常在修飾的動(dòng)詞之后,而hardly通常在動(dòng)詞之前,譯這句中文“Tom學(xué)習(xí)努力,而他的妹妹則幾乎不學(xué)習(xí)?!蓖痹~意義有別的。 4-ing形容詞和-ed形容詞的區(qū)別。 -ing形容詞 -ed形容詞 例句 interesting有趣的 interested感興趣的 I have an interesting book.He is interested in science.exciting令人興奮的 excited感到興奮的 Have you heard of the exciting news? We are excited about the traveling.moving令人感動(dòng)的 moved受感動(dòng)的 Titanic is a moving film.We are moved by Hong Zhanhui deeply.表示主動(dòng)意義,多指事物對人的影響,一般修飾事物。 表示被動(dòng)意義,多指人對事物的感受,主語一般是人,常用于“sb.+-ed形容詞+介詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。 We are all interested in the interesting story.5復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞不定式。 (1)不定式的基本形式是“to動(dòng)詞原形”,或省略to用動(dòng)詞原形。在句中使用時(shí)不能作謂語,但可以和自己的賓語或狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語。 e.g.The mother wants her to read English every day.母親要她的兒子每天讀英語。 My mother asked me not to read in bed.我的母親要求我不要躺在床上看書。 (2)不定式的句法作用: 動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用,它可以作賓語、賓補(bǔ)和狀語。 作賓語 e.g.He wants to go out with her.他想和她一起出去。(want to do sth.意為“想要做某事”) 注意: a. 一些謂語動(dòng)詞后只能用不定式作賓語,常見的這類詞是表示命令、打算或希望,如:would like, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect等。 e.g.Would you like to see a film this evening? 你今晚想去看電影嗎? b. 在find, think后跟不定式作賓語時(shí),常用it代替,而將真正的賓語放在句末。 e.g.I find it easy to read English every day.我發(fā)現(xiàn)每天讀英語很簡單。 作賓語補(bǔ)足語:動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),它與賓語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 e.g.Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.露絲要他關(guān)小收音機(jī)。(他關(guān)小收音機(jī))注意:動(dòng)詞不定式在使役動(dòng)詞make, let和感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, hear, feel等詞后作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),常省去不定式符號to。had better, would rather后的不定式也不帶to,help后的不定式可帶to,也可不帶to。 e.g.Her mother makes her do homework every evening.她母親要她每天晚上都寫作業(yè)。 Lets see the dolphins. 我們?nèi)タ春k喟伞?I hear her sing every day. 我聽見她每天都唱歌。 Youd better do homework first.你最好先做作業(yè)。 但make, see, hear等詞在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中,其后的不定式要帶to。 e.g.She was heard to speak English.有人聽到她說英語。 作目的狀語,表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的目的,常常翻譯成“為了”。它可置于句首或者句末。為了使目的意義更加清楚或表示強(qiáng)調(diào)意義時(shí),還可以在前面加 in order to或so as to。 e.g.Mrs. Wang went to Shanghai to see her daughter. 王女士去上海看望她的女兒。 To arrive in time, well start early.為了及時(shí)到達(dá),我們將早出發(fā)。 We should work hard in order to pass the exam.=We should work hard so as to pass the exam.我們應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)以便我們能通過考試。 注意:不定式的否定形式是在不定式前加not。 e.g.They told us not to play basketball too long.他們告訴我們不要打太長時(shí)間的籃球。 Youd better not go to bed late. 你最好不要睡覺太晚。 M7 A famous story1. a girl called Alice. 此處called為過去分詞,修飾girl,放在名詞之后。相當(dāng)于named.2.fall down 跌倒,掉下 fall behind 跟不上,落在后面 fall into 落入中 fall off 從上掉下來 fall back 退回fall asleep 入睡 fall ill 生病 Eg:She fell down and hurt her leg yesterday. Leaves fall off the trees in fall. They felt tired and fell asleep quickly.3. It was sitting in a tree and smiling at everyone.in a tree (外來物或人)在樹上on a tree (樹上本身有的東西:apple等)在樹上 Eg:There is a bird in the tree. There are a lot of apples on the tree.smile at sb 對sb微笑Eg:Lucy is very kind and always smiles at others.4.“到達(dá)”的表達(dá): arrive in+大地點(diǎn) get to +地點(diǎn) reach +地點(diǎn)at+小地點(diǎn) (get hometherehere)5. have a tea party 舉辦茶會6. To see if you remember the story.To see 為不定式,在此處作目的狀語,表示“為了看看”If引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語從句,表示“是否”,不充當(dāng)任何成分,與whether可以互換7. have nothing to do 沒什么事可做 nothingsomething to eatdrink nothing 作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)8. once or twice=from time to time 偶爾 Eg:Once or twice he goes to school on foot. once 一次 twice 兩次 三次及以上:數(shù)詞+times three times six times9. whatfor?=why? 為什么? ;有什么用? Eg:(1) -What are you sitting on the eggs for? -Im sitting on them to hatch the chicks. (2) -Why are you late again? -Because there is an accident on the road.10. nothing strange 沒什么奇怪的事形容詞strange作后置定語,修飾不定代詞nothing。在英語中,當(dāng)形容修飾不定代詞somethinganythingnothingeverything等時(shí),形容詞必須放在不定代詞后面,作后置定語。 Eg:I have something important to do. There is something strange appeared in the sky.11. hear sb do sth 聽到sb 做sth(此處是省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,類似的有makelethavehelp sb do sth 等) hear sb doing sth 聽到sb 正在做sthEg:I heard her play the piano in the next room just now. I hear someone singing in the room.12.take sth out of sp 把sth從sp掏出 rushjump out of sp 從sp沖跳出去13. across 表示動(dòng)作是在物體的表面進(jìn)行,如過河,過橋,過馬路。through 表示動(dòng)作是在物體的內(nèi)部空間進(jìn)行,如穿過森林、門、隧道,光線射入等 Eg:Be careful to look both ways before you go across the road. The driver must slow down when they drive through the tunnel.14. tooto 太而不能 Eg:He is too young to carry the heavy bag.拓展:(1) tooto可以和sothat互換 Eg:She is too young to go to school. =She is so young that she cant go to school. (2) tooto可以和notenough to互換(not后的形容詞與too后的形容詞是相反的) Eg:She is too young to go to school. =She is not old enough to go to school. 15. land on 落到上;著陸Eg:The plane will land on the island in five minutes. 16. 賓語從句: (1) 定義:在主從復(fù)合句中,充當(dāng)賓語成分的從句就叫做賓語從句。 (2) 位置:常在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞之后。 (3) 引導(dǎo)詞:that 無意義,不充當(dāng)任何成分,??梢允÷?;ifwhether表示“是否”,不充當(dāng)任何成分,兩者可以互換,但有or not時(shí)只能用whether;whowhatwherewhenwhy等表示“誰”、“什么”、“哪里”、“何時(shí)”、“為什么”,分別可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、地點(diǎn)狀語、時(shí)間狀語和原因狀語,不可以省略。 (4) 語序:陳述句語序,即 “主語+謂語” (5) 時(shí)態(tài):當(dāng)主句為現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)時(shí),賓語從句可以使用任何時(shí)態(tài);當(dāng)主句為過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),賓語從句可以使用過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)(一般過去時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí)等);當(dāng)主句為過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),賓語從句表示一種客觀真理、事實(shí)時(shí),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Eg:I know (that) you met him yesterday. He asked if I would come. I dont understand what you say. He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. The teacher said that light travels faster than sound.M8 Accidents1. on the phone 通過電話通話(on 表示“通過”)2. look pale 看起來很蒼白 此處look作為半系動(dòng)詞,后跟adj. 常見的半系動(dòng)詞有tastesmellsoundfeel. Eg:The music sounds good. The food tastes delicious. The sofa feels comfortable. 3. listen 聽(強(qiáng)調(diào)聽的過程,后接賓語時(shí)需加to,即 listen to) hear 聽到(強(qiáng)調(diào)聽到的結(jié)果,后接do或doing) Eg:We should listen to the teachers carefully. I hear someone singing in the next room. (我聽到有人正在隔壁房間唱歌) I hear someone sing in the next room. (我聽到有人在隔壁房間唱歌)4.appear(v.) 出現(xiàn) appearance(n.) disappear(v.) 消失 Eg:He suddenly disappeared in front of us.5. hit 撞擊;打 Eg:The bus hits the bridge. He hits me on the head. 此外,hit 還可以作名詞,表示“轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的成功” Eg:His song made a hit.6. be glad to do sth 很高興去做sth Eg:I am glad to see you again.7. in time 及時(shí) on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí),按時(shí) Eg:I hope you can come back in time. Please hand in your homework on time.8. fall off=fall down from 從摔下來你 fall asleep 入睡 fall into 掉入fall in love with sb 愛上某人 fall behind 落在后面9. the risk of 的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) side by side 肩并肩 pay attention to 注意(to 是一個(gè)介詞,后接名詞或doing Eg:We should pay more attention to developing economy.10. sometimes 有時(shí) some times 幾次;幾倍 sometime (將來或過去)某個(gè)時(shí)候 some time 一段時(shí)間 Eg:He sometimes sends me an e-mail. Rememb