語法專題10 名詞(Ivan Fang)2
語法專題語法專題名詞名詞 名詞的分類:名詞的分類: 名詞名詞 可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞 個(gè)體名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞集體名詞 物質(zhì)名詞物質(zhì)名詞抽象名詞抽象名詞1. They devoted their _( youth) to the defence of their motherland.2. Some _ ( youth) were standing near the bus stop.3. A big iron _ (work) will be built in this city very soon.4. We are to have _ (tea) with the guests at four; make eight _ (tea).5. If you want _ (knowledge) , you must take part in the practice of changing _ ( reality).6. _ (fruit) is cheap at this time of a year. What _ (fruit) are in season now?knowledgerealityFruitfruitsteateasworksyouthyouths單、復(fù)數(shù)同形。如:單、復(fù)數(shù)同形。如:means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, works(工廠)(工廠),cattle。 a sheeptwo sheep, a deerfour deer合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。如:合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。如:boy-friend boy-friends, go-between go-betweens(中間人中間人),grown-up grown-ups, sister-in-lawsisters-in-law。有些名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)。如:有些名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)。如:glasses眼鏡,眼鏡,clothes衣服,衣服,goods貨物,貨物,trousers褲子,褲子,belongings所有物所有物, wages工資,工資,surroundings環(huán)境,環(huán)境,cattle家畜,家畜,congratulations祝賀,祝賀,have words with sb. 同某人吵架,同某人吵架,in high spirits以很高熱情地,以很高熱情地,give ones regards to sb.向某人問侯,向某人問侯,in rags衣衫破爛,衣衫破爛,It is good manners to do sth.有禮貌做某事。有禮貌做某事??蓴?shù)名詞的可數(shù)名詞的“數(shù)數(shù)”(不規(guī)則變化)(不規(guī)則變化)集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù),如:,如:people, cattle, police; 有些名詞只用作有些名詞只用作單數(shù)單數(shù),如:,如:machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名詞有些名詞, 既既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù)可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù),單數(shù)看做整體,復(fù)數(shù)看做,單數(shù)看做整體,復(fù)數(shù)看做集體的各個(gè)成員。如集體的各個(gè)成員。如:family, class, group, team, government, crewThe crew _ large.船員人數(shù)很多船員人數(shù)很多.The crew_ all tired.船員們都累壞了。船員們都累壞了。isare不可數(shù)名詞的不可數(shù)名詞的”數(shù)數(shù)”1. 抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。如:事。如:抽象名詞(不可數(shù))抽象名詞(不可數(shù)) 具體化(個(gè)體名詞,可數(shù)名詞)具體化(個(gè)體名詞,可數(shù)名詞)in surprise驚訝地驚訝地 a surprise一件令人驚訝的事一件令人驚訝的事win success獲得成功獲得成功 a success一個(gè)一個(gè)(件件)成功的人成功的人(事事)win honor贏得榮譽(yù)贏得榮譽(yù) an honor一個(gè)一個(gè)(件件)引以為榮的引以為榮的(事事)Failure(失敗失敗)is the mother of success 失敗是成功之母。失敗是成功之母。a failure失敗者失敗者by experience靠經(jīng)驗(yàn)靠經(jīng)驗(yàn) an experience一次經(jīng)歷一次經(jīng)歷youth青春青春 a youth一個(gè)青年人一個(gè)青年人have pity on sb.憐憫某人憐憫某人 a pity可惜的事情可惜的事情with pleasure樂意樂意 a pleasure樂事樂事2. 抽象名詞與抽象名詞與a(an)連用,淡化了抽象概念,轉(zhuǎn)化為似連用,淡化了抽象概念,轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。如:乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。如:A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me?It is a waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings. 3. 物質(zhì)名詞有前置定語修飾時(shí),前面要使用不定冠詞。物質(zhì)名詞有前置定語修飾時(shí),前面要使用不定冠詞。 have breakfast have a wonderful breakfast The road is covered with snow. They have a heavy snow every year. Time and tide wait for no man. We had a wonderful time last night.有復(fù)數(shù)形式的不可數(shù)名詞有復(fù)數(shù)形式的不可數(shù)名詞有些抽象名詞往往以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),起到一種豐富有些抽象名詞往往以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),起到一種豐富語言感情色彩或強(qiáng)調(diào)某種特殊狀態(tài)的作用。如:語言感情色彩或強(qiáng)調(diào)某種特殊狀態(tài)的作用。如:Use your brains, please.They have smoothed away the difficulties.Have you made preparations for tomorrows meeting?Many thanks for your kindness.No pains, no gains.After many failures, they finally succeeded.有些物質(zhì)名詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),表示數(shù)量之多,范有些物質(zhì)名詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),表示數(shù)量之多,范圍之廣。如:圍之廣。如:The boy burst into tears at the bad news.The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.有些名詞的負(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意義有些名詞的負(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意義:如:如 papers 報(bào)紙報(bào)紙 manners 禮貌禮貌 goods 貨物貨物 glasses 眼鏡眼鏡 works 工廠,著作工廠,著作 looks 外表外表 greens 青菜青菜 hairs 幾根頭發(fā)幾根頭發(fā) times 時(shí)代時(shí)代 sands 沙灘,沙地沙灘,沙地 drinks 飲料飲料 forces 軍隊(duì)軍隊(duì) irons 手銬手銬 .除了表示有生命的人和物的所有格外,表除了表示有生命的人和物的所有格外,表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞的所有示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞的所有格都可以用名詞格都可以用名詞s的形式表示的形式表示ten days journey十天的旅程十天的旅程half an hours drive半個(gè)小時(shí)的車程半個(gè)小時(shí)的車程a tons weight一噸的重量一噸的重量todays newspaper今天的報(bào)紙今天的報(bào)紙at the Greens在格林先生家在格林先生家to my uncles到我叔叔家到我叔叔家at the tailors在裁縫店在裁縫店at the barbers在理發(fā)店在理發(fā)店at the doctors在診所在診所.在表示在表示“某人家某人家”“”“店鋪店鋪”的名詞所有格的名詞所有格后面,一般省略它所修飾的名詞后面,一般省略它所修飾的名詞.在表示所屬物的名詞前有不定代詞,數(shù)詞,在表示所屬物的名詞前有不定代詞,數(shù)詞,不定冠詞或指示代詞時(shí),常用不定冠詞或指示代詞時(shí),常用“of詞組所詞組所有格有格”的形式來表示所有關(guān)系的形式來表示所有關(guān)系a friend of my fathers我父親的一個(gè)朋友我父親的一個(gè)朋友a(bǔ) few friends of Li Mings李明的幾個(gè)朋友李明的幾個(gè)朋友that book of Li Mings李明的那本書李明的那本書two friends of my brothers我哥哥的兩個(gè)朋友我哥哥的兩個(gè)朋友名詞作定語名詞作定語 英語中有些名詞沒有其對(duì)應(yīng)的同根形容詞,這些名英語中有些名詞沒有其對(duì)應(yīng)的同根形容詞,這些名詞可以直接用來作定語修飾另一個(gè)名詞。詞可以直接用來作定語修飾另一個(gè)名詞。(1)分類意義。)分類意義。air pollution 空氣污染空氣污染 boy friend男朋友男朋友coffee cup咖啡杯咖啡杯 income tax所得稅所得稅tennis ball網(wǎng)球網(wǎng)球 song writer歌曲作家歌曲作家body language身體語言身體語言 road accident交通事故交通事故Nobel Prize諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)諾貝爾獎(jiǎng) (2)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱呼等。)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱呼等。Doctor Jack杰克醫(yī)生杰克醫(yī)生 Professor Li李教授李教授evening school夜校夜校 winter sleep冬眠冬眠street dance 街舞街舞 country music鄉(xiāng)村音樂鄉(xiāng)村音樂village people村民村民 school education學(xué)校教育學(xué)校教育 China problem中國問題中國問題(3)表目的、手段、來源或材料)表目的、手段、來源或材料, 用途用途, 性質(zhì)。性質(zhì)。reception desk接待臺(tái)接待臺(tái) sports field田徑場田徑場stone table石桌石桌 color TV彩電彩電weather report天氣預(yù)報(bào)天氣預(yù)報(bào) gold ring金戒指金戒指