數(shù)控加工中心盤式刀庫設(shè)計(jì)(20把刀）【含CAD高清圖紙和文檔所見所得】

【溫馨提示】=【1】設(shè)計(jì)包含CAD圖紙 和 DOC文檔，均可以在線預(yù)覽，所見即所得，dwg后綴的文件為CAD圖，超高清，可編輯，無任何水印，充值下載得到【資源目錄】里展示的所有文件=【2】若題目上備注三維，則表示文件里包含三維源文件，由于三維組成零件數(shù)量較多，為保證預(yù)覽的簡潔性，店家將三維文件夾進(jìn)行了打包。三維預(yù)覽圖，均為店主電腦打開軟件進(jìn)行截圖的，保證能夠打開，下載后解壓即可。=【3】特價促銷，拼團(tuán)購買，均有不同程度的打折優(yōu)惠，詳情可咨詢QQ：1304139763 或者 414951605= 摘 要隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展和普及，加工中心的作用越發(fā)突顯它的重要性。為進(jìn)一步提高數(shù)控機(jī)床的加工效率，數(shù)控機(jī)床正向著工件在一臺機(jī)床一次裝夾即可完成多道工序或全部工序加工的方向發(fā)展，因此出現(xiàn)了各種類型的加工中心機(jī)床，如車削中心、鏜銑加工中心、鉆削中心等等。這類多工序加工的數(shù)控機(jī)床在加工過程中要使用多種刀具，因此必須有自動換刀裝置，也就是所說的刀庫，以便選用不同刀具，完成不同工序的加工工藝。自動換刀裝置應(yīng)當(dāng)具備換刀時間短、刀具重復(fù)定位精度高、足夠的刀具儲備量、占地面積小、安全可靠等特性。本論文是開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)出一種體積小、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、價格較低、生產(chǎn)周期短的小型立式加工中心無機(jī)械手換刀刀庫。首先介紹了國內(nèi)外加工中心研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢，闡明了本課題研究的目的、意義。然后進(jìn)一步介紹本小型加工中心刀庫總體結(jié)構(gòu)和各部件方案的選擇，并在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行了小型加工中心刀庫的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算，主要包括刀盤部件設(shè)計(jì)（含刀盤，夾塊，刀爪），刀庫轉(zhuǎn)動定位機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)（含轉(zhuǎn)臂，槽輪，滾子，鎖止盤），刀庫總體機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)（含軸承套，軸，箱蓋，箱體）刀庫移動部分設(shè)計(jì)。關(guān)鍵詞：數(shù)控系統(tǒng) 加工中心 刀庫AbstractAlong with the numerical control technology development and the popularization, the processing center function reveals its importance even more suddenly. For further enhances the numerical control engine laths the processing efficiency, the numerical control engine laths is clamping to the work piece in an engine laths attire then completes the multi-channel working procedure or the complete working procedure processing direction develops, therefore appeared each kind of type processing center engine laths, ike the turning center, the boring mill processing center, drills truncates center and so on. This kind of working procedure processing numerical control engine laths must use many kinds of cutting tools in the processing process, therefore must have trades the knife installment automatically, also is the knife storehouse which said, in order to select the different cutting tool, completes the different working procedure the processing craft. Trades the knife equipment to have automatically to have trades the knife time short, the cutting tool repetition pointing accuracy high, the enough cutting tool margin, the area small, safe reliable and so on the characteristics. The present paper is the development designs one kind of volume slightly, the structure compact, the price is low, production cycle short small vertical processing center knife storehouse this article. Then further introduced this small processing center knife storehouse overall structure and various parts plan choice, and has carried on the small processing center knife storehouse mechanism design calculation in this foundation, mainly includes the knife storehouse overall organization design, the electrical machinery selection, the knife storehouse rotation detent mechanism design knife storehouse migration part design and so on. Keywords: numerically controlled lathe machining centers cut database目 錄摘要iAbstractii1 緒論1 1.1 國內(nèi)外的研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢1 1.1.1 當(dāng)前世界NC機(jī)床的研究現(xiàn)狀1 1.1.2 我國數(shù)控機(jī)床產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r2 1.1.3 加工中心的發(fā)展動向3 1.1.4 我國數(shù)控機(jī)床研究存在的問題3 1.2 加工中心概論4 1.2.1 自動換刀系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品化的意義和前景6 1.3 本論文研究的目的和意義6 1.4 本論文完成的主要工作6 2 總體方案的設(shè)計(jì)8 2.1 運(yùn)動方案的設(shè)計(jì)8 2.1.1 運(yùn)動數(shù)目的確定8 2.1.2 運(yùn)動方案的確定8 2.2 功能部件的設(shè)計(jì)方案9 2.2.1 主傳動系統(tǒng)9 2.2.2 進(jìn)給伺服系統(tǒng)10 2.2.3自動換刀系統(tǒng)11 2.2.4 基礎(chǔ)部件13 2.2.5 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)14 2.2.6 輔助裝置142.3 總體布局142.4 主要技術(shù)參數(shù)14 2.5 小結(jié)16 3 刀庫的設(shè)計(jì)17 3.1 刀庫的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)17 3.1.1 刀庫主要參數(shù)的確定17 3.1.2 刀盤部分的設(shè)計(jì)17 3.1.3 刀庫轉(zhuǎn)動定位機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)18 3.1.4 軸的設(shè)計(jì)21 3.1.5 滾動軸承的選擇計(jì)算24 3.1.6 鍵的選用與計(jì)算25 3.1.7 刀庫的支承部分的設(shè)計(jì)25 3.2 刀庫移動部分的設(shè)計(jì)26 3.2.1 刀庫支承橫梁和導(dǎo)軌的設(shè)計(jì)26 3.2.2 刀庫移動絲杠和電機(jī)的選擇27 3.3 刀庫、橫梁的安裝27 3.4 小結(jié)38 結(jié)論29 致謝30 參考文獻(xiàn)31 ivNUMERICAL CONTROLNumerical control(NC)is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers，letters，and other symbolsThe numbers，letters，and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular workpart or jobWhen the job changes，the program of instructions is changedThe capability to change the program is what makes NC suitable for low-and medium-volume productionIt is much easier to write programs than to make major alterations of the processing equipmentThere are two basic types of numerically controlled machine tools：pointtopoint and continuouspath(also called contouring)Pointtopoint machines use unsynchronized motors，with the result that the position of the machining head Can be assured only upon completion of a movement，or while only one motor is runningMachines of this type are principally used for straightline cuts or for drilling or boring The NC system consists of the following components：data input，the tape reader with the control unit，feedback devices，and the metalcutting machine tool or other type of NC equipmentData input，also called“mantocontrol link”，may be provided to the machine tool manually，or entirely by automatic meansManual methods when used as the sole source of input data are restricted to a relatively small number of inputsExamples of manually operated devices are keyboard dials，pushbuttons，switches，or thumbwheel selectorsThese are located on a console near the machineDials ale analog devices usually connected to a syn-chro-type resolver or potentiometerIn most cases，pushbuttons，switches，and other similar types of selectors aye digital input devicesManual input requires that the operator set the controls for each operationIt is a slow and tedious process and is seldom justified except in elementary machining applications or in special casesIn practically all cases，information is automatically supplied to the control unit and the machine tool by cards，punched tapes，or by magnetic tapeEightchannel punched paper tape is the most commonly used form of data input for conventional NC systemsThe coded instructions on the tape consist of sections of punched holes called blocksEach block represents a machine function，a machining operation，or a combination of the twoThe entire NC program on a tape is made up of an accumulation of these successive data blocksPrograms resulting in long tapes all wound on reels like motion-picture filmPrograms on relatively short tapes may be continuously repeated by joining the two ends of the tape to form a loopOnce installed，the tape is used again and again without further handlingIn this case，the operator simply loads and unloads the partsPunched tapes ale prepared on type writers with special tapepunching attachments or in tape punching units connected directly to a computer systemTape production is rarely error-freeErrors may be initially caused by the part programmer，in card punching or compilation，or as a result of physical damage to the tape during handling，etcSeveral trial runs are often necessary to remove all errors and produce an acceptable working tape While the data on the tape is fed automatically，the actual programming steps ale done manuallyBefore the coded tape may be prepared，the programmer，often working with a planner or a process engineer, must select the appropriate NC machine tool，determine the kind of material to be machined，calculate the speeds and feeds，and decide upon the type of tooling needed. The dimensions on the part print are closely examined to determine a suitable zero reference point from which to start the programA program manuscript is then written which gives coded numerical instructions describing the sequence of operations that the machine tool is required to follow to cut the part to the drawing specificationsThe control unit receives and stores all coded data until a complete block of information has been accumulatedIt then interprets the coded instruction and directs the machine tool through the required motionsThe function of the control unit may be better understood by comparing it to the action of a dial telephone，where，as each digit is dialed，it is storedWhen the entire number has been dialed，the equipment becomes activated and the call is completedSilicon photo diodes，located in the tape reader head on the control unit，detect light as it passes through the holes in the moving tapeThe light beams are converted to electrical energy，which is amplified to further strengthen the signalThe signals are then sent to registers in the control unit, where actuation signals are relayed to the machine tool drivesSome photoelectric devices are capable of reading at rates up to 1000 characters per secondHigh reading rates are necessary to maintain continuous machinetool motion；otherwise dwell marks may be generated by the cutter on the part during contouring operationsThe reading device must be capable of reading data blocks at a rate faster than the control system can process the dataA feedback device is a safeguard used on some NC installations to constantly compensate for errors between the commanded position and the actual location of the moving slides of the machine toolAn NC machine equipped with this kind of a direct feedback checking device has what is known as a closed-loop systemPositioning control is accomplished by a sensor which，during the actual operation，records the position of the slides and relays this information back to the control unitSignals thus received ale compared to input signals on the tape，and any discrepancy between them is automatically rectifiedIn an alternative system，called an openloop system，the machine is positioned solely by stepping motor drives in response to commands by a controllersThere are three basic types of NC motions, as follows: Point-to-point or Positional Control In point-to-point control the machine tool elements (tools, table, etc.) are moved to programmed locations and the machining operations performed after the motions are completed. The path or speed of movement between locations is unimportant; only the coordinates of the end points of the motions are accurately controlled. This type of control is suitable for drill presses and some boring machines, where drilling, tapping, or boring operations must be performed at various locations on the work piece. Straight-Line or Linear Control Straight-Line control systems are able to move the cutting tool parallel to one of the major axes of the machine tool at a controlled rate suitable for machining. It is normally only possible to move in one direction at a time, so angular cuts on the work piece are not possible, consequently, for milling machines, only rectangular configurations can be machined or for lathes only surfaces parallel or perpendicular to the spindle axis can be machined. This type of controlled motion is often referred to as linear control or a half-axis of control. Machines with this form of control are also capable of point-to-point control.Continuous Path or Contouring Control In continuous path control the motions of two or more of the machine axes are controlled simultaneously, so that the position and velocity of the can be tool are changed continuously. In this way curves and surfaces can be machined at a controlled feed rate. It is the function of the interpolator in the controller to determine the increments of the individual controlled axes of the machines necessary to produce the desired motion. This type of control is referred to as continuous control or a full axis of control.Some terminology concerning controlled motions for NC machines has been introduced. For example, some machines are referred to as four-or five-or even six-axis machines. For a vertical milling machine three axes of control are fairly obvious, these being the usual X, Y, Z coordinate directions. A fourth or fifth axis of control would imply some form of rotary table to index the work piece or possibly to provide angular motion of the work head. Thus, in NC terminology an axis of control is any controlled motion of the machine elements (spindles, tables, etc). A further complication is use of the term half-axis of control; for example, many milling machines are referred to as 2.5-axis machine. This means that continuous control is possible for two motions (axes) and only linear control is possible for the third axis. Applied to vertical milling machines, 2.5axis control means contouring in the X, Y plane and linear motion only in the Z direction. With these machines three-dimensional objects have to be machined with water lines around the surface at different heights. With an alternative terminology the same machine could be called a 2CL machine (C for continuous, L for linear control). Thus, a milling machine with continuous control in the X, Y, Z directions could be termed be a three-axis machine or a 3c machine, Similarly, lathes are usually two axis or 2C machines. The degree of work precision depends almost entirely upon the accuracy of the lead screw and the rigidity of the machine structureWith this systemthere is no self-correcting action or feedback of information to the control unitIn the event of an unexpected malfunction，the control unit continues to put out pulses of electrical currentIf，for example，the table on a NC milling machine were suddenly to become overloaded，no response would be sent back to the controllerBecause stepping motors are not sensitive to load variations，many NC systems are designed to permit the motors to stall when the resisting torque exceeds the motor torqueOther systems are in use，however，which in spite of the possibility of damage to the machine structure or to the mechanical system，ale designed with special hightorque stepping motorsIn this case，the motors have sufficient capacity to“overpowerthe system in the event of almost any contingency The original NC used the closedloop systemOf the two systems，closed and open loop，closed loop is more accurate and，as a consequence，is generally more expensiveInitially，openloop systems were used almost entirely for light-duty applications because of inherent power limitations previously associated with conventional electric stepping motorsRecent advances in the development of electro hydraulic stepping motors have led to increasingly heavier machine load applications.數(shù)控技術(shù)數(shù)控是可編程自動化技術(shù)的一種形式，通過數(shù)字、字母和其他符號來控制加工設(shè)備。數(shù)字、字母和符號用適當(dāng)?shù)母袷骄幋a為一個特定工件定義指令程序。當(dāng)工件改變時，指令程序就改變。這種改變程序的能力使數(shù)控適合于中、小批量生產(chǎn)，寫一段新程序遠(yuǎn)比對加工設(shè)備做大的改動容易得多。數(shù)控機(jī)床有兩種基本形式：點(diǎn)位控制和連續(xù)控制(也稱為輪廓控制)。點(diǎn)位控制機(jī)床采用異步電動機(jī)，因此，主軸的定位只能通過完成一個運(yùn)動或一個電動機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)動來實(shí)現(xiàn)。這種機(jī)床主要用于直線切削或鉆孔、鏜孔等場合。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)由下列組件組成：數(shù)據(jù)輸入裝置，帶控制單元的磁帶閱讀機(jī)，反饋裝置和切削機(jī)床或其他形式的數(shù)控設(shè)備。數(shù)據(jù)輸人裝置，也稱“人機(jī)聯(lián)系裝置”，可用人工或全自動方法向機(jī)床提供數(shù)據(jù)。人工方法作為輸人數(shù)據(jù)唯一方法時，只限于少量輸入。人工輸入裝置有鍵盤，撥號盤，按鈕，開關(guān)或撥輪選擇開關(guān)，這些都位于機(jī)床附近的一個控制臺上。撥號盤通常連到一個同步解析器或電位計(jì)的模擬裝置上。在大多數(shù)情況下，按鈕、開關(guān)和其他類似的旋鈕是數(shù)據(jù)輸入元件。人工輸入需要操作者控制每個操作，這是一個既慢又單調(diào)的過程，除了簡單加工場合或特殊情況，已很少使用。幾乎所有情況下，信息都是通過卡片、穿孔紙帶或磁帶自動提供給控制單元。在傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中，八信道穿孔紙帶是最常用的數(shù)據(jù)輸入形式，紙帶上的編碼指令由一系列稱為程序塊的穿孔組成。每一個程序塊代表一種加工功能、一種操作或兩者的組合。紙帶上的整個數(shù)控程序由這些連續(xù)數(shù)據(jù)單元連接而成。帶有程序的長帶子像電影膠片一樣繞在盤子上，相對較短的帶子上的程序可通過將紙帶兩端連接形成一個循環(huán)而連續(xù)不斷地重復(fù)使用。帶子一旦安裝好，就可反復(fù)使用而無需進(jìn)一步處理。此時，操作者只是簡單地上、下工件。穿孔紙帶是在帶有特制穿孔附件的打字機(jī)或直接連到計(jì)算機(jī)上的紙帶穿孔裝置上做成的。紙帶制造很少不出錯，錯誤可能由編程、卡片穿孔或編碼、紙帶穿孔時的物理損害等形成。通常，必須要試走幾次來排除錯誤，才能得到一個可用的工作紙帶。 雖然紙帶上的數(shù)據(jù)是自動進(jìn)給的，但實(shí)際編程卻是手工完成的，在編碼紙帶做好前，編程者經(jīng)常要和一個計(jì)劃人員或工藝工程師一起工作，選擇合適的數(shù)控機(jī)床，決定加工材料，計(jì)算切削速度和進(jìn)給速度，決定所需刀具類型，仔細(xì)閱讀零件圖上尺寸，定下合適的程序開始的零參考點(diǎn)，然后寫出程序清單，其上記載有描述加工順序的編碼數(shù)控指令，機(jī)床按順序加工工件到圖樣要求?？刂茊卧邮芎蛢Υ婢幋a數(shù)據(jù)，直至形成一個完整的信息程序塊，然后解釋數(shù)控指令，并引導(dǎo)機(jī)床得到所需運(yùn)動。為更好理解控制單元的作用，可將它與撥號電話進(jìn)行比較，即每撥一個數(shù)字，就儲存一個，當(dāng)整個數(shù)字撥好后，電話就被激活，也就完成了呼叫。 裝在控制單元里的紙帶閱讀機(jī)，通過其內(nèi)的硅光二極管，檢測到穿過移動紙帶上的孔漏過的光線，將光束轉(zhuǎn)變成電能，并通過放大來進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)信號，然后將信號送到控制單元里的寄存器，由它將動作信號傳到機(jī)床驅(qū)動裝置。有些光電裝置能以高達(dá)每秒1000個字節(jié)的速度閱讀，這對保持機(jī)床連續(xù)動作是必須的，否則，在輪廓加工時，刀具可能在工件上產(chǎn)生劃痕。閱讀裝置必須要能以比控制系統(tǒng)處理數(shù)據(jù)更快的速度來閱讀數(shù)據(jù)程序塊。反饋裝置是用在一些數(shù)控設(shè)備上的安全裝置，它可連續(xù)補(bǔ)償控制位置與機(jī)床運(yùn)動滑臺的實(shí)際位置之間的誤差。裝有這種直接反饋檢查裝置的數(shù)控機(jī)床有一個閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)裝置。位置控制通過傳感器實(shí)現(xiàn)，在實(shí)際工作時，記錄下滑臺的位置，并將這些信息送回控制單元。接受到的信號與紙帶輸入的信號相比較，它們之間的任何偏差都可得到糾正。在另一個稱為開環(huán)的系統(tǒng)中，機(jī)床僅由響應(yīng)控制器命令的步進(jìn)電動機(jī)驅(qū)動定位，工件的精度幾乎完全取決于絲杠的精度和機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)的剛度。有幾個理由可以說明步進(jìn)電機(jī)是一個自動化申請的非常有用的驅(qū)動裝置。對于一件事物，它被不連續(xù)直流電壓脈沖驅(qū)使,是來自數(shù)傳計(jì)算機(jī)和其他的自動化的非常方便的輸出控制系統(tǒng)。當(dāng)多數(shù)是索引或其他的自動化申請所必備者的時候，步進(jìn)電機(jī)對運(yùn)行一個精確的有角進(jìn)步也是理想的。因?yàn)榭刂葡到y(tǒng)不需要監(jiān)聽就提供特定的輸出指令而且期待系統(tǒng)適當(dāng)?shù)胤磻?yīng)的公開- 環(huán)操作造成一個回應(yīng)環(huán)，步進(jìn)電機(jī)是理想的。 一些工業(yè)的機(jī)械手使用高抬腿運(yùn)步的馬乘汽車駕駛員，而且步進(jìn)電機(jī)是有用的在數(shù)字受約束的工作母機(jī)中。 這些申請的大部分是公開- 環(huán) ,但是雇用回應(yīng)環(huán)檢測受到驅(qū)策的成份位置是可能的。 環(huán)的一個分析者把真實(shí)的位置與需要的位置作比較，而且不同是考慮過的錯誤。 那然后駕駛員能發(fā)行對步進(jìn)電機(jī)的電脈沖，直到錯誤被減少對準(zhǔn)零位。在這個系統(tǒng)中，沒有信息反饋到控制單元的自矯正過程。出現(xiàn)誤動作時，控制單元繼續(xù)發(fā)出電脈沖。比如，一臺數(shù)控銑床的工作臺突然過載，阻力矩超過電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)矩時，將沒有響應(yīng)信號送回到控制器。因?yàn)?，步進(jìn)電機(jī)對載荷變化不敏感，所以許多數(shù)控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)允許電機(jī)停轉(zhuǎn)。然而，盡管有可能損壞機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)或機(jī)械傳動系統(tǒng)，也有使用帶有特高轉(zhuǎn)矩步進(jìn)電機(jī)的其他系統(tǒng)，此時，電動機(jī)有足夠能力來應(yīng)付系統(tǒng)中任何偶然事故。最初的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)采用開環(huán)系統(tǒng)。在開、閉環(huán)兩種系統(tǒng)中，閉環(huán)更精確，一般說來更昂貴。起初，因?yàn)樵葌鹘y(tǒng)的步進(jìn)電動機(jī)的功率限制，開環(huán)系統(tǒng)幾乎全部用于輕加工場合，最近出現(xiàn)的電液步進(jìn)電動機(jī)已越來越多地用于較重的加工領(lǐng)域。