2019-2020年中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)講義 第7章 介詞的用法.doc
2019-2020年中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)講義 第7章 介詞的用法介詞是一種虛詞,不能獨(dú)立充當(dāng)句子成分,需與動(dòng)詞、形容詞和名詞搭配,才能在句子中充當(dāng)成分。介詞是用于名詞或代詞之前,表示詞與詞之間關(guān)系的詞類,介詞常與動(dòng)詞、形容詞和名詞搭配表示不同意義。對(duì)于介詞的考查,更多會(huì)放在動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)或形容詞短語(yǔ)中綜合考查,單獨(dú)的針對(duì)介詞的考查較少出現(xiàn)。在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程電,要牢記教材中出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞及形容詞與介詞搭配的短語(yǔ)。內(nèi)容導(dǎo)視知識(shí)點(diǎn)1介詞的分類知識(shí)點(diǎn)2介詞短語(yǔ)的句法功能知識(shí)點(diǎn)3常見(jiàn)介詞的用法知識(shí)點(diǎn)4常見(jiàn)介詞辨析知識(shí)點(diǎn)5常見(jiàn)介詞的固定搭配 知識(shí)詳單知識(shí)點(diǎn)1介詞的分類分類說(shuō)明例詞按照構(gòu)詞分類簡(jiǎn)單介詞由一個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成的介詞at在;before在.之前,beside在旁邊; between在中間;for為了,對(duì)于;in在里面,by在附近;;on在上;with和,用合成介詞由兩個(gè)詞合成在一起構(gòu)成的介詞into到里; inside在里面; onto在之上;nearby在附近; without沒(méi)有,不;within在之內(nèi)短語(yǔ)介詞由一個(gè)詞組構(gòu)成的起介詞作用的短語(yǔ)From.to到里,inside在.里面,;because of因?yàn)?in front of在中間next to緊挨著;in the middle在.中間按照詞義分類時(shí)間介詞after在之后;at在(點(diǎn)),before在之前; by到. ; during在期間;in在(段) ;until直到地點(diǎn)介詞above在上方;among在中間;behind在后面;below在下方;off從離開(kāi);above:在正上方;under在下面方向介詞across橫穿;into到里;onto到之上;through穿過(guò),to到;;towards朝方式介詞by借助,in用,with用其他介詞beside:包括在內(nèi); except除了; due to由于; instead of而不是知識(shí)點(diǎn)2介詞短語(yǔ)的句法功能成分說(shuō)明例句狀語(yǔ)多放在動(dòng)詞后或置于句末或句首She works very hard in our office.她在我們辦公室工作十分努力。定語(yǔ)一般放在名詞或代詞后,作后置定語(yǔ)The football behind the door is mine門后面的足球是我的。表語(yǔ)位于be動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞之后Is your uncle still in good health?你叔叔身體還好吧? 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一般放在賓語(yǔ)之后We found the map quite out of date.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這張地圖已經(jīng)完全過(guò)時(shí)了。知識(shí)點(diǎn)3常見(jiàn)介詞的用法介詞一、In介詞 prep.1.(表示位置)在里面; 在, 于; 在部位上 I could feel the tension in the room.我可以感覺(jué)到房間里的緊張氣氛。They live in France.他們住在法國(guó)。2.(表示時(shí)間)在時(shí)期, 在之后, 在過(guò)程中 In her twenties and thirties she had had no difficulty getting jobs.她在二三十歲時(shí)找工作一點(diǎn)也不困難。I cannot see you now, e back in half an hour.我現(xiàn)在不能見(jiàn)你, 半小時(shí)后回來(lái)。3.(表示方向)往內(nèi), 朝方向 I saw him go in the shop.我看到他走進(jìn)了商店。4.(表示狀態(tài))處于之中, 在情況下 Martin was in his pyjamas.馬丁穿著睡衣。They were living in terrible poverty.他們生活在極度貧困之中。5.(表示方式)用, 以, 按, 乘, 以形式 They were speaking in Italian.他們?cè)谥v意大利語(yǔ)。They went up in the lift.他們乘電梯上樓了。6.(表示原因)由于, 為了 He went in fear of his life.他為自己的性命擔(dān)憂, 所以走了。7.(表示領(lǐng)域, 范圍)在以內(nèi) It is not in my power to do that.做那事非我力所能及。8.(表示結(jié)果)當(dāng)做, 作為 What did you give him in return?你給他什么作為報(bào)答呢?9.(表示目的)為了 They set off in search of the lost child.他們出發(fā)去尋找走失的孩子。10.表示職業(yè)、活動(dòng)等從事于,參加11.表示數(shù)量、程度、比例按,以;從中12.表示品質(zhì)、能力等在之中;在身上 I dont think he had it in him.我認(rèn)為他沒(méi)這個(gè)本事。二、On介詞 prep.1.(表示位置)在上, 在旁, 在身邊 That book on the desk is an atlas.桌上的那本書是地圖冊(cè)。2.(表示時(shí)間)在之時(shí) It occurred on the morning of the fifteenth.事情發(fā)生在15號(hào)的上午。On arriving home, I was met by my daughter.到家時(shí)我的女兒出來(lái)迎接我。3.(表示方向)向, 往, 朝; 沿著, 順著 They marched on the enemys fortress.他們向敵人的要塞進(jìn)軍。We were driving on a California freeway.我們正沿著加利福尼亞的一條快車道駕車行駛。4.(表示狀態(tài))系于, 懸于; 附于 A picture hangs on the wall.墻上掛著一幅畫。He carried a coat on his arm.他手臂上搭著一件外衣。5.(表示方式)乘, 坐, 騎 She will leave on an early train.她將乘早班火車離開(kāi)。We went to the factory on foot.我們步行到工廠去。6.(表示對(duì)象)對(duì), 對(duì)于, 碰在, 對(duì)造成困難 There is much to be said on both sides.公說(shuō)公有理, 婆說(shuō)婆有理。The car broke down on us.汽車拋錨給我們?cè)斐闪寺闊?.(表示原因)由于, 因?yàn)?The old worker retired on account of age.老工人因年老而退休。8.(表示比較)與相比 Todays weather is an improvement on yesterdays.今天的天氣比昨天的好。9.(表示方位)在方位 The town stands on the left bank of the river.該鎮(zhèn)坐落在河的左岸。The post office is on the right.郵局在右邊。三、Into介詞 prep.1.(表示時(shí)間)持續(xù)到, 進(jìn)行到 The meeting carried on into the afternoon.會(huì)議一直延續(xù)到下午。2.(表示方向)進(jìn)入中, 到里 Anney dived into the water.安尼潛入水中。He came into the room.他到房子里面。3.(表示狀態(tài))進(jìn)入狀態(tài), 欠債 They burst into laughter.他們突然大笑起來(lái)。He is into me for one hundred yuan.他欠我100元。4.(表示對(duì)象)撞上, 滲進(jìn), 非常喜歡 He bumped into me.他撞上了我。The oil will soak into the wood.油會(huì)滲進(jìn)木頭里。She is into music.她喜歡音樂(lè)。5.(表示目標(biāo))對(duì)著, 朝著 She looked into my eyes.她盯著我的眼睛看。6.(表示結(jié)果)分成, 變成 He sawed the stick into pieces.他把棍子鋸成幾截。Dusk deepened into night.黃昏變成了夜色。She must be into her thirties by now.她一定30來(lái)歲了。7.(表示所屬)輸入 The information goes into a puter.這信息輸入到電腦中。8.(表示過(guò)程)從事于 He talked of going into medicine.他談到要學(xué)醫(yī)。9.(表示運(yùn)算) 除 Dividing 3 into 6 gives 2.六除以三等于二。四、To介詞 prep.1.(表示時(shí)間)到, 直到, 在到來(lái)之前, 離 The Parliament was prorogued to the tenth of February.議會(huì)休會(huì)到二月十日。2.(表示方向)朝, 往, 通向 He turned to his panion before he replied.他轉(zhuǎn)身朝向他的伙伴然后回答。3.(表示狀態(tài))緊貼著, 緊靠著, 對(duì)著 The two lovers danced cheek to cheek.那對(duì)情侶臉貼著臉跳舞。4.(表示對(duì)象)對(duì), 對(duì)于, 對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō) What will Doris say to it?對(duì)此事多麗絲將怎么說(shuō)呢?5.(表示比較)比, 相對(duì)于 The men are noodles to her.與她相比, 這些男人都是笨蛋。6.(表示方位)在方向方位, 處于順序 Scotland is to the north of England.蘇格蘭在英格蘭之北。7.(表示距離)離, 距離 It is ten kilometres to the station.到車站十公里。8.(表示目標(biāo))到達(dá), 直到 We came to a picturesque cottage.我們來(lái)到一座風(fēng)景如畫的村落。9.(表示結(jié)果)轉(zhuǎn)換為, 轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)? 趨于 Wait until the lights change to green.等交通燈變成綠色再走。10.表示歸屬屬于;的 the key to the classroom教室的鑰匙 11.表示附加附加于;加于 add this to the others把這個(gè)加在另外幾個(gè)上面12.表示伴隨跟著; 伴隨;隨同 She danced to the music.她合著音樂(lè)跳舞。13.關(guān)于;就而言;對(duì)于;依看 What will he say to this?對(duì)此他會(huì)說(shuō)什么?14.適合;合乎;對(duì)的反應(yīng)是五、Of介詞 prep.1.(表示時(shí)間)在的, 在之前; 在期間 He was born at the turn of the century.他出生于世紀(jì)之交。What do you do of a Saturday?星期六你干什么?2.(表示方式)根據(jù) She did it of her own will.她是自愿這么做的。3.(表示對(duì)象)對(duì)于, 就而言 He felt quite certain of success.他對(duì)成功很有把握。4.(表示原因)由于, 因?yàn)? (用于某些形容詞后,后接與感情相關(guān)的人或事) I was sick of their fun and games.他們的嬉鬧讓我厭煩。5.(表示方位)在; 位于 New York is east of Washington.紐約在華盛頓以東。6.(表示范圍)在之中 Tom is the eldest of the family.湯姆是家里年齡最大的。7.(表示結(jié)果)在方面 The place is easy of access.這地方容易進(jìn)入。8.(表示目的)用于的 This is a house of prayer.這是一座教堂。9.(表示否定)缺乏, 沒(méi)有 They were destitute of necessaries of life.他們?nèi)鄙偕畋匦杵贰?0.屬于(某人);關(guān)于(某人)11.屬于(某物);(某事)部份的;關(guān)于(某物)12.出身于(某背景);住在(某地)13.關(guān)于,反映(某人或某事)14.(用于表示性質(zhì)、組成或涵蓋)即,由組成15.(用于表示計(jì)量、時(shí)間或年齡等)16.(常用在 some、a few 等詞語(yǔ)之后,表示人或物的所屬)屬于的 17.(表示人或事的時(shí)空位置)在,當(dāng) 18.(用于由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化的名詞之后,of 之后的名詞可以是受動(dòng)者,也可以是施動(dòng)者) 19.(用于某些動(dòng)詞后,后接動(dòng)作所涉及的人或事) 20.(用于對(duì)某人的行為發(fā)表看法)21.(用于一個(gè)名詞修飾另一個(gè)名詞時(shí))六、At介詞 prep.1.(表示位置) 在, 于; 到達(dá), 達(dá)到; 經(jīng), 由; 在旁, 靠近; 在里; 在上; 在方位 He was not at his office.他不在辦公室。He was standing at the door.他正站在門邊。3.(表示狀態(tài))處于狀態(tài), 在情況下;處于最佳(或最差等)狀態(tài);在全盛(或谷底等)時(shí)期 The soldiers are standing at attention.士兵們立正站著。4.(表示方式)以的方式; 通過(guò)一次的動(dòng)作 I was there at a bound.我縱身一躍就到了那里。5.(表示原因)因?yàn)? 由于; (與形容詞連用)因?yàn)椋捎?,?duì) We were frightened at the terrible sight.看到這可怕的景象, 我們被嚇呆了。6.(表示距離)從, 在距離處; 在遠(yuǎn);從相隔遠(yuǎn)的地方 I saw it at a distance.我從遠(yuǎn)處看見(jiàn)了它。7.(表示目標(biāo))朝, 向, 對(duì)著 He threw the key at me.他把鑰匙丟給我。8.(表示環(huán)境)出席, 參加 I remember him at a banquet on that night.我記得那天晚上他參加了一個(gè)宴會(huì)。9.(表示方向)在方面;(與形容詞連用,表示狀況)在方面 She is good at describing things or expressing ideas.她善于描述事物或表達(dá)思想。10.(用于動(dòng)詞后,涉及未做成或未做完的事)11.用于速度、比率等)以,達(dá) 12.應(yīng)(而);響應(yīng);回答七、From介詞 prep.1.(表示時(shí)間)從, 自 Weve been working from morning to night.我們從早到晚一直工作。2.(表示狀態(tài))從某(位置、狀態(tài)等)開(kāi)(ki)始(sh) He rose from office boy to managing director in ten years.他在十年間由辦公室勤雜員升至總經(jīng)理。3.(表示范圍)從較低限度算起 The jackets are from 35 dollars.這些夾克衫起價(jià)是35美元。4.(表示來(lái)源)來(lái)自; 源于; 從里取出 I e from the north.我是北方人。He took a shaving mirror from his bag.他從手提包里拿出一面剃須鏡。5.(表示分離)與分離隔開(kāi); 減去; 扣除 The wind blew his hat from his head.風(fēng)將他的帽子從頭上吹走了。Six from fifteen leaves nine.15減6等于9。6.(表示否定)免于; 免遭 Wild fruit kept us from dying of starvation.我們靠著野果才沒(méi)被餓死。7.(表示方位)從; 以為開(kāi)始方向 Latitudes are the lines that go from east to west.緯線是從東到西的線。8.(表示原因)因?yàn)? 出于 She told him the truth from a sense of loyalty.她告訴他真相是出于忠誠(chéng)。9.(表示比較)與相比; 與區(qū)分 She is different from her sister in character.她和她姐姐性格不同。He can tell a fake from the original.他能分辨出贗品和真品。八、With介詞 prep.1.(表示關(guān)系)和在一起 Would you like to go to the street with me?你愿和我一起上街嗎?2.(表示狀態(tài))具有, 帶有 Many exhibits with characteristics of the Chinese art are on display.許多具有中國(guó)藝術(shù)特色的展品陳列出來(lái)。3.(表示方式)用, 以, 藉 The room is cooled with air conditioner.這房間用空調(diào)降溫。4.(表示對(duì)象)對(duì), 關(guān)于 She was always good with the unfortunate.她對(duì)不幸的人總是很友好。5.(表示伴隨)與此同時(shí), 隨著 I always rise with the bell.我總是聽(tīng)到鈴聲就起床。6.(表示讓步)雖然, 盡管 With all his abilities, he failed pletely.盡管很能干, 他還是一敗涂地了。7.(表示原因)由于, 因?yàn)?She flushed with delight.她高興得臉上通紅。8.(表示態(tài)度)支持, 贊同 Is he with us or against us?他贊成我們還是反對(duì)我們?9.(表示態(tài)度)跟(對(duì)抗) We are struggling with backwardness.我們?cè)诤吐浜蟋F(xiàn)象做斗爭(zhēng)。10.與對(duì)立;反對(duì) 11.包括;還有12.與方向一致;順著13.由持有;由負(fù)責(zé) 14.為工作;受雇于;利用的服務(wù) 15.雖然;盡管 16.在旁邊;在附近;在身邊17.在之中;進(jìn)入之中18.關(guān)于;就而言19.比較而言;與相比較20.同樣;完全一樣21.同意的;和諧的22.支持;站在一邊二、九、By介詞 prep.1.(表示位置)在近旁; 在身邊; 靠近 On a cold evening it is pleasant to sit by the fire.在寒冷的夜晚坐在爐火旁邊很舒服。2.(表示時(shí)間)不遲于; 在時(shí)候 Be here by four oclock.四點(diǎn)鐘之前到這兒。She should be back by now.她現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該回來(lái)了。3.(表示方向)從中經(jīng)過(guò) They came in by the back door.他們是由后門進(jìn)來(lái)的。4.(表示方式)搭乘, 通過(guò); 抓住; 靠, 采取; 就而論; 以稱呼方式; 以的名義; 憑著 Are you to go there by bike or by bus?你騎車還是坐車去?You can order tickets by telephone.你可以用電話訂票。He seized her by the arm.他抓住她的手臂。Man does not live by bread alone.人不能單靠面包生存。They decided to raise the money by subscription.他們決定采取募捐的辦法來(lái)籌集這筆款項(xiàng)。By temperament he was an artist.從氣質(zhì)上看, 他是一位畫家。They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他們總是以教名互相稱呼。By God hes done it!老天為證, 他確實(shí)做了此事。I did it all by myself!我完全是靠自己做此事的。5.(表示原因)隨而來(lái), 由于(置于不帶 the 的名詞前,表示原因) The meeting will be held in the school hall, by permission of the headmaster.由于有校長(zhǎng)的準(zhǔn)許, 會(huì)議將在學(xué)校大廳舉行。6.(表示方位)偏于 The steamer will go west by north.這艘輪船將向西偏北方向航行。7.(表示環(huán)境)借著光亮 They were playing cards by electric light.他們正借著燈光打牌。8.(表示關(guān)涉)經(jīng)過(guò) I go by the house every day.我每天都要從這棟房子經(jīng)過(guò)。9.(表示程度, 數(shù)量)以之差 We lost the match by one goal.我們以一分之差輸了比賽。10.(常置于表被動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞后,表示使為者) 11.在期間;處于某種狀況 12.從看;依;按照13.(與 the 連用,表示時(shí)間或量度單位) 14.(表示速率)15.(補(bǔ)充有關(guān)出生地、職業(yè)等的信息) 16.(起誓時(shí)用)以的名義 17.(表示觸及或抓住的人或物的部份)18.(用于乘除運(yùn)算) 19.(表示尺寸時(shí)用) 十、for介詞 prep.1.(表示時(shí)間)在(某一特定時(shí)間); 在時(shí)節(jié); 持續(xù)達(dá)2.(表示方向)向, 朝, 開(kāi)往 They made a rush for the exit.他們猛然沖向出口處。3.(表示對(duì)象) 替, 幫, 給, 為做準(zhǔn)備, 對(duì), 對(duì)于, 對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō), 在一方 What can I do for you?我能幫你什么忙嗎?Let me lift that heavy box for you.讓我替你提那只重箱子。You had to be ready for any emergency.你得隨時(shí)預(yù)防不測(cè)。This inspired in them a love for learning.這使他們產(chǎn)生了學(xué)習(xí)的熱情。Fortunately for him, he can swim.對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)幸運(yùn)的是, 他會(huì)游泳。He speaks too softly for her to hear.他講話聲音太輕, 她聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)。4.(表示原因)因?yàn)? 由于, 作為的結(jié)果 Im pretty angry with you for not telling me.由于你沒(méi)有告訴我, 我對(duì)你很生氣。5.(表示距離)延續(xù)達(dá), 計(jì)有 I followed him for some distance.我跟著他走了一段路程。6.(表示結(jié)果)當(dāng)做, 作為, 作為的部分, 就的條件而言 We cant accept that as a basis for a decision.我們不能同意以此為基礎(chǔ)來(lái)做出決定。7.(表示目的)為了, 適用于 The ship sent out a message for help.船只發(fā)出求救信號(hào)。Shes the very person for the work.她最適合干這項(xiàng)工作。8.(表示態(tài)度)支持, 贊同, 想要 Are you for the plan or against it?你支持這計(jì)劃還是反對(duì)它呢?9.(表示比率)按比例, 以價(jià)格, 第次 I bought this book for 3.我買這本書花了三英鎊。I met them for the second time last week.我上周第二次遇見(jiàn)他們。10.(表示對(duì)象、用途等)給,對(duì),供11.關(guān)于12.代表 13.受雇于 14.支持;擁護(hù)15.為得到;為獲取16.換取 17. 就而言18. 對(duì)(某人)來(lái)說(shuō)(困難、必需、愉快等) 十一、AS介詞 prep.1.(表示時(shí)間)當(dāng)還是的時(shí)候 As a schoolboy, he showed every sign of genius.當(dāng)他還是個(gè)小學(xué)生的時(shí)候, 就顯示出了天資聰慧。2.(表示方式)以的身份, 以資格, 作為; 以形式, 以作為; 以角色, 扮演角色; 如同, 像3.(表示結(jié)果)成為, 看作, 看成 We had better treat it as a joke.我們最好把它當(dāng)作玩笑。4.(表示目的)為了, 以為目的 The dykes were built as a protection against the sea.建筑堤壩是為了防止海水泛濫。5.(表示舉例)例如, 諸如之類的 We talked about such subjects as the weather.我們談?wù)摿酥T如天氣之類的話題。十二、than介詞 prep.1.與相比 1.表示地點(diǎn)位置的介詞at ,in, on, to,for,above, over, on ,below, under ,in front frantof, in the front of,beside,behind2.表示時(shí)間的介詞in , on,at ,in, after ,from, since,after, behind 3.表運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的介詞:across, through 4.表示“在之間”的介詞:between, among5.表示其他意義的介詞on ,about,by, with, in 知識(shí)點(diǎn)4常見(jiàn)介詞辨析表示方位的介詞:in, to, on1. in 表示在某地范圍之內(nèi)。如: Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 上海在中國(guó)的東部。2. to 表示在某地范圍之外。如:Japan is/lies to the east of China. 日本位于中國(guó)的東面。3. on 表示與某地相鄰或接壤。如:Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古國(guó)位于中國(guó)北邊。表示計(jì)量的介詞:at, for, by1. at表示“以速度”“以價(jià)格”。如:It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour. 它以每小時(shí)900公里的速度飛行。I sold my car at a high price. 我以高價(jià)出售了我的汽車。2. for表示“用交換,以為代價(jià)”。如:He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百元把車賣了。注意:at表示單價(jià)(price) ,for表示總錢數(shù)。3. by表示“以計(jì)”,后跟度量單位。如:They paid him by the month. 他們按月給他計(jì)酬。Here eggs are sold by weight. 在這里雞蛋是按重量賣的。表示材料的介詞:of, from, in1. of成品仍可看出原料。如:This box is made of paper. 這個(gè)盒子是紙做的。2. from成品已看不出原料。如:Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄釀成的。3. in表示用某種材料或語(yǔ)言。如:Please fill in the form in pencil first. 請(qǐng)先用鉛筆填寫這個(gè)表格。They talk in English. 他們用英語(yǔ)交談(from yygrammar)。注意:in指用材料,不用冠詞;而with指用工具,要用冠詞。請(qǐng)比較:draw in pencil/draw with a pencil。表示工具或手段的介詞:by, with, on1. by用某種方式,多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽車,by e-mail. 通過(guò)電子郵件。注意:表示搭乘交通工具時(shí),用by時(shí)不用冠詞,用in時(shí)要用冠詞。請(qǐng)比較:I went there by bus/in a bus. 我是坐公共汽車去的那兒。 2. with表示“用某種工具”。如:He broke the window with a stone. 他用石頭把玻璃砸壞了。注意:with表示用某種工具時(shí),必須用冠詞或物主代詞。3. on表示“以方式”,多用于固定詞組。They talked on the telephone. 他們通過(guò)電話進(jìn)行交談。She learns English on the radio/on TV. 她通過(guò)收音機(jī)/電視學(xué)英語(yǔ)。表示關(guān)于的介詞:of, about, on1. of僅是提到或談到過(guò)某人或某事。如:He spoke of the film the other day. 他前幾天提到了這部影片。He thought about this matter yesterday. 他昨天考慮了這件事。2. about指“關(guān)于”某人或某事物的較詳細(xì)的情況。如:Can you tell me something about yourself? 你能告訴我一些關(guān)于你自己的事情嗎?3. on指“關(guān)于”學(xué)術(shù)性的或嚴(yán)肅的事。如:Its a textbook on the history of china. 它是一本有關(guān)中國(guó)歷史的教科書。表原因或理由的介詞:for, at, from, of, with, by, because of1. for表示原因,常與sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blame等詞連用。如:I am sorry for what I said to you. 我后悔不該對(duì)你講那些話。2. at指情感變化的原因,意為“因聽(tīng)到或看到而”。如:He was surprised at the news. 聽(tīng)到這消息他大吃一驚。3. from指“外在的原因”,如受傷、車禍等。如:He died from the wound. 他因受傷而致死。4. of指“內(nèi)在的原因”,如病、餓等。如:The old man died of hunger. 老人死于饑餓。5. with指生理上或情感上的由外界到內(nèi)心的原因。如:Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 他們聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,欣喜若狂。He was shaking with anger. 他氣得渾身發(fā)抖。6. by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或無(wú)意中造成某種結(jié)果的原因。 Her body was bent by age. 他因年老背彎了。She took your umbrella by mistake. 我因弄錯(cuò)拿了你的雨傘。7. because of 表示引起結(jié)果的直接原因。如:He retired last month because of illness/because he ill. 8. owing to多表示引起某不良后果的原因。如:Owing to the rain they could not e. 由于下雨他們沒(méi)來(lái)。9. thanks to表示引起某種幸運(yùn)結(jié)果的原因,常譯為“幸虧,多虧”。如:Thanks to John, we won the game. 多虧約翰,我們才贏了這場(chǎng)比賽。10. out of表示動(dòng)機(jī)的起因,常譯為“出于”。如:He asked the question out of curiosity. 他出于好奇才問(wèn)了那個(gè)問(wèn)題。11. through多表示因局部而影響全局的原因。如:The war was lost through bad organization. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)因組織不周而失敗了。表示好像或當(dāng)作的介詞:like, as1. like表示“像一樣”,其實(shí)不是。如:Peter the Great, like his country, was strong and proud. 彼得大帝像他的國(guó)家一樣強(qiáng)健和自豪。2. as表示“作為,以身份”,其實(shí)也是。如:He talked to me as a father. 他以父親的身份跟我談話。注:as作連詞時(shí),可表示“好像”。如:The work is not so difficult as you imagin這工作不像你想像的那么困難。表示支持或反對(duì)的介詞:against, foragainst反對(duì),for支持,互為反義詞。如:Are you for my idea or against it? 你贊同還是反對(duì)我的想法?表示除某人某物外的介詞:besides, except1. besides是包括后面所提人或物在內(nèi)的“除外,還”。如:Thirty students went to the cinema besides him. 除他以外,還有30個(gè)學(xué)生去看了電影。(他和另外30人都去了) He is interested in tennis besides(=as well as)football. 除了足球,他還對(duì)網(wǎng)球感興趣。2. except是指不包括后面所提人或物在內(nèi)的“除去”。如(from yygrammar):Everyone is excited except me. 除我以外的每個(gè)人都很激動(dòng)。(他們激動(dòng),而我卻不激動(dòng))All the visitors are Japanese except him. 除他以外的所有游客都是日本人。(其他人是日本人,可他不是)注意:(A) except通常與表示全體的all, every連用;若與other連用,只能用besides。如:He had other people to take care of besides me. 除我之外,他還要照顧別人。(B) except是排除同類;而except for是排除非同類,常在說(shuō)明基本情況后,從細(xì)節(jié)上加上修正。如:The position is very good except for a few spelling mistakes. 除了幾處拼寫錯(cuò)誤之外,這篇作文整體還是不錯(cuò)的。(作文與拼寫錯(cuò)誤是非同類的) 但except for也可代替except,特別是在句首時(shí),因?yàn)閑xcept是不能用于句首的。如:Except George, you can all go. 除喬治外,你們都可以去。知識(shí)點(diǎn)5常見(jiàn)介詞的固定搭配英語(yǔ)許多動(dòng)詞、形容詞和名詞都與特定的介詞搭配,我們必須熟悉這些搭配關(guān)系。1.動(dòng)詞與介詞(或副詞)的搭配addto 加到上 agree with 同意(某人)arrive at(in) 到達(dá) ask for 詢問(wèn)beginwith 從開(kāi)始 believe in 相信break into 闖入 break off 打斷break out 爆發(fā) bring down 降低bring in 引進(jìn)bring up 教育,培養(yǎng)build up 建起 burn down 燒光call back 回電話 call for 要求約請(qǐng)call in 召來(lái) call on 拜訪 訪問(wèn)care for 喜歡 carry on 繼續(xù)開(kāi)展carry out 實(shí)行開(kāi)展 check out 查明 結(jié)帳clear up 整理,收拾 e about 發(fā)生,產(chǎn)生e across (偶然)遇見(jiàn) e out 出來(lái)e to 共計(jì) 達(dá)到 parewith 與比較pare to 比作 cut off 切斷date from 始于 depend on 依靠devote to 獻(xiàn)于 die out 滅亡divide up 分配 dream of 夢(mèng)想fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒feed on 以為食 get down to 專心于get through 通過(guò) give in 讓步,屈服give out 分發(fā) give up 放棄go abroad 出國(guó) go against 反對(duì)go on with 繼續(xù) go through 瀏覽grow up 生長(zhǎng) hand down 傳下來(lái)hear about 聽(tīng)說(shuō) hold out 伸出join up 連接起來(lái) keep off 讓開(kāi),不接近keep on 繼續(xù) lead to 導(dǎo)致live on 靠為生 look down upon 看不起look forward to 盼望 look into 調(diào)查look out 當(dāng)心 look(a) round 仔細(xì)查看set off 動(dòng)身 set up 建立show off 炫耀 shut up 住口speed up 加速 stand for 代表,象征stick to 堅(jiān)持 suffer from 遭受talk of 談?wù)?think of 考慮,想起try out 試驗(yàn) turn down 調(diào)低turn off 關(guān)掉 worry about 擔(dān)心2.介詞成語(yǔ)1)英語(yǔ)中有大量成語(yǔ)由介詞構(gòu)成,單是一些常用介詞就可構(gòu)成大量成語(yǔ):at:at a stretch 一連,連續(xù)地 at a time 一次,每次at ease 稍息,安心 at first sight 一見(jiàn)(鐘情)at first 最初,開(kāi)始時(shí) at heart 在內(nèi)心at home 在家,隨便 at last 最后at least 至少 at length 最后,詳細(xì)地at most 至多 at once 立即,同時(shí)at peace(war) 處于和平(戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng))狀態(tài) at play(work) 在玩耍(工作)at present 現(xiàn)在,目前 at random 隨意地,胡亂地at the risk of 冒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) at the same time (與此)同時(shí)at the start 一開(kāi)頭 at the time 此刻,這時(shí)at times 有時(shí)候 at will 任意地by:by accident 偶然 by air 航空by all means 想一切辦法 by bus (plane, etc) 坐巴士(飛機(jī)等)by chance 偶然 by cheque 用支票by choice 出于自愿 by daylight 在大白天by day(night) 白天(夜間) by force 靠武力by mistake 錯(cuò)誤地,誤把 by turns 輪流by surprise 突然,出其不意 by the way 順便說(shuō)一句in:in a sense 從某種意義上說(shuō) in addition(to) 此外(除之外)in advance 事前 in all 總共in any case (event) 不管怎樣,反正 in brief 簡(jiǎn)而言之in case 要是,如果 in case of 在情況下in parison 比較起來(lái) in danger 處于危險(xiǎn)中in debt 負(fù)債 in demand 有需求in detail 詳細(xì)地 in fact 實(shí)際上in general 一般說(shuō)來(lái) in ones opinion 在(某人)看來(lái)in order to (that) 以便,為了 in other words 換句話說(shuō)in part(s) 部分地 in person 親自in practice 實(shí)際上 in public(private) 公開(kāi)(私下)地in regard to 關(guān)于 in short 總之in the end 最后 in the middle of 在中間in time 及時(shí)地,經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間 in vain 白白地,沒(méi)有結(jié)果on:on account of 由于 on behalf of 代表(某人)on board 在船(飛機(jī))上 on condition 在條件下on duty 值班 on fire 著火on foot 步行 on guard 有警惕,值班on hand 在身邊 on holiday 在休假on purpose 故意地 on sale 在出售on strike 罷工 on the contrary 相反on the way 在路上 on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí)on the top of 在上面 on the run 正在逃竄out of:out of action 失靈 out of breath 氣喘吁吁out of control 失去控制 out of danger 脫離危險(xiǎn)out of doors 在戶外 out of fashion 不時(shí)新out of hand 失去控制 out of order 壞了out of reach 無(wú)法得到(拿到) out of sight 看不見(jiàn)out of temper 發(fā)脾氣 out of question 不可能out of touch(with) 和失去聯(lián)系 out of tune 走調(diào)out of use 不再使用 out of work 失業(yè)2)有些介詞夾在名詞之間構(gòu)成成語(yǔ):day after day 日復(fù)一日地 year after year 年復(fù)一年one after another 一個(gè)接一個(gè)地 one by one 一個(gè)接一個(gè)little by little 一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地 side by side 并肩step by step 一步步地 face to face 面對(duì)面arm in arm 手挽手地 hand in hand 手牽手地day to day 日常的 day by day 一天一天地day before yesterday 前天 day after tomorrow 后天heart to heart 互相交心的3)還有一些成語(yǔ)包含兩個(gè)介詞:from beginning to end 從頭至尾 from bad to worse 越來(lái)越糟from time to time 不時(shí)地 from head to foot 渾身from morning to night 從早到晚 from start to finish 從頭至尾from door to door 挨門挨戶地 from place to place 到各地from generation to generation 一代一代地 from cover to cover (書面) 全部地,從頭至尾4)此外,“be+形容詞+介詞”也是一類成語(yǔ):be found of 喜歡 be full of 充滿be interested in 對(duì)有興趣 be keen on 熱衷于be confident in 對(duì)有信心 be short of 缺乏be sick of 厭惡 be proud of 對(duì)感到驕傲be loyal to 對(duì)忠誠(chéng) be ashamed of 為感到羞恥be worried about 為擔(dān)心 be aware of 意識(shí)到be busy with 忙于(某事) be different from 和不同be famous for 因而出名考點(diǎn)突破考點(diǎn)1考查介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)1.(哈爾濱中考)The sweet smell of the flowers in the garden es in the open window, making us feel in good mood(心情).:A. on B. with滾析I選C,“從窗戶進(jìn)來(lái),要用介詞C. throughthrough表示。故選C,2.(樂(lè)山中考)-Hurry up! Theres a bus ing! -Why run? There will be another one_two or three minutes. A. by B. in