職稱英語(yǔ)考試 衛(wèi)生類 閱讀理解與完形填空 考前押題【內(nèi)部資料】

閱讀理解第十六篇Eat to LiveA meager diet may give you health and long life, but its not much fun and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we dont start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouses liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation wont reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old equivalent to about 70 human years.The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一 probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes."This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “Theres attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isnt sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but theyre hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, its still hard to go to a restaurant and say: I can only eat half of that,. ”Spindler hopes we soon wont need to diet at all. His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.詞匯：meager adj.不足的youthful adj.有青春活力的vigor n.精力，活力metabolize vt. 使（一種物質(zhì)）進(jìn)入新陳代謝過(guò)程 genetic adj.基因的rejuvenation n.恢復(fù)活力，返老還童注釋：1.hang on to ：繼續(xù)保留。例如：You should hang on to that painting 一 it might be worth a lot of money one day.你應(yīng)該繼續(xù)保留那幅畫-或許有一天它會(huì)值很多錢。2.The genetic rejuvenation wont reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins：老鼠的肝部基因恢復(fù)活力不會(huì)逆轉(zhuǎn)老鼠在其他方面的老化，但卻有助于肝臟代謝藥物或除去毒素。other damage caused by time歲月造成的莫他方面的破壞，即“其他方面的老化”。metabolize drugs：代謝藥物，即“使藥物參與新陳代謝以提高藥效”。get rid of：擺脫，除去。3.half-ration和half-feed都是指“老鼠飼料正常定量（normal diet)的一半”。4.free radical production:指體內(nèi)自由基的產(chǎn)生(形成）。5.kick in：意為“開(kāi)始起作用”。 如：Were still waiting for the air conditioning to kick in.我們還在等著空調(diào)開(kāi)始起作用。6.be worth it：意為“值得，有益”。如：They are expensive, but they are worth it.那些東西很貴，但劃得來(lái)。練習(xí)：1.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A Eating less than usual might make us live longer.B If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.C Dieting might not be needed.D We have to begin dieting since childhood.2.Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?A To describe the influence of old age on mice.B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.C To tell us how mices liver genes behave.D To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.3.What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?A They will not experience free radical production.B They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime.C They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.4.According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?A The mice that started dieting in old age.B 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes.C Calorie restriction that works in people.D Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.5.According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that A calorie restriction is very important to young people.B seeing the effect of a diet, people will like to eat less than normal.C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.D drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction.答案與題解：1.D第一k第一句講“節(jié)食可能不是非做不可的事”，第二句講“即使上了年紀(jì)再節(jié)食，我們 仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力”，因此，“我們必須從小就開(kāi)始節(jié)食”是錯(cuò)誤的，D是答案。2.B第二段提及“一只髙齡老鼠”的時(shí)候，作者談到，“只要連續(xù)四周限制它進(jìn)食，它的肝臟基因就會(huì)變得和衰老前一樣充滿活力”。據(jù)此，“為了描述節(jié)食對(duì)老鼠所產(chǎn)生的影響”最好地回答了題干中的問(wèn)題o3.D 第四段提到，“正常飼養(yǎng)的老鼠隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)有46條肝臟基因會(huì)發(fā)生變化，這種變化與炎癥和有機(jī)體組織無(wú)限激增有關(guān)”，因此，D正確。4.A第四段最后一個(gè)句子講“但最驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)是那些上了年紀(jì)才開(kāi)始節(jié)食的老鼠也能從70%的基因變化中受益”?！白铙@人的”自然是“最令研究人員感興趣的”。5.C文章的最后兩段談及Spindler對(duì)節(jié)食的看法。首先，他不能肯定節(jié)食是否值得。.其次, 他希望在不久的將來(lái)，我們不必節(jié)食。所以我們可以推知，他認(rèn)為節(jié)食不是得以健康長(zhǎng)壽的好辦法。參考譯文第十六篇為生存而食粗茶淡飯或許能給你健康和長(zhǎng)壽，但這并不有趣很有可能也沒(méi)必要。即便在年老以后才 開(kāi)始節(jié)食我們也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。加州大學(xué)Riverside分校的斯蒂芬斯潘德?tīng)柤捌渫掳l(fā)現(xiàn)，只要連續(xù)四周限制一些衰老的老 鼠進(jìn)食，它們的肝臟基因就會(huì)變得和衰老前一樣充滿活力。雖然老鼠的肝部基因恢復(fù)活力不會(huì)逆 轉(zhuǎn)它們?cè)谄渌矫娴睦匣?，但是卻有助于這些老鼠的肝臟對(duì)藥物的新陳代謝和清除毒素。斯潘德?tīng)柕年?duì)員們一直給其中的三只老鼠正常量的飼料，而給另外三只老鼠正常量飼料的一半，給三只34個(gè)月大的老鼠（相當(dāng)于人類年齡的70歲）喂了一個(gè)月的半量飼料，之前這三只老鼠 的飼料量是正常的。研究者們檢查了這些老鼠肝臟的11,000種基因的活性，發(fā)現(xiàn)正常飼養(yǎng)的老鼠有46種基因隨 年齡的改變而改變。這些改變都與體內(nèi)自由基的產(chǎn)生有關(guān)這對(duì)老鼠的健康來(lái)說(shuō)不是什么好消息。而對(duì)于那些終身都在節(jié)食的老鼠來(lái)說(shuō)，那46種基因中的27種仍然繼續(xù)保持著青春活力。但 是最令人吃驚的發(fā)現(xiàn)卻是那些只是在老年時(shí)期節(jié)食的老鼠們受益于70%的基因變異?！斑@只是第一個(gè)這些效果迅速起作用的暗示”，來(lái)自華盛頓特區(qū)周邊的國(guó)家老年學(xué)學(xué)院的哈勃華納說(shuō)。至今仍然沒(méi)有人清楚卡路里的控制對(duì)人類來(lái)說(shuō)是否如同對(duì)老鼠那樣有效，但是斯潘德?tīng)枌?duì)此 充滿了希望：“有足以引人注意的證據(jù)表明這同樣有效。”如果這確實(shí)也對(duì)人類有效，我們有理由相信肝臟也可能恢復(fù)活力。舉個(gè)例子，隨著我們一天天衰老，我們的身體對(duì)藥物的新陳代謝越來(lái)越?jīng)]有效率。短時(shí)期內(nèi)的節(jié)食，斯潘德?tīng)栒f(shuō)到，完全足以保證藥效。但是斯潘德?tīng)柌⒉淮_定這個(gè)方法值得嘗試?！袄鲜蠡疾∩倭?，壽命延長(zhǎng)了，但是它們很饑餓，”他說(shuō)，“即使能清楚地認(rèn)識(shí)到節(jié)食的功效，人們?nèi)匀缓茈y在餐館中說(shuō)自己只能吃一半的食物?！彼古说?tīng)栂Ｍ覀兏揪筒挥霉?jié)食。他的公司，加利福尼亞州的壽命遺傳學(xué)公司，正在尋找有限制卡路里效能的藥物第三十九篇SaunaCeremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath，or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges.The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “ savusauna”，is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving, Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion arid speed recovery time. The bodys core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying “feed a cold，starve a fever The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs8 of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the bodys physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system9 gets a work out10 as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute.A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctors advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions11 at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.詞匯：sauna n.(芬蘭式）蒸汽浴，桑拿浴congestion n.阻塞;擁塞odor n.氣味，味道arthritis 關(guān)節(jié)炎inflammation n.炎(癥）grime n.污垢；塵垢cardiovascular adj.心、血 管的diabetes n.糖尿病 注釋：1.ceremonial bathing:儀式性的沐浴。許多宗教都有這種以沐浴作為儀式的習(xí)俗。2.pre-Columbian Americans:哥倫布前的美洲人。Columbian是Columbus的形容詞形式，意思是“哥倫布的”;pre-是前綴,意思是:在前。pre-Columbian Americans，其完整的意思是: 哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸前的美洲人。3.fire-pit:火槽4.relaxing and stress relieving:能使人放松并消除壓力。5.alleviate congestion and speed recovery time:減輕胸悶感，加快康復(fù)的速度。6.imitate: to appear like; resemble:像;類似7.feed a cold, starve a fever:謗傷風(fēng)時(shí)宜吃，發(fā)熱時(shí)宜餓;傷風(fēng)不怕吃，熱病不怕餓。8.lb: pound(磅)的縮寫形式。9.cardiovascular system:心血管系統(tǒng)10.a work out:做名詞用，意為“運(yùn)動(dòng)，鍛煉”。11.sessions:(做某事或進(jìn)行某活動(dòng)的)一段時(shí)間練習(xí)：1.Ceremonial bathing _.A)is called the sauna by FinnsB)is equivalent to the steam bathC)has various formsD)is held in an enclosed room2.What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience?A)Saunas in underground caves.B)Saunas with smoke.C)Saunas using wood burning stoves.D)Saunas using electric stoves.3.According to the third paragraph, saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT.A)reducing the chance of getting coldB)speeding recoveryC)relieving stressD)curing asthma4.According to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glow because_.A)pores are cleaned by sweatB)water is lost by sweatingC)blood moves to the surface for heat exchangeD)the heart pumps harder and faster5.Who are advised not to take a sauna?A)Elderly people.B)Pregnant women.C)People with heart trouble.D)All of the above.答案與題解：1.C第一段的第一句告訴我們，ceremonial bathing有多種形式，其中一種是sauna。所以只有C是正確的選項(xiàng)。2.B根據(jù)文章第二段的第四句，smoke sauna被有些人認(rèn)為是真正的sauna。句中a background odor也是指煙熏的氣味。3.D 該段最后一句說(shuō) The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold; 第四句說(shuō) they may help to . speed recovery time; 第一句說(shuō) Saunas are . stress relieving。 所 以，A、B、C 都是桑拿可以做的。第三句說(shuō) Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing,這不足以說(shuō)明桑拿有治愈哮喘的作用。因此，應(yīng)選擇D項(xiàng)。4.A該段第三句提供了答案。5.D文章最后一段告誡幾種人不能蒸桑拿浴，包括心臟病患者、老人、糖尿病患者、孕婦等。所以D是正確的選項(xiàng)。參考譯文第三十九篇桑拿浴儀式性的沐浴已經(jīng)有幾千年的歷史，并S有多種形式，其中的一種就是桑拿浴。芬蘭人完善了蒸汽浴，也就是桑拿浴。它可以在一個(gè)封閉的房間里將水澆在滾燙的石頭上，或是一種干熱浴。日本人、希臘人、土耳其人、俄國(guó)人以及美洲土著人在他們的沐浴傳統(tǒng)中都有發(fā)汗浴這一形式。用干熱浴發(fā)汗的方式是古羅馬優(yōu)先使用的，而哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸前的美洲人則使用發(fā)汗小屋。最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于當(dāng)時(shí)還沒(méi)有掌握煙技術(shù)，山洞里總是充滿著火焰引起的。人們?cè)诨鸩劾锷?，加熱山洞的四壁。?dāng)墻壁達(dá)到一定的溫度時(shí)，將濃煙排出洞外，這使得墻壁還能保持幾個(gè)小時(shí)的高溫。今天，有一些人認(rèn)為有煙的桑拿浴，“煙熏桑拿”， 才是真正的桑拿體驗(yàn)，而所有的桑拿浴都應(yīng)該至少有煙熏或煙味兒的背景?，F(xiàn)在，盡管煤油爐和燒木頭的火爐仍然可以使用，大多數(shù)的桑拿浴都是用電妒。桑拿浴能使人放松并消除壓力。肌肉疼痛或關(guān)節(jié)炎都可以利用桑拿浴的熱氣減輕疼痛和炎癥。 熱氣還可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加順暢。桑拿浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以減輕患者的胸悶感，加快康復(fù)的速度。在蒸桑拿浴時(shí)，人體溫度通常會(huì)上升12攝氏度，就像 發(fā)低燒一樣的感覺(jué)。因此，蒸桑拿可以說(shuō)是印證了一句老話：“傷風(fēng)時(shí)宜吃，發(fā)熱時(shí)宜餓?！倍ㄆ?蒸桑拿浴可以在第一時(shí)間預(yù)防感冒的發(fā)生。蒸桑拿對(duì)皮膚也有好處，它可以促進(jìn)皮膚的血液循環(huán)和出汗。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，成年人一般每 小時(shí)要蒸發(fā)2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中:的污垢Y使皮膚變得光潔。失水只是暫時(shí)性的，人體 機(jī)能能夠很快補(bǔ)充合適的水量。在熱氣交換的過(guò)程中，心臟跳動(dòng)得更快，這就使心血管系統(tǒng)也得 到了鍛煉。蒸桑拿浴時(shí)的心率能從原來(lái)的平均每分鐘72下增加到每分鐘100 -150下。健康的心臟可以承受這種變化，而那些心臟病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前應(yīng)該征求醫(yī)生的建議。同樣的，老年人和糖尿病患者也應(yīng)如此。孕婦則不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是在懷孕的頭三個(gè)月。其實(shí)， 每個(gè)人在剛開(kāi)始嘗試桑拿浴時(shí)都應(yīng)該先是短時(shí)間的，直到適應(yīng)了這種沐浴方式。完形填空第二篇A Biological ClockEvery living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells _1_ when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells _2_ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal _3_ the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur _4_ the number of hours of daylight. In the short _5_ of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration _6_ twice each year. Birds _7_ flying become restless when it is time for the trip， _8_ they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which _9_ of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain _10_ to control the timing of some of our actions. These _11_ tell a person when to _12_ ，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr. Moorhead is studying _13_ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours._14_can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said _15_ understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factorys production,詞匯：biological adj.生物(學(xué)）的insect n.昆蟲cocoon n.防護(hù)卵袋，繭fur n.軟毛注釋：1.本句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞tells的賓語(yǔ)由兩部分組成。第一部分是when to form flowers，是帶疑問(wèn)副詞的動(dòng)詞不定式，第二部分是when the flowers should open,是名詞從句。從修辭上說(shuō)，兩者有些不平衡。2.the way we do our work 可以理解為 the way in which we do our work 或 the way that we do our work.實(shí)際上，三種說(shuō)法都成立。如：He speaks English the way the English people do.I dont understand the way in which he dealt with the matter.3.take作“花費(fèi)，花去”解時(shí)可用于幾種不同的句型：It will take me five days to complete the work.The work will take me five days to complete.To complete this work will take me five days.練習(xí)：1. A. scientistsB. humansC. plantsD. animals2. A. insectsB. birdsC. fishD. snakes3. A. effectB. affectC. effectedD. affected4. A. becauseB. for the reason thatC. because ofD. since5. A. monthsB. daysC. minutesD. weeks6. A. flightB. flyC. movementD. transportation7. A. prevented fromB. ordered byC. helped byD. intruded on8. A. andB. butC. thereforeD. however9. A. portionsB. partsC. sectionsD. kinds10. A. tryB. triesC. seemD. seems11. A. thingsB. partsC. cellsD. actions12. A. awakenB. wokeC. awakeningD. wake-up13. A. howB. whyC. whereD. what14. A. WeB. ItC. TheyD. You15. A. soB. withC. suchD. if 答案與題解：1.C 從后半句 When to form flowers and when the flowers should open 知道，只有 plants 才有花。前面沒(méi)有定冠詞修飾的plants是泛指植物這一大類，與動(dòng)物類相對(duì)應(yīng)。2.A 后面出現(xiàn)的 when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away 提示我們，唯有選 insects 才是正確的，因?yàn)橹挥衖nsects才有protective cocoons,而birds、fish和snakes都沒(méi)有。3.B affect作為動(dòng)詞是“影響”的意思，而effect作為動(dòng)詞則是“使發(fā)生;使生效”的意思。這里談?wù)摰氖莿?dòng)植物生物鐘的一般情況，所以使用動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。4.C這里應(yīng)使用介詞短語(yǔ)，因?yàn)槠浜笫敲~。because和since都有“因?yàn)椤钡囊馑?，但它們都是連詞，用來(lái)引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,如:He will not come because he is ill.Since he is ill, he will not come.for the reason that后接句子，所以也不是答案。5.B 根據(jù)下句中的 in the longer hours of daylight in summer 和上句中的 the number of hours of daylight,以及該段的中心意思，可以判斷，應(yīng)選擇B,因?yàn)槎烊斩桃归L(zhǎng),夏天則反之。6.A本句中有birds，migration這些詞，下一句又談及遷徙飛行前的躁動(dòng)不安，就知道應(yīng)該填詞義為“飛行”的名詞。fly是動(dòng)詞，不能選擇;其他兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)也都不合適。flight是fly的名詞形式，所以是合適的選擇。7.A該句句子的主干是：主語(yǔ)birds,謂語(yǔ)become restless。所以，所填的詞是過(guò)去分詞，修飾 birds。從上下文表達(dá)的意思判斷,ordered by (被命令)、helped by (被幫助）和intruded on(被強(qiáng)加）都不匹配，只有prevented from是合適的選擇。8.B很明顯，這里需使用連詞，連接該句中平行的兩個(gè)分句。而根據(jù)整個(gè)句子的句意，上半句和下半句形成反差對(duì)比：become restless when the time of the flight has ended，所以應(yīng)選擇but,表示相反的兩層意思。9.B portion是“一定數(shù)量;一份”, section是“切下的部分”，kind是“種類”，都不符合上下文意思連貫的要求。唯有B是正確的選項(xiàng)。10.D不能選擇C,因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)是group,而不是cells，所以要采用動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式 seems A和B不符合常識(shí)。11.C These 一詞說(shuō)明，其后的名詞是上文已經(jīng)提到的某些事物，即cells。從下文中可以看出，盡管actions 詞也在上文中出現(xiàn),但該詞不符合句意。選項(xiàng)A和B意思不準(zhǔn)確。12.A該句中的三個(gè)賓語(yǔ)都是帶疑問(wèn)副詞的動(dòng)詞不定式，所以都要用動(dòng)詞原形。awaken是唯一合適的選擇，woke是wake的一般過(guò)去形式,awakening是形容詞,wake-up是名詞。13.A studying后面是一個(gè)從句作它的賓語(yǔ),而從句起首處應(yīng)有個(gè)連詞。把C或D填入空格 上下文意思不連貫。根據(jù)下文的例子，作者討論的不是生物鐘為什么會(huì)影響我們的工作， -而是生物鐘如何影響我們的工作。所以，how是正確的選擇。 14.B從句子結(jié)構(gòu)中不難看出，to accept the major change in work hours是實(shí)際上的主語(yǔ)，而此 處需要一個(gè)形式主語(yǔ)，所以只能選擇It。15.C該句中的understanding既然是上句中提到的better understanding, C便是最佳的選項(xiàng)。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均不符合語(yǔ)法。參考譯文第二篇生物鐘每一種生物都有控制它們行為的時(shí)鐘，科學(xué)家們稱之為生物鐘。生物鐘告訴植物的花朵何時(shí)生長(zhǎng)，何時(shí)開(kāi)放；生物鐘告訴昆蟲何時(shí)離開(kāi)防護(hù)卵袋，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)飛去；生物鐘還告訴動(dòng)物和人類何時(shí)進(jìn)食、睡眠，何時(shí)蘇醒。外界的變化會(huì)影響某些動(dòng)植物的生物鐘。例如，科學(xué)家最近發(fā)現(xiàn)，有一種很小的動(dòng)物，會(huì)隨著白天日照時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短改變其毛發(fā)的顏色。冬季日照時(shí)間短，它的毛變成白色。夏季白天日照時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，它的毛又變成棕灰色。還有的生物，它們的生物鐘受體內(nèi)信號(hào)控制。德國(guó)的科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，鳥類體內(nèi)的某種生物鐘迫 使它們每年做兩次長(zhǎng)距離遷移。那些被迫不能遷移的鳥，當(dāng)遷移時(shí)間到來(lái)時(shí)，會(huì)顯得煩躁不安，而當(dāng)這段時(shí)間過(guò)后，它們又恢復(fù)了平靜?？茖W(xué)家們指出，他們開(kāi)始探索大腦內(nèi)部的哪些部位存在生物鐘。一位美國(guó)的研究員，馬丁 莫亥德（Martin Moorhead)曾指出，好像是人腦前部的一小群細(xì)胞控制著人體的行為。這些細(xì)胞控制著人體睡眠、蘇醒和覓食的時(shí)間。另外，科學(xué)工作者推測(cè)，可能還有另外的生物鐘細(xì)胞控制人體的其他行為。目前，莫亥德博士正在研究生物鐘對(duì)人們工作方面的影響。比如，如果經(jīng)常改變工作時(shí)間， 絕大多數(shù)人會(huì)感覺(jué)不適應(yīng)。要適應(yīng)工作時(shí)間上的較大變動(dòng)，可能需要相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)一段日子。莫亥德博士說(shuō)，工廠的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)應(yīng)該對(duì)生物鐘有進(jìn)一步的了解，懂得生物鐘對(duì)工人的影響，如此則會(huì)減少工作 中的不適和事故，對(duì)提高生產(chǎn)大有裨益。第九篇The Case of the Disappearing FingerprintsOne useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing _1_ could become troublesome. A casereleased online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a _2_ of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to _3_ his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the _4_ ，the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials _5_ 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldnt get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly _6_ appearing from his index finger.U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are _7_ and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler，one potential _8_ effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. _9_ ，no fingerprints.“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will _10_ to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，” Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who _11_ the drug to provide their patients with .a doctors note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didnt raise any red flags. But he，s also now got the explanatory doctors note and wont leave home _12_ it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, _13_ approved use of the drug11 years ago, should consider _14_ its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where _15_ it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.詞匯：fingerprint n.指紋whorl n.羅紋，籮狀指紋annals n.年報(bào)oncology n,腫瘤學(xué)capecitabine n.卡培他濱nasopharyngeal adj. 鼻炎的swirly adj. 旋渦狀的digit n. 開(kāi)始vomit v. 嘔吐注釋： 1.capecitabine卡培他濱。是一種口服的化療藥物，用于治療轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌、大腸癌、咽喉癌等，以減緩腫瘤生長(zhǎng)。2.index finger:食指3.U. S. customs: 美國(guó)海關(guān)。customs視作一個(gè)組織，用作單數(shù)名詞，所以在文章中后接has。4.terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country:我們的聯(lián)邦衛(wèi)士的職責(zé)是要把那些恐怖分子和疑似罪犯檔在國(guó)門之外。關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾terrorists叫d potential criminals。that在定語(yǔ)從句中作keeping的賓語(yǔ)。5.traveler:旅行者。traveler是美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的拼法。英國(guó)英語(yǔ)的拼法是traveller。6.the tissue on the finger pads:指尖上的肉墊組織7.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States:那位新加坡旅客終于進(jìn)入了美國(guó)。make it into金為“進(jìn)入”。8.r