2019-2020年高中英語語法專項復(fù)習(xí) 二十、語法學(xué)習(xí) 主謂倒裝 實用學(xué)案 新人教版.doc
2019-2020年高中英語語法專項復(fù)習(xí) 二十、語法學(xué)習(xí) 主謂倒裝 實用學(xué)案 新人教版主語和謂語是句子的核心,它們之間有兩種語序:一是主語在謂語之前稱為自然語序(Natural Order);二是主語在謂語之后則稱為倒裝語序(Inverted Order)。而倒裝語序中又有全部倒裝(Full Inversion)和部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)兩種情況。首先,在全部倒裝的句子中,要把整個謂語放在主語的前面去而構(gòu)成倒裝語序。例如:There are large numbers of students in the lecture hall.(在There be的句式中,There只是個引導(dǎo)詞而不是主語,真正的主語是后面作表語的名詞或者名詞短語。因此,There be的句式都是全部倒裝的句子。)演講廳里有大量的學(xué)生。 When he ran to the door, there stood a mid-aged man with a lantern in his hand .(此句是為了"描述情節(jié)的需要",把倒裝當(dāng)著修辭的手段而寫成了全部倒裝句。句子的主語是a mid-aged man,謂語是stood 。)當(dāng)他向房門跑去時,那兒正立著一位手里拿著一盞燈籠的中年男人。另外,在部分倒裝的句子中,只把謂語的一部分(如情態(tài)動詞、助動詞、或是系動詞be)放到主語的前面去,構(gòu)成倒裝語序。例如:Are you going to take part in the football match against Accounting Department on Friday afternoon? (句子的謂語是are going to take part,are是句子的謂語的一部分;句子的主語是you 。所以,此句是部分倒裝的句子。疑問句都是部分倒裝句。)你打算去參加星期五與會計系進(jìn)行的足球賽嗎?Hardly could he finish his test paper when the school bell rang .(由于語法要求的原因,本句寫成了部分倒裝的句子。它的自然語序應(yīng)該是:When the bell rang, he could hardly finish his test paper.)他還未做完試卷,下課鈴就響了。 了解了倒裝語序的構(gòu)成情況后,我們再來看看倒裝語序在各種不同類句子中的使用情況:A. 在疑問句中各種疑問句一般地說都是倒裝語序。例如:Will they e to see us this weekend ? 這個周末他們將來看我們嗎?Are you talking about the film you saw last Monday ?你們是在談?wù)撃銈兩现芤豢吹哪遣侩娪皢幔緾an you speak another foreign language except English? 除開英語,你還能說另一種外語嗎?Where did you buy the dictionary, in the book store nearby or in Xinhua bookstore?你在哪兒買的這本詞典,是在附近的書店還是在新華書店?She is not a student, isnt she ? 她不是個學(xué)生,對嗎?B. 在感嘆句中某些感嘆句也用倒裝語序。例如: Isnt it a beautiful garden ! 多么美麗的花園啊!What a beautiful garden it is ! 多么美麗的花園啊?。ㄔ谶@種句式中,主語在謂語之前,屬于自然語序。對于主語和謂語而言,語序沒有倒裝。)Have you ever seen such a naughty kid like him ! 你見過那個孩子像他這么調(diào)皮!C. 在陳述句中 陳述句在一般情況下用自然語序;但由于英語語法的某些原因,陳述句也要使用倒裝語序。這些原因大致可以歸納如下:1) 為了避免句子部分內(nèi)容不必要的重復(fù),常用"so + be動詞(助動詞、情態(tài)動詞)+主語"或"neither / nor + be動詞(助動詞、情態(tài)動詞)+主語"的倒裝句式。其中第一個句式表示"與前面所述的肯定情況相同", 第二個句式表示"與前面所述的否定情況相同"。例如:His brother is a college student; so is mine.他弟弟是大學(xué)生,我弟弟也是。His brother is not a college student; nor is min .他弟弟不是大學(xué)生,我弟弟也不是。He used to have his further study abroad; so did I.他曾去國外深造過,我也去過。He didnt use to have his further study abroad; neither did I. 他沒去國外深造過,我也沒有。 One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; so can his wife.我的一個朋友會說三門外國語,他的妻子也會。One of my friends cannot speak three foreign languages; neither can his wife .我的一個朋友不會說三門外國語,他的妻子也不會。They are now preparing for their final examinations; so are we . 他們正在為期末考試作準(zhǔn)備,我們也一樣。They are not now preparing for their final examinations; nor are we .他們沒在為期末考試作準(zhǔn)備,我們也沒有。2)具有否定意義的詞或短語置于句首時(除否定詞修飾主語外),句子一般要寫成部分倒裝句。這類詞或短語常見的有:not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, no sooner (than), hardly (when), not only (but also), not until ,等。例如:Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door .她還沒來得及坐下來,就聽見有人敲門。Not until twelve oclock did he go to bed last night .他昨晚直到十二點鐘才睡覺。Never have my sisters been to Hong Kong before .我的妹妹們以前從未去過香港。No sooner had I returned home from New Zealand than I bought a house and went to live there.我從新西蘭一回國,就買了一棟房子并在那兒住下了。So far as I know, seldom does Mary e back to see her mother.就我所知,瑪利幾乎很難回來看她媽媽。Scarcely a drop of rain fell here last fall . (否定詞修飾主語時,句子不用倒裝。) 去年秋天,這兒幾乎沒下一滴雨。3)當(dāng)so, often, only等表示程度、頻率的副詞放在句首時,句子一般要倒裝。例如:Only in this way can you e up with a solution to the problem. 只有這樣,你才有可能想出解決這個問題的辦法。 So serious was the situation that everybody faced a test.形勢如此地嚴(yán)峻,每個人都面臨著一場考驗。So hard did he overwork that he fell ill at last. 他太操勞過度以致最后病倒了。4)當(dāng)there, here, then, now等副詞在句首,且謂語是e, go, be等動詞時,句子一般要全部倒裝。其意義在于引起他人的注意。如果這類句子的主語是代詞,則不用寫成倒裝句。例如:Now, here goes the story.這個故事是這樣的。Look, there es the taxi.瞧,出租車過來了。Then came another question.然后又一個問題提出來了。Then followed the four-year War of Liberation.接下來是四年的解放戰(zhàn)爭。5) 當(dāng)out, in, away, up, bang等表示方位或擬聲詞放在句首時,句子一般要全部倒裝。這類子比自然語序的句子更為生動、形象。但如果這類句子的主語是代詞,則不用寫成倒裝句。例如:Bang goes my ace.我砰地一下打出了"愛司"。Away flew the bird.那鳥飛走了。Suddenly, in came a man with a mask on his face.突然進(jìn)來一個蒙著面具的人。6) 其他情況還有:省略了if的虛擬條件句、某些表示祝愿的句子、以及某些讓步狀語從句,等等也要用倒裝句式。例如:(省略了if的虛擬條件句)Had they not helped us, we could not have done it so successfully.如果沒有他們的幫助,我們不可能把那件事辦的如此成功。Should he e, say "Nobody in" to him.萬一他來了,對他說:"公司沒人。"(某些表示祝愿的句子)May our friendship last forever.愿我們的友誼常存!May your pany bee prosperous.祝貴公司生意興?。。承┳尣綘钫Z從句)Try as I might, I couldnt lift the stone.無論我使多大的勁,我也無法搬起那塊石頭。They said they would follow the Partys lead e what might. 他們說無論發(fā)生什么情況,他們都會跟黨走的。7) 由于修辭或是平衡句子的原因也可以用倒裝句;也可以不用。這不是一條必須的規(guī)定。Next to this one is another grand hotel which is beautifully decorated .這家飯店隔壁還有一家裝修華麗的大飯店。On either side of the great avenue stood many block buildings.這條大街的兩側(cè)都聳立著許多綜合樓。(這類句子也可以不用倒裝句。)"Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow," said Tom to his mother (OR: Tom said to his mother) .湯姆對他媽媽說:"我明天動身去北京。"Many block buildings stood on either side of the great avenue. 許多綜合樓聳立在這條大街的兩側(cè)。Another grand hotel, which is beautifully decorated, is next to this one .這家飯店隔壁還有一家大飯店,那家飯店裝修十分華麗。