會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)原理-約翰·J·懷爾德版-上海交通大.ppt

Dr. Hao Shengquan 郝盛泉 上海交通大學(xué)安泰經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理學(xué)院,Introduction to Accounting,教材 Fundamental Accounting Principles (18 edition), John Wild, Kermit Larson and Barbara Chiappetta, McGraw Hill 會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)原理 （第18版）， 約翰.J.懷爾德, 克米特.D.拉森, 巴巴拉.基亞佩塔 著, 崔學(xué)剛, 饒菁 改編, 中國人民大學(xué)出版社 ISBN: 978-7-300-07904-2/F.2696 主要教學(xué)參考書 Financial ,課程要求-教材與輔助資料,作業(yè)：課后做習(xí)題。每章會(huì)布置三到四個(gè)作業(yè)題，必須按時(shí)完成。 期末考試：閉卷 小組項(xiàng)目：公司財(cái)務(wù)分析，案例討論，以小組為單位完成,課程要求,Class Participation (5%) Homework Assignments (20%) Final Exam (60%) Group Project (15%),課程要求評(píng)價(jià)體系,答疑安排,E-mail: ,Fundamental Accounting Principles,Wild/Larson/Chiappetta 18th Edition,Chapter 1,Accounting in Business,Misconception- Accounting is Bookkeeping?,Bookkeeping is the clerical side of accountingthe recording of routine transactions and day-to-day record keeping.,Professional accountants are involved more with the interpretation and use of accounting information than with its actual preparation.,Im Not An Accounting Major,Accounting is the language of business, and trying to run a business without understanding accounting information is analogous to trying to play sports without understanding the rules.,Accounting Information and Stock Price,Best Buy Co. Inc Fiscal Quarter (Feb,11 May, 10, 2010) Quarterly Earnings Announcement: June 15, 2010 Consensus EPS: $ 0.50 Reported EPS: $ 0.36 Surprise (-28%),Accounting Information and Stock Price,Why Accounting?,Hong Kong Stock Exchange (0388),Why Accounting?,Hong Kong Stock Exchange (0388) 2007.12, share price HK$ 270, Put Option, right decision? 2008.8.27 share price HK$ 102, Call Option, right decision? Intrinsic value of stock! need information to make decision Accounting provide the information!,Information Economics,Information Asymmetry 信息不對(duì)稱 Moral Hazard Problem 道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn),Content,Concepts Transaction Analysis Exercise Ratio: ROA,Objectives,Conceptual Chapter Objectives Analytical Chapter Objectives Procedural Chapter Objectives,Accounting Information,The Accounting Process,Decision Makers,Economic Activities,Actions (decisions),Accounting links decision makers with economic activities and with the results of their decisions.,Reported Results of Actions (decisions),企業(yè)活動(dòng)概述,企業(yè),1. 所有者投資,2. 所有者撤資,8. 支付現(xiàn)金,7.銷售商品 或提供服務(wù),3. 貸款,4. 歸還貸款,6. 支付工資、 產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)款項(xiàng),5.提供商品或服務(wù),所有者,雇員和供應(yīng)商,顧 客,債權(quán)人,目標(biāo)和戰(zhàn)略,投資,融資,經(jīng)營,短期項(xiàng)目 現(xiàn)金 應(yīng)收賬款 存貨,長期項(xiàng)目 土地 建筑物 設(shè)備 專利 股票和債券,短期項(xiàng)目 銀行 供應(yīng)商 員工 政府,長期項(xiàng)目 長期債權(quán)人 股東,采購 銷售 生產(chǎn) 管理,企業(yè)活動(dòng)概述,Importance of Accounting:Language of Business,C1,Identifying Business Activities,Recording Business Activities,Communicating Business Activities,Accounting Activities,C 1,Users of Accounting Information,C 2,Users of Accounting Information,Internal Users,Managerial accounting provides information needs for internal decision makers.,C 2,External Users,The primary external users of financial information are investors and creditors.,Objectives of External Financial Reporting,Objectives of External Financial Reporting,The primary financial statements. （對(duì)外報(bào)告財(cái)務(wù)信息是以披露基本財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的形式來實(shí)現(xiàn)）,Financial Reporting,Financial Reporting,Financial Statements,Financial Statements: A Lens to View Business,Internal Users,Board of Directors (董事會(huì)) Chief Executive Officer Chief Financial Officer Vice Presidents Business Unit Managers Plant Managers Store Managers Line Supervisors,為明確決策權(quán)威、作出決策以及評(píng)價(jià)決策執(zhí)行效果提供信息,提供企業(yè)內(nèi)、外資源的信息，使之對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)過去的業(yè)績和判斷企業(yè)未來方向有用,Information useful to help the enterprise achieve its goal, objectives and mission.,Objectives of Managerial Reporting,Types of Accounting Information,Financial,Managerial,Tax,Integrity of Accounting Information,Institutional Features Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) Financial Accounting Standards Board Securities and Exchange Commission Internal Control Structure Audits,一般公認(rèn)會(huì)計(jì)原則 財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì) 證券交易委員會(huì) 內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu) 審計(jì),Integrity of Accounting Information,Professional Organizations American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Institute of Management Accountants Institute of Internal Auditors American Accounting Association,美國注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì) 管理會(huì)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì) 內(nèi)部審計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì) 美國會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)會(huì),Integrity of Accounting Information,Competence, Judgment and Ethical Behavior Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) Certificate in Management Accounting (CMA) Certificate in Internal Auditing (CIA) Code of Professional Conduct,Ethics,Ethical behavior is the cornerstone of the accounting profession.,Ethics, Fraud & Corporate Governance,Corporate governance entails corporate structures and processes for overseeing the companys affairs to ensure that the company is being managed with the best interests of shareholders in mind.,Dennis Kozlowski, the former CEO of Tyco, was sentenced to 8 1/3 to 25 years in prison for his conviction for conspiracy, securities fraud, and falsifying records.,Financial accounting practice is governed by concepts and rules known as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).,Generally Accepted Accounting Principles,C 5,The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the government group that establishes reporting requirements for companies that issue stock to the public.,Setting Accounting Principles,Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is the private group that sets both broad and specific principles.,C 5,The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issues International Financial Reporting Standards that identify preferred accounting practices.,Principles of Accounting,C 5,Principles of Accounting,C 5,所有者,Economic Entity (會(huì)計(jì)主體),一家服裝店的所有者從店里的收銀機(jī)中取走了100美元請(qǐng)客戶吃飯。服裝店的會(huì)計(jì)賬簿是否應(yīng)該反映所有者拿走了現(xiàn)金呢?,會(huì)計(jì)主體是會(huì)計(jì)核算服務(wù)的對(duì)象或者說是會(huì)計(jì)人員進(jìn)行核算(確認(rèn)、計(jì)量、記錄、報(bào)告)采取的立場(chǎng)及空間活動(dòng)范圍界定。,依據(jù)會(huì)計(jì)主體假設(shè)，答案為“是”.。這個(gè)假設(shè)要求服裝店的會(huì)計(jì)賬簿反映出企業(yè)的現(xiàn)金比以前減少了.,Business Entity Forms,Sole Proprietorship,Partnership,Corporation,C 5,Owners of a corporation are called shareholders (or stockholders). When a corporation issues only one class of stock, we call it capital stock.,Corporation,C 5,* Proprietorships and partnerships that are set up as LLCs provide limited liability.,Characteristics of Businesses,C 5,Proprietorships個(gè)體企業(yè),What are some advantages? -total undivided authority -no restrictions on type of business must be legal,What are some disadvantages? -unlimited liability （無限責(zé)任） -limitation on size fund raising power （規(guī)模有限，融次能力受限）,Partnerships合伙企業(yè),What are some advantages? -better credit standing possibly -more brain power, but consultation with partners required,What are some disadvantages? -unlimited personal liability for general partners （一般合伙人承擔(dān)無限責(zé)任） -need for written partnership agreement,Corporations,What are some advantages? -separate legal existence -limited liability of stockholders -transferability of ownership relatively easy,What are some disadvantages? -taxes possible double taxation -extensive governmental regulation,Sarbanes-Oxley Act,Also known as SOX Passed (2002) by Congress to help curb financial abuses at companies that sell stock to the public Requires accounting oversight and stringent internal controls Penalties include stock market delisting and criminal prosecution,Content,Concepts Transaction Analysis Exercise Ratio: ROA,Accounting Equation,A1,Assets 資產(chǎn),=,Liabilities 負(fù)債,+,Equity 所有者權(quán)益,Land,Equipment,Buildings,Cash,Vehicles,Store Supplies,Notes Receivable,Accounts Receivable,Resources owned or controlled by a company,Assets,A1,Taxes Payable,Wages Payable,Notes Payable,Accounts Payable,Creditors claims on assets,Liabilities,A1,Equity,A1,Owners claims on assets,Revenues,Owner Investments,Owner Withdrawals,Expenses,Expanded Accounting Equation,A1,Transaction Analysis Equation,The accounting equation MUST remain in balance after each transaction.,A2,Transaction Analysis (1),The accounts involved are: (1) Cash (asset) (2) Owner Capital (equity),J. Scott invests $20,000 cash to start the business.,A2,Transaction Analysis,J. Scott invests $20,000 cash to start the business.,A2,The accounts involved are: (1) Cash (asset) (2) Supplies (asset),Transaction Analysis (2),Purchased supplies paying $1,000 cash.,A2,Transaction Analysis,Purchased supplies paying $1,000 cash.,A2,The accounts involved are: (1) Cash (asset) (2) Equipment (asset),Transaction Analysis (3),Purchased equipment for $15,000 cash.,A2,Transaction Analysis,Purchased equipment for $15,000 cash.,A2,The accounts involved are: (1) Supplies (asset) (2) Equipment (asset) (3) Accounts Payable (liability),Transaction Analysis (4),Purchased Supplies of $200 and Equipment of $1,000 on account.,A2,Transaction Analysis,Purchased Supplies of $200 and Equipment of $1,000 on account.,A2,Transaction Analysis (5),The accounts involved are: (1) Cash (asset) (2) Notes payable (liability),Borrowed $4,000 from 1st American Bank.,A2,Transaction Analysis,Borrowed $4,000 from 1st American Bank.,A2,Transaction Analysis,The balances so far appear below. Note that the Balance Sheet Equation is still in balance.,A2,Transaction Analysis,Now, lets look at transactions involving revenue, expenses and withdrawals.,A2,The accounts involved are: (1) Cash (asset) (2) Revenues (equity),Transaction Analysis (6),Provided consulting services receiving $3,000 cash.,A2,Transaction Analysis,Provided consulting services receiving $3,000 cash.,A2,The accounts involved are: (1) Cash (asset) (2) Salaries expense (equity),Transaction Analysis (7),Paid salaries of $800 to employees.,Remember that the balance in the salaries expense account actually increases. But, equity decreases because expenses reduce equity.,A2,Transaction Analysis,Remember that expenses decrease equity.,Paid salaries of $800 to employees.,A2,The accounts involved are: (1) Cash (asset) (2) Withdrawals (equity),Transaction Analysis (8),A withdrawal of $500 is made by the owner.,Remember that the withdrawal account actually increases. But, total equity decreases because the withdrawal reduces equity.,A2,Transaction Analysis,Remember that withdrawals decrease equity.,A withdrawal of $500 is made by the owner.,A2,Financial Statements,Lets prepare the Financial Statements reflecting the transactions we have recorded.,Income Statement Statement of Owners Equity Balance Sheet Statement of Cash Flows,P1,Transaction Analysis,Income Statement,A withdrawal of $500 is made by the owner.,A2,Statement of Owners Equity,Net income is the difference between Revenues and Expenses.,The income statement describes a companys revenues and expenses along with the resulting net income or loss over a period of time due to earnings activities.,Income Statement,P1,The net income of $2,200 increases Owners Equity by $2,200.,Statement of Owners Equity,P1,The Balance Sheet describes a companys financial position at a point in time.,Balance Sheet,P1,Statement of Cash Flows,P1,ROA is viewed as an indicator of operating efficiency.,Return on Assets (ROA),A3,ROA is viewed as an indicator of operating efficiency.,Return on Assets (ROA),A3,ROA is viewed as an indicator of operating efficiency.,Return on Assets (ROA),Net incomeAverage total assets,Return on assets,=,A3,End of Chapter 1,