高考英語二輪復習 完形填空 高效解題密招課件.ppt

根據(jù)上述對廣東高考完形填空的命題研究，我們歸納了一些實用的解題方法。所有例證盡可能采用廣東高考真題，但因20112014年的高考題已在“高考真題研練”中出現(xiàn)了，此處不再重復。,(一)上下求索尋信息 因為答案信息點有的在空格前，有的在空格后，有的在前文和后文都有出現(xiàn)，需要綜合考慮或相互印證。有時，還要根據(jù)上、下文提供的信息，結(jié)合常識，進行適當?shù)倪壿嬐评?，才可得出正確答案。不管題目有多難，都一定能在上下文中找到線索。,例1 The school decided that when the driver opened both the front and back doors, 27 who were getting off the bus should get off first， and students who were getting on should get on 28 .(2010廣東) 27. A. parents B. students C. teachers D. drivers 28. A. sooner B. later C. faster D. earlier,解析：27題的答案信息點在空格后的and students who中，關(guān)鍵詞是students，故選B。28題的答案信息點在空格前，關(guān)鍵詞是first，與first相對應是later，故選B。,例2One afternoon， I was out exploringand saw a new kind of cactus(仙人掌). I crouched(蹲)down for a closer look. “Youd better not 47 that.” I turned around to see an old woman “Would you like to come to my home tomorrow? Someone should teach you which plant you should and shouldnt touch.”(湖南) A. break B. pick C. pull D. touch,解析：此題若不讀到文章最后一句的最后一個單詞，很難確定填touch，選D。,2. 左顧右盼找搭配,例3On April 12，1888，Alfreds brother Ludwig died of heart attack. A major French newspaper 21 his brother for him and(2009廣東) found B. misunderstood C. mistook D. judged 解析：四個選項中，能與后面for搭配的， 只有mistook，即mistake A for B(誤以為A 是B)，故選C。,例4Nobel arranged in his will to give the largest part of his money to 28 the Nobel prizes， which would be awarded to people who(2009廣東) A. establish B. form C. develop D. promote 解析：根據(jù)動賓搭配，在四個選項中，能與名詞the Nobel prizes(諾貝爾獎)搭配的，只有establish (設(shè)立)，即“設(shè)立諾貝爾獎”，故選A。用他的大部分錢去“構(gòu)成/開發(fā)/促進”諾貝爾獎，是講不通的。,3. 思前想后通全文,有時，若單獨看空格處或空格所在句，其中兩個、三個甚至四個選項填入空格中都不錯，句子也通順，但結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容來理解，就只有一個是最佳答案了。因此，選擇答案時，一定要考慮到此選項不但在本句中講得通，而且要在全文中也講得通，即貫通全文。,例5Nobel arranged in his will to give the largest part of his money to establish the Nobel prizes， which would be awarded to people who made great 29 to the causes of peace， literature， and the sciences. A. additions B. sacrifices C. changes D. contributions,解析：若單獨看空格處，選項B、C、D都可以填，make great sacrifices“作出巨大犧牲”，make great changes“發(fā)生巨大變化”, make great contributions“作出巨大貢獻”；從文章內(nèi)容或常識來看，諾貝爾獎金應當是獎給那些為世界和平、文學和科學事業(yè)“作出過巨大貢獻”的人，故只能選D。,例6Alfred Nobel became a millionaire and changed the ways of mining，construction, and warfare as the inventor of dynamite(炸藥)the article read. “Dr. Alfred Nobel，who became 23 by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before，died yesterday.” Nobel arranged in his will to give the largest part of his money to A. famous B. sick C. rich D. popular,解析：若單獨看空前的became，填四個選項都沒有語法錯誤, 但是由前文中的became a millionaire和后文give the largest part of his money可知, rich為最佳答案，故選C。,(一)通讀全文，理解大意 重視首句信息，跳過空格，瀏覽全文，從整體上感知全文，理解短文大意，這是解題的基礎(chǔ)。這一步非常重要，萬萬不可忽視。,(二)瞻前顧后，初選答案 在理解短文大意的情況下，結(jié)合各選項的意義和用法，與前后詞語的習慣搭配，特別是上下文的意義銜接等，初選答案?？梢韵冉鉀Q那些自己有把握的問題，對少數(shù)難題，暫時跳過，在上文中難以判斷的題或許在下文中就有暗示或者明顯的提示了，一個在前面不能解答的題或許在填出了另一空后考生就會豁然開朗。,(三)復讀全文，解決殘敵 借助已經(jīng)補全的空格，我們已對全文有了更清楚的理解，可以集中解決遺留的個別難題。 (四)再次復讀，彌補疏漏 全部做好后，考生務必要結(jié)合自己選擇的答案重新閱讀短文內(nèi)容，確保全文文意連貫。,根據(jù)廣東高考完形填空題的特點，只要了解上述三個原則，遵循四個步驟，靈活運用以下五個技巧，任何完形難題都可得到順利解決。希望考生一定要理解、掌握以下五個技巧。,(一)詞語同現(xiàn),某些因語義相關(guān)聯(lián)或搭配相關(guān)聯(lián)的詞語在語篇中有共同出現(xiàn)的傾向性，叫詞語同現(xiàn)，也有人稱之為“詞場”。同現(xiàn)詞之間有反義或相對關(guān)系，或者同類互補關(guān)系等，如different與same; cruel與friendly; death(死亡)與destruction(毀滅); ill與pale，patient, nurse， doctor，operation等。,一個語篇往往會圍繞著某一主題或話題，與此相關(guān)的詞就可能會共同出現(xiàn)，以實現(xiàn)語篇銜接。如2011年廣東高考完形填空的短文，是圍繞“把優(yōu)生從普通班里分離出去會帶來嚴重問題”這一主題展開的，涉及這一主題的可能有“普通班” “特殊班” “優(yōu)生” “普通生”，以及“學校” “老師” “學習”等等,因此，special, gifted，intelligent，top， regular，average，school，classes, teachers，children，learning這些相互關(guān)聯(lián)的詞語就很可能會同時出現(xiàn)在語篇之中。,了解詞語同現(xiàn)，對正確解答完形填空題很有幫助。請運用詞語同現(xiàn)的技巧，解答以下高考真題，并說明正確選項與哪些詞同現(xiàn)。,1.(2010廣東)You have to push the door with the word “PUSH” to go out of the building and to pull the door with the word “PULL” to _ the building. A. enter B. leave C. open D. close,A 因有push(推)就有pull(拉)，有g(shù)o out of(出去)就會有enter(進入)，這就是詞語同現(xiàn)。,2.(2010廣東)When I first came to America， I noticed that a public building had two different doors and they had distinct functionsThis was new to me, because we use the _ door in South Korea A. main B. same C. front D. back,B 美國的門與韓國的門進行對比，same與different相對，是詞語同現(xiàn)。,3.(2010廣東)The school decided that when the driver opened both the front and back doors，students who were getting off the bus should get off first，and students who were getting on should get on _ . A. sooner B. later C. faster D. earlier,B 因與first同現(xiàn)的應是later。,4. (2009廣東)To make sure that he was remembered with love and respect, Nobel arranged in his _ to give the largest part of his money to establish the Nobel prizes，Nobel had to die before he realized what his life was really about. A. book B. article C. will D. contract,C 與die(死)，arrange(安排后事)同現(xiàn)的應當是will(遺囑)。,5. (2008廣東)These tell the story of a mother whose baby grows _ and pale A. sick B. slim C. short D. small,A 與pale同現(xiàn)的單詞，應是sick。,(二)詞語復現(xiàn),詞語復現(xiàn)是指某一個詞以原詞或同義詞等方式在同一語篇中重復出現(xiàn)。語篇中的句子通過復現(xiàn)關(guān)系達到相互銜接的目的。 詞語復現(xiàn)又可分為原詞復現(xiàn)、同源詞復現(xiàn)(又叫同根詞復現(xiàn))、同義或近義詞復現(xiàn)(包括與近義詞的同根詞復現(xiàn)，如ill與sickness)、上下義復現(xiàn)(即總括與分述，如animal 是sheep， tiger， wolf等的上義詞；rose 是flower 的下義詞)、反義復現(xiàn)（如wrong與not right）等。,了解詞語復現(xiàn)這種銜接手段，有助于快速準確地解答完形填空題。請運用詞語復現(xiàn)的技巧，解答以下高考真題，并指出正確選項與哪個詞是何種類別的復現(xiàn)。,1. (2010廣東) Every country has its own culture. Even though each country uses doors. Doors may have _ functions and purposes which lead to _ differences. When I first came to America, I noticed that a public building had two different _ and they had distinct functions. A. different B. important C. practical D. unusual A. national B. embarrassing C. cultural D. amazing A. exits B. entrances C. signs D. doors,A C D 選A，與后面的differences是同根詞復現(xiàn)； 選C，與首句中的culture也是同根詞復現(xiàn)； 選D，與前段中的doors是原詞復現(xiàn)。,2. (2008廣東) There were many ways to prevent this from happening: hanging a knife over the babys head while he slept or covering him with some of his fathers clothes were just two of the recommended _. A. cases B. tools C. steps D. methods,D 因methods與前面的ways是同義詞復現(xiàn)。,3. (2007廣東) Wouldnt it be great if we didnt have to remember passwords ever again? Crave mentions how NECSoft BiodeLogon system uses face recognition technology to log you on to Windows, rather than using a _. A. face B. password C. software D. system,B 與首句中的passwords是原詞復現(xiàn)。,4. Have I given my readers all of the 63 _, that is, facts, opinions, inferences that they need in order to understand my main idea? A. angles B. evidence C. information D. hints,C 因information與后面的facts, opinions, inferences屬上下義復現(xiàn)。,5. I stopped and dropped all the coins into his hat, and he smiled at me, I watched for a while But nothing happened. Disappointedly, I walked off. “It proved to be a waste of _,” I thought. A. words B. effort C. space D. money,D 因money與前面的coins屬上下義復現(xiàn)。,（三）邏輯推斷,根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系來推斷正確答案，邏輯關(guān)系包括因果關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系、并列關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、讓步關(guān)系、遞進關(guān)系、條件與結(jié)果的關(guān)系等。自2007年以來的廣東高考完形填空題來看，最多的是利用因果關(guān)系來推斷正確答案。,請運用邏輯推斷，解答以下試題，并指出正確選項是根據(jù)什么邏輯關(guān)系推斷出來的。 1.(2008廣東)These tell the story of a mother whose baby grows sick and pale and has changed so much that it is almost _to the parents. uncomfortable B. unbelievable C. unacceptable D. unrecognizable,D 因changed so much，結(jié)果父母“認不出來”了。(that 引導結(jié)果狀語從句),2.(2009廣東)Nobel was _to find out not that he had died， but that， when his time was up， he would be thought of only as one who profited from death and destruction. A. upset B. anxious C. excited D. pleased,A 因他發(fā)現(xiàn)當自己死后被認為是靠制造死亡獲取利潤的人，所以他感到“傷心難過”。(在表示情感變化的形容詞后的不定式表示原因),3. (2007廣東) If the system _ to recognize your face, you can recall the Windows user name and password by using a hot-key combination. A. begins B. tries C. fails D. stops,C 由果推因。由下文“調(diào)出窗口用戶名和密碼”可知，應是在“系統(tǒng)不能識別你的臉”的時候。,4. My latest victim is an energetic student. After school, he played football hard for two hours. Though _ , he still went to the cinema. A. excited B. hurt C. late D. tired,D 由讓步關(guān)系可知，盡管很“累”，他還是去了電影院。若根據(jù)前文和常識適當推理，就可進一步確認答案了：因為使勁地踢了兩個小時的足球，所以他累了。,5. He was regarded to be one of the five greatest football players in the world. However, ten years ago, he was only an _ young player. A. experienced B. ordinary C. ambitious D. imaginable,B 由表示轉(zhuǎn)折的副詞however可知，選ordinary (普通的)與前面的greatest (偉大的)相對。,將文段意思和我們原有的生活經(jīng)驗、文化背景知識以及科普常識等結(jié)合起來，進行簡單推理，從而得出正確答案。事實上，該技巧與“邏輯推斷”常常交織在一起的，因為雖有 背景常識，仍需簡單推理；邏輯推理離不開背景常識。 請運用背景常識，進行適當推理，解答以下高考試題。,(四)背景常識,1. (2010廣東)In South Korea, we do not need to wait for people to get off. One morning, I hurried to the bus, and when the bus doors opened, I _ tried to get on the school bus through the front door. A. politely B. patiently C. unconsciously D. slowly,C 由前文可知，因韓國不必等別人下了車再上，作者當時是初來美國的韓國人，在韓國土生土長，由常識“習慣成自然”可知，作者早已習慣不等別人先下了再上車，所以看到校車將門打開后，就“無意識地，不知不覺地”上車了。,2. (2010廣東)All the students around looked at me, I was totally _ , and my face went red. A. embarrassed B. annoyed C. unsatisfied D. excited,A 根據(jù)常識，周圍所有的人都看著作者，作者一定會“感到尷尬”。,3. (2009廣東)the Nobel prizes, which would be awarded to people who made great _ to the causes of peace, literature, and the sciences. A. additions B. sacrifices C. changes D. contributions,D 根據(jù)常識，獎金應當是頒發(fā)給那些為世界和平、文學和科學事業(yè)作出過巨大“貢獻”的人，make contributions to對作出貢獻。,4. (2007廣東) After doing a little research, I found this type of technology already available in English to consumers via a relatively _ application called FaceCode. A. independent B. infrequent C. inexpensive D. instant,C 根據(jù)常識“天下沒有免費的午餐”，要得到某物就可能需要花錢，花錢就涉及物品的貴還是便宜。,主要指動詞與介詞的搭配、動賓搭配及句式搭配等。廣東高考完形填空中主要考查動賓搭配。能不能搭配，除涉及詞語的用法外，還需結(jié)合常識來判斷。 請運用前后搭配習慣，解答以下高考試題。,(五)前后搭配,1.(2009廣東)On April 12，1888，Alfreds brother Ludwig died of heart attack. A major French newspaper _his brother for him and found B. misunderstood C. mistook D. judged,C 根據(jù)動介搭配，能與后面的介詞for搭配的，只有mistook。(注：這類題是極少考查的，八年僅此一題),2.(2009廣東)Nobel arranged in his will to give the largest part of his money to _ the Nobel prizes， establish B. form C. develop D. promote,A 根據(jù)動賓搭配，應是“設(shè)立諾貝爾獎”，即establish the Nobel prizes。,溫馨提示：完形填空中，有的題既可以用這種技巧解答，又可用那種技巧來解答，也有的可能要結(jié)合兩種或多種技巧才能解答。其中，詞語復現(xiàn)、詞語同現(xiàn)和根據(jù)背景常識進行邏輯推斷是最重要的三個解題策略。但不論什么方法，都得在空格前后，或上下文中尋找信息。 但是，所有的方法或技巧都是一種輔助作用，都必須建立在扎實的語言基礎(chǔ)之上。如果詞匯不過關(guān)，句子理不順，篇章意義不理解，任何方法或技巧都將無濟于事。,特別提醒：我們說詞語復現(xiàn)對解答完形填空非常有用，但并不意味著與文章中出現(xiàn)的詞語復現(xiàn)的選項就是正確答案。我們必須明確，作者運用詞語復現(xiàn)的手段，其目的是使語義銜接、語篇連貫。我們使用此技巧解題時，一定要注意上下文意義的關(guān)聯(lián)或銜接，否則，就會出錯。因為命題人往往會設(shè)置一些與文中詞語復現(xiàn)的錯誤選項，我們千萬不要掉入陷阱。,