張小樓煤礦1.5Mta新井設(shè)計【含CAD圖紙+文檔】
張小樓煤礦1.5Mta新井設(shè)計【含CAD圖紙+文檔】,含CAD圖紙+文檔,張小樓,煤礦,mta,設(shè)計,cad,圖紙,文檔
專題部分張小樓礦微震規(guī)律與沖擊礦壓關(guān)系研究劉建剛中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)礦業(yè)工程學(xué)院,江蘇徐州,221116摘要:張小樓礦95206工作面自開始回采到止采一直進行監(jiān)測,監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)具有連貫性,便于進行分析研究。易于得出相應(yīng)的礦震活動規(guī)律。95206工作面在回采過程中會遇到兩個斷層及上層煤的兩個停采線,通過對微震規(guī)律活動分析我們可以了解斷層及上層煤的停采煤柱對95206工作面礦壓顯現(xiàn)的影響。通過對95206工作面回采過程中沖擊礦壓危險性分析,我們可以及時預(yù)測沖擊礦壓發(fā)生的區(qū)域,并提前采區(qū)防護措施。關(guān)鍵詞:沖擊礦壓,關(guān)鍵層,微震規(guī)律,危險性,回采過程Abstract:95206 workface of Zhangxiaolou mine since the beginning of the recovery to stop mining has been conducting monitored and the surveillance data are coherence, In order to facilitate the analysis and study. It is easy to draw the corresponding mine earthquake activity patterns. 95206 face encounter two faults and two of the upper coal Stop Line in the recovery process .by the analysis of microseismic law activities, we can understand the Influence of the fault and stop mining column of the upper coal on 95206 face mine pressure appearance. By the rockburst risk analysis in the recovery process of 95206 mining face, we can predict the region of rockburst occurred in a timely manner, and take protective measures in advance.Keywords: rockburst, key stratum, the microseismic law, risk, recovery process1 前言1.1 沖擊礦壓簡介1.1.1 沖擊礦壓概念沖擊礦壓屬于礦山動力現(xiàn)象,是礦山壓力的一種特殊顯現(xiàn)形式。沖擊礦壓可以定義為礦山井巷或采場周圍礦體和圍巖由于變形能的釋放而產(chǎn)生的以突變、急劇、猛烈的破壞為特征的動力現(xiàn)象。簡單的說,沖擊礦壓就是煤(巖)的突然破壞現(xiàn)象。沖擊礦壓是礦山開采中發(fā)生的煤(巖)動力現(xiàn)象之一,這種動力災(zāi)害通常是在煤(巖)力學(xué)系統(tǒng)達到強度極限時,聚積在煤(巖)體中的彈性能量以突然、急劇、猛烈的形式釋放,在井巷發(fā)生爆炸性事故,造成煤(巖)體振動和破壞,動力將煤(巖)拋向井巷,同時發(fā)生強烈聲響,造成支架與設(shè)備、井巷的破壞以及人員的傷亡等。沖擊礦壓還可能引發(fā)其他礦井災(zāi)害,尤其是瓦斯、煤塵爆炸、火災(zāi)以及水災(zāi),干擾通風(fēng)系統(tǒng),強烈的沖擊礦壓還會造成地面建筑物的破壞和倒塌等。1.1.2 影響沖擊礦壓的主要因素及沖擊礦壓的顯現(xiàn)特征沖擊礦壓發(fā)生的原因是多方面的, 但從總的來說可以分為三類, 即自然的、技術(shù)的和組織管理方面的。影響沖擊礦壓發(fā)生的因素主要有兩大方面:一是礦山地質(zhì)因素,二是開采技術(shù)條件。礦山地質(zhì)因素主要是:開采深度越大,煤體的應(yīng)力越高,在開挖空間周圍煤體內(nèi)應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)越大,煤體變形和積聚的彈性潛能也越大;頂?shù)装鍘r層比較堅硬,煤層具有脆性,易形成較大的集中壓力和積聚較多的彈性能;其次由于地質(zhì)構(gòu)造的存在,破壞了頂板完整性,使頂板壓力在構(gòu)造處重新分布形成構(gòu)造應(yīng)力集中,特別是在斷層帶附近更容易發(fā)生沖擊礦壓。地質(zhì)構(gòu)造因素,在地質(zhì)構(gòu)造帶中一般由地殼運動的殘余應(yīng)力形成構(gòu)造應(yīng)力場。在煤礦中常有斷層、褶曲和局部異常(如底凸起、頂板下陷、煤層分岔、變薄和變厚等構(gòu)造帶),沖擊礦壓就常常發(fā)生在這些構(gòu)造應(yīng)力集中的區(qū)域。開采技術(shù)條件可以促使沖擊礦壓的發(fā)生,它主要體現(xiàn)在兩個方面,一是人為地形形成應(yīng)力集中,增大發(fā)生沖擊礦壓的危險性;二是改變應(yīng)力狀態(tài)和產(chǎn)生震動,可以引發(fā)沖擊礦壓發(fā)生。具體表現(xiàn)如下:(1)不同采煤方法的巷道布置及頂板管理方法不同,所產(chǎn)生的礦山壓力分布規(guī)律也不相同,一般短壁較長壁開采易發(fā)生沖擊礦壓。(2)煤柱是發(fā)生應(yīng)力集中的地點。孤島形和半島形煤柱可能受幾個方向集中應(yīng)力的疊加作用,形成很大的應(yīng)力集中,因而在煤柱附近易形成沖擊礦壓。另外,煤柱上的集中應(yīng)力不僅對本煤層產(chǎn)生影響,而且向下傳遞對下部煤層形成沖擊條件。(3)采掘順序?qū)π纬傻V山壓力的大小和分布有很大關(guān)系。巷道和回采工作面相向推進以及在回采工作面或煤柱中的支承壓力帶內(nèi)掘進巷道,都會使集中應(yīng)力疊加,而導(dǎo)致沖擊礦壓發(fā)生。另外在采空區(qū)附近掘進巷道時,未壓實的采空區(qū)會對掘進巷道產(chǎn)生動力沖擊作用,誘發(fā)沖擊礦壓。(4)在放炮、打鉆或采掘工作時能局部改變煤體的應(yīng)力狀態(tài),一方面使煤層中應(yīng)力迅速重新分布而增加煤體應(yīng)力;另一方面能迅速解除煤層邊緣側(cè)向約束阻力改變煤體的應(yīng)力狀態(tài),由三向壓縮變?yōu)槎驂嚎s,使其抗壓強度下降,導(dǎo)致迅速破壞。因此這些活動具有誘發(fā)沖擊礦壓作用1。1.1.3 沖擊礦壓現(xiàn)象具有以下顯現(xiàn)特征:1、突發(fā)性:沖擊礦壓一般沒有明顯的宏觀前兆而突然發(fā)生,難于事先準(zhǔn)確確定發(fā)生的時間、地點和強度。2、瞬時震動性:沖擊礦壓發(fā)生過程急劇而短暫,像爆炸一樣伴有巨大的聲響和強烈的震動,電機車等重型設(shè)備被移走,人員被彈起摔倒,震動波及范圍可達幾公里甚至幾十公里,地面有地震感覺,但一般震動時間不會超過幾十秒。3、巨大的破壞性:沖擊礦壓發(fā)生時,頂板可能有瞬時明顯下沉,但一般并不冒落;有時底板突然開裂鼓起甚至接頂;常常有大量煤塊甚至上百立方米的煤體突然破碎并從煤壁拋出,堵塞巷道,破壞支架;從后果來看沖擊礦壓常常造成慘重的人員傷亡和巨大的生產(chǎn)損失。1.1.4 國內(nèi)外沖擊礦壓概況1、國內(nèi)沖擊礦壓歷史及現(xiàn)狀我國最早記錄的沖擊礦壓現(xiàn)象于1933年發(fā)生在撫順勝利煤礦,當(dāng)時的開采深度為200米左右。從1949年以來,已發(fā)生破壞性沖擊礦壓4000次,震級0.53.8級,造成大量巷道破壞和慘重的人員傷亡。近年來,我國一些金屬礦山、水電與鐵路隧道工程也出現(xiàn)了巖爆現(xiàn)象。我國煤礦發(fā)生沖擊礦壓有如下特征:(1)突然性。沖擊礦壓發(fā)生前沒有明顯的征兆, 突然、猛烈。(2)多樣性。煤層沖擊、頂板沖擊、底板沖擊等兩三種沖擊的組合。(3)破壞性。片幫和煤炭拋出,頂板突然下沉、底鼓、破壞巷道支護,造成人員傷亡等。(4)在各種采礦和地質(zhì)條件下均發(fā)生過沖擊礦壓。然而具體分析起來,我國沖擊礦壓發(fā)生的條件極為復(fù)雜。從自然地質(zhì)條件來看,除褐煤以外的各煤種都記錄到了沖擊現(xiàn)象,采深從200800米,地質(zhì)構(gòu)造從極簡單至極復(fù)雜,煤層從薄到特厚,傾角從水平到急傾斜,頂板包括砂巖、灰?guī)r、油母頁巖都發(fā)生過;從生產(chǎn)技術(shù)條件看,水采、水砂充填、綜采、炮采、機采、手采等各種工藝,長壁、短壁、巷柱、傾斜分層、水平分層、倒臺階、房柱式等各種方法都出現(xiàn)了沖擊現(xiàn)象。1949年以前我國發(fā)生沖擊礦壓的礦井只有12個,50年代增加為7個,60年代為12個,70年代為22個,到21世紀(jì)初已達到50多個。而隨著開采深度的增加、開采范圍的擴大,今年來雖然采取了不少措施,但全國礦井?dāng)?shù)和總的沖擊數(shù)并未減少。可見,我國沖擊礦壓的防治工作任務(wù)甚為艱巨,具有現(xiàn)實的迫切性和長遠的重大意義。2、國外沖擊礦壓概況沖擊礦壓是世界采礦業(yè)面臨的共同問題。1738年英國在世界上首先報道了沖擊礦壓現(xiàn)象。之后,前蘇聯(lián)、南非、德國、波蘭、美國、加拿大、日本、法國、印度、捷克、匈牙利、保加利亞、奧地利、新西蘭和安哥拉等都記錄了沖擊礦壓。目前,有包括我國在內(nèi)的20多個國家和地區(qū)都有沖擊礦壓,這一事實表明,世界上幾乎所有采礦國家都不同程度地受到?jīng)_擊礦壓的威脅。因此應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確、有效的預(yù)測沖擊礦壓及其危害性,為采取相應(yīng)防治措施提供依據(jù),從根本上消除或緩解沖擊礦壓的危害是非常重要的。1.2 微震檢測系統(tǒng)微震監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)主要由中心計算機、中心數(shù)據(jù)收集器、遠程數(shù)據(jù)采集器、拾震傳感器、打印機、GPS時間服務(wù)器、軟件等部分組成。中心計算機通過數(shù)據(jù)線與數(shù)據(jù)收集器相連,計算機上安裝控制分析軟件,軟件運行在WINDOWS環(huán)境下,接收來自遠程數(shù)據(jù)采集器的原始數(shù)據(jù)、在計算機屏幕上顯示原始數(shù)據(jù)的波形,計算機儲存、回放每一個震動事件,便于人工和自動讀取處理。微震監(jiān)測能夠較為準(zhǔn)確地獲得已發(fā)生微震事件的震源位置、發(fā)生時間和釋放能量,進而統(tǒng)計微震活動強弱和頻率并判斷潛在的礦山動力災(zāi)害活動規(guī)律。2 張小樓礦概況2.1 礦井概況龐莊煤礦張小樓井位于徐州市西北銅山縣柳新鎮(zhèn)和劉集鎮(zhèn)境內(nèi),距徐州市區(qū)13km。南部(淺部)以F1斷層與龐莊井田為界,北部(深部)至京福高速公路保護煤柱線;東部以西1、西2和西3三個坐標(biāo)點的連線及其延長線與柳新井田為界【蘇煤司基(87)第252號文】,西部以點連線與夾河井田深部為鄰【蘇煤司基(84)第579號文】。整個井田東西長約4.80km、南北寬約3.53km,井田面積16.94km2。開采深度為-280m-1250m。龐莊煤礦張小樓井于1973年建成投產(chǎn),礦井原設(shè)計生產(chǎn)能力45萬t/a。1989年由徐州礦務(wù)局設(shè)計處對其進行改擴建初步設(shè)計,設(shè)計生產(chǎn)能力為105萬t/a。2005年3月改擴建完成,并于2005年4月通過了江蘇煤礦安全監(jiān)察局的“礦井改擴建安全設(shè)施竣工驗收”。2006年通過江蘇省經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易委員會組織的竣工驗收,并于當(dāng)年核定礦井生產(chǎn)能力為120萬t /a。張小樓井采用立井多水平開拓,新主井落底-1025m水平,直徑為5.7m;新副井落底-1025m水平,直徑為7.0m;風(fēng)井落底-400m,直徑為5.0m。采用中央并列機械抽出式通風(fēng)方法。張小樓井現(xiàn)在生產(chǎn)水平為-1025m水平,-1025m水平劃分為4個采區(qū),即西一上、下山采區(qū)和西二上、下山采區(qū)。目前,張小樓井基礎(chǔ)儲量為9861.1萬t(-1300m水平以上),設(shè)計可采儲量為6601.1萬t??刹擅簩幼陨隙聻椋?、2、7、9。各煤層特征見表2-1。表2-1 龐莊煤礦張小樓井可采煤層情況一覽表煤層號穿過點數(shù)可采點數(shù)不可采點數(shù)缺失點數(shù)兩極厚度平均值(m)可采指數(shù)變異系數(shù)煤層穩(wěn)定程度717160139.556.001.007%穩(wěn)定91414002.204.623.001.003%穩(wěn)定張小樓礦現(xiàn)在主要是在對7煤和9煤進行開采,在開采的過程中由于設(shè)備的安裝日期的限制,在對9煤監(jiān)測的時間和數(shù)據(jù)相對來說是比較準(zhǔn)確的,主要是對95202和95206兩個面進行分析。1)7煤層7煤層為本礦區(qū)主采煤層之一。厚度02.55m,平均厚度1.79m,局部有0.2m左右的夾矸1層,夾矸巖性主要為頁巖,偶爾也可見砂頁巖;煤層傾角025;7煤上距分界砂巖43.9660.46m,平均間距52.27m左右;7煤下距9煤間距24.1740.85m,平均間距29.33m;煤層可采性指數(shù)Km0.94,變異系數(shù)27。直接頂為灰白色砂質(zhì)頁巖或中細粒砂巖,厚度0.2029.77m,平均厚5.81m老頂多為砂質(zhì)頁巖或中細粒砂巖;直接底為深灰色砂質(zhì)頁巖,偶見中細粒砂巖或粉砂巖,厚度0.5525.23m,平均厚度7.58m。綜合評價7煤為較穩(wěn)定的中厚煤層。2)9煤層9煤層為本礦區(qū)主采煤層之一。9煤上距7煤間距24.1740.85m,平均間距29.33m左右;9煤下距太原組一灰間距24.128.9m,平均間距25.3m左右;煤層厚度02.62m,平均厚度1.47m;煤層傾角025;煤層可采性指數(shù)Km1,變異系數(shù)13。直接頂板多為灰白色細粒砂巖或砂頁巖互層,厚度6.4333.78m,局部有0.30.6m厚的頁巖偽頂;直接底板多為頁巖或砂頁巖,偶見粉砂巖,厚度0.596.08m,1.49m,其下為92煤,直接底較厚的地方9煤與9-2煤合為一層。綜合評價9煤為較穩(wěn)定的中厚煤層。張小樓井田位于徐州煤田九里山向斜中段張小樓背斜北翼。該背斜僅在13-115線的露頭部位有所顯露,其軸部為奧陶系中統(tǒng)地層。F1號逆斷層基本沿背斜軸部切割,因此形成一個不完整背斜,南翼僅殘存很少山西組、太原組煤系地層。北翼保存相對較完整,但也被幾條大中型斷層縱橫切割,略顯破碎。該井田整體呈一走向北東、傾向北西上陡下緩的鏟式單斜構(gòu)造,淺部地層傾角一般在2440、深部地層傾角515。13-116-1勘探線間淺部露頭部位的煤層分別被落差20.0m以上的F18、F15、F14、F0、K3、K1、K6等斷層切割,破壞了淺部單斜構(gòu)造形態(tài)。深部則表現(xiàn)為兩個寬緩的向斜和兩個寬緩的背斜,如圖2-1所示。圖 01張小樓井田構(gòu)造綱要圖2.2 沖擊礦壓顯現(xiàn)徐州礦務(wù)集團的礦井大都進入深部采區(qū),采深達到千米以上,沖擊礦壓動力現(xiàn)象十分嚴(yán)重,其中龐莊煤礦張小樓井等是沖擊礦壓顯現(xiàn)比較典型的礦井。龐莊煤礦張小樓井9煤煤層采深1000 m,局部采深接近1200m,屬于典型的深部開采煤層。深部開采所遇到的沖擊礦壓危害程度遠比淺部開采嚴(yán)重的多,同時沖擊礦壓防治難度也隨著采深的增加而大幅度提升。根據(jù)沖擊傾向性鑒定結(jié)果,龐莊礦張小樓井9煤煤層的沖擊能指數(shù)=5.05,彈性能指數(shù)=10.28,動態(tài)破壞時間=41ms,為典型的強沖擊傾向煤層。加之張小樓井多煤層開采,上部煤層開采時留下的殘采區(qū)、煤柱是構(gòu)成下部煤層開采應(yīng)力集中的一個主要原因。龐莊煤礦張小樓井在長期與沖擊礦壓的斗爭中,從工作面整體布局至局部解危措施的應(yīng)用等,都積累了豐富的預(yù)防和治理經(jīng)驗,取得了相當(dāng)成效,并且已經(jīng)建立了即時與局部預(yù)測的電磁輻射法和鉆屑監(jiān)測方法。但由于沖擊礦壓目前仍是世界性難題,其發(fā)生與否受眾多因素影響和制約,特別是千變?nèi)f化的煤層具體開采技術(shù)條件,分析和治理起來難度仍相當(dāng)大,且隨著張小樓井主采工作面向深部延伸,沖擊礦壓的威脅更加嚴(yán)重。故進一步分析現(xiàn)場礦震數(shù)據(jù),具有重要的實踐指導(dǎo)意義。2.3 95206工作面位置圖02 95206工作面位置95206工作面位置如下圖02:3 微震規(guī)律綜述3.1 95206工作面附近及下山區(qū)域微震頻次統(tǒng)計分析本次分析對象選用95206工作面是因為本工作面基本上是從微震監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)開始運行到止采一直進行監(jiān)測,監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)具有連貫性,便于進行分析研究,易于得出相應(yīng)的礦震活動規(guī)律。同時,95206工作面在2011年11月27日9點20分14秒和9點20分57秒,張小樓井微震監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測到95206皮帶機道三角門處(能量:1.13*105J)和-1025膠帶石門三角門處(能量:3.44*105J)發(fā)生兩起強礦震,其擾動誘發(fā)-1166回風(fēng)石門15m范圍內(nèi)底板底鼓0.5m左右。故以95206工作面為分析對象,能較全面反映本階段礦震活動的規(guī)律性。95206工作面采掘工程平面圖見圖3-1。有圖可看出95206工作面回采過程中不僅需過兩個斷層還要經(jīng)過7煤的兩個停采線,且95206工作面主體位于向斜左翼。自95206工作面回采以來,工作面附近已出現(xiàn)多起強礦震活動事件。而事實上,在這些大的震動事件發(fā)生前,巖體已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了大量的礦震活動。這些礦震活動所發(fā)生的頻次及能量的變化與沖擊礦壓的發(fā)生有非常明顯的關(guān)系。本文取自礦震數(shù)據(jù)庫2011年5月01日至2012年3月12日的數(shù)據(jù)。95206工作面監(jiān)測區(qū)域共檢測到礦震8724次,其中最大能量為8.39E+05J,最小能量不到100.0J,震動能量分級統(tǒng)計見表3-1。由于95206的回采影響下山區(qū)域礦震活躍,在下山區(qū)檢測域內(nèi)共檢測到礦震22077,其中最大能量為5.33E+05J,最小能量不到100.0J,震動能量分級統(tǒng)計見表3-2。表 01 95206工作面附近礦震統(tǒng)計表能量分級(J)震動次數(shù)所占比例/%小于102313835.97102103308635.33103104210624.141041053634.16105106350.40表 02下山區(qū)域礦震統(tǒng)計表能量分級(J)震動次數(shù)所占比例/%小于102722732.74102103837437.90103104560925.411041058273.75105106440.20由表3-1,表3-2可看出,95206工作面回采過程中無論是工作面附近還是下山區(qū)域震動能量大于104J的礦震占總礦震的比例很小,分別是4.56%和3.95%。說明在工作面回采過程中無論是工作面附近還是下山區(qū)域礦震活動比較緩和,工作面覆巖運動較為規(guī)律,不甚劇烈,工作面回采過程中應(yīng)該加強靜載卸壓措施。圖 03 95206工作面附近礦震頻次按月統(tǒng)計圖由圖3-1可看出隨著95206工作面的推進每月發(fā)生礦震的頻次總體上呈增加狀態(tài),折線在2012年3月突然下降是因為95206工作面在此時間段內(nèi)挺停采造成的。由圖3-2可看出隨著95206工作面的推進下山每月發(fā)生礦震的頻次在11月份之前頻次相差不大,穩(wěn)定在1800次左右,但折線在2011年11月突然礦震頻次發(fā)生跳躍穩(wěn)定在2500次左右,2012年3月頻次下降是因為95206工作面在此時間段內(nèi)挺停采造成的。3.2 95206工作面附近及下山區(qū)域微震時序分析圖 04下山附近礦震頻次按月統(tǒng)計圖在這里,主要分析礦震能量與頻次演化規(guī)律。95206工作面自2009-6-27回采至今(2011-5-12012-03-12),已經(jīng)發(fā)生了多次強礦震,而事實上,在這些大的震動事件發(fā)生前,巖體已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了大量的微震活動。這些微震活動所發(fā)生的頻次及能量的變化與強礦震的發(fā)生有非常明顯的關(guān)系。下面具體分析2011-5-12012-03-12期間每月工作面及下山附近微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列變化情況,如圖3-4圖3-23所示。圖 05工作面(2011/5/12011/5/31)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 06工作面(2011/6/12011/6/30)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 07工作面(2011/7/12011/7/31)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 08工作面(2011/8/12011/8/31)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 09工作面(2011/9/12011/9/30)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 010工作面(2011/10/12011/10/31)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 011工作面(2011/11/12011/11/30)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 012工作面(2011/12/12011/12/31)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 013工作面(2012/1/12012/1/31)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 014工作面(2012/2/12012/3/12)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 015下山附近(2011/5/12011/5/31)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 016下山附近(2011/6/12011/6/30)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 017下山附近(2011/7/12011/7/31)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 018下山附近(2011/8/12011/8/31)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 019下山附近(2011/9/12011/9/30)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 020下山附近(2011/10/12011/10/31)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 021下山附近(2011/11/12011/11/30)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 022下山附近(2011/12/12011/12/31)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 023下山附近(2012/1/12012/1/31)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖圖 024下山附近(2012/2/12012/3/12)微震事件震動頻次、能量時間序列圖通過觀測某個巷道和開采區(qū)域中由微震監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)確定的參數(shù)在到目前為止所發(fā)生的變化,并確定由此引起的沖擊礦壓危險相對于目前為止的沖擊危險的上升或下降的程度。積極找出強礦震發(fā)生的前兆規(guī)律。根據(jù)以上對張小樓煤礦95206工作面沖擊危險狀況的分析,基于微震監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)確定了單日微震累計能量、震動頻次兩個參量進行危險程度的分析和評價。根據(jù)以上震源時空演化規(guī)律的分析,確定以下特征為強礦震和強沖擊發(fā)生的前兆規(guī)律:(1)日震動頻次連續(xù)處于高位或在高位的基礎(chǔ)上持續(xù)上升,而日釋放能量較長時間維持低水平或在低位的基礎(chǔ)上下降再或者上升不大時,說明強礦壓即將到來。(2)在活躍期后,若出現(xiàn)以日震動能量和日震動頻次雙下降為特征的沉寂區(qū)間,則說明下一步要釋放大量能量。(3)在發(fā)生較強礦壓顯現(xiàn)之后,若日震動頻次降低,而日震動能量不但沒有降低反而走高;或者震動頻次升高而能量降低,則預(yù)示強沖擊的到來。只有在大能量釋放后能量與頻次都下降才安全。(4)震動次數(shù)高表明巖體破裂活動頻繁,是應(yīng)力集中下巖體失穩(wěn)的征兆,之后出現(xiàn)的沉寂現(xiàn)象則是預(yù)示巖層中強礦震能量蓄積的征兆,應(yīng)格外注意。(5)強礦壓顯現(xiàn)發(fā)生前,礦震次數(shù)和礦震能量迅速增加,維持在較高水平,直到發(fā)生大的強礦壓顯現(xiàn)后,礦震次數(shù)和礦震能量明顯降低;(6)巖體中能量的釋放總是處于一種波動狀態(tài),對應(yīng)積聚和能量釋放的頻繁轉(zhuǎn)換中,而在具有沖擊危險的情況時,這種波動狀態(tài)開始加劇,震源總能量變化趨勢首先經(jīng)歷一個震動活躍期,之后出現(xiàn)較明顯的下降階段,當(dāng)震動活躍期中出現(xiàn)震動頻次較高時,開始具有沖擊危險性,而在下降階段再回升或下降階段中出現(xiàn)比較長時間的沉寂現(xiàn)象后,并且震動頻次維持在較高水平時,此時具有強沖擊危險性。(7)微震活動與采掘活動有密切的關(guān)系,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)較大的微震活動時,都應(yīng)從時間序列分析與采掘的關(guān)系,逐次遠離回采工作面時危險性較小,逐次向回采工作面靠近時,應(yīng)加強防范。3.3 礦震空間演化規(guī)律在這里,主要具體分析95206工作面每月礦震震源的空間分布情況以及工作面下山附近震動平面圖。圖 02595206全礦井工作面震源分布圖( 103 J-104 J 104J-105 J 105J-106J)圖 026工作面附近威震分布平面圖(圓圈代表能量104J)從震源空間的月分布和平面分布演化趨勢可見,震源集中區(qū)域隨著工作面的推進,逐步往前移動;強度較高的震動并不是突然的出現(xiàn),而是有一個向上的發(fā)展過程;采空區(qū)底板中出現(xiàn)的震動隨開采進行也逐漸增多;工作面上方發(fā)生的震動多在工作面后方,且分布上呈現(xiàn)一條斜線帶,這與頂板分層垮落是一致的;工作面超前應(yīng)力集中區(qū)在開采初期震動較少,能量也較小,隨著開采范圍的擴大,前方也出現(xiàn)較多震動,并出現(xiàn)幾次能量較高的強礦震事件,表明煤巖層在超前支承壓力作用下已經(jīng)開始出現(xiàn)大范圍斷裂或破壞。從整個回采過程中看,礦震大多分布在褶曲一翼、斷層附近。圖 027下山附近微震分布平面圖(圓圈代表能量104)如圖3-26所示,95206工作面回采過程中對下山巷道影響很大,尤其95206工作面下山附近,微震活動劇烈,高能量的微震發(fā)生頻率高,對于沖擊礦壓的預(yù)測有重要意義。4 工作面及下山附近危險性分析4.1 構(gòu)造的影響4.1.1 褶曲研究表明,如圖3-27所示,一般情況下,對于回采工作 面來說,在褶曲的各個部位,出現(xiàn)的危險性是不一樣的, 褶曲向斜部分,其應(yīng)力垂直為壓力,水平為拉力,最容易 出現(xiàn)冒頂和沖擊礦壓;褶曲兩翼,這部分的應(yīng)力,垂直和 水平均是壓力,最容易出現(xiàn)沖擊礦壓;褶曲背斜,其應(yīng)力 狀態(tài)為垂直拉力,水平拉力,這部分也是最大礦山壓力區(qū) 域。數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果 也表明,最大水平應(yīng)力是壓應(yīng)力,主 要集中在褶曲向斜、背斜內(nèi)弧的波谷和波峰部位。 因此,在褶曲部分開采煤層時,褶曲這種應(yīng)力場初始 狀態(tài)的變化必將對巷道開挖或工作面開采引起的應(yīng)力場變 化產(chǎn)生影響,發(fā)生沖擊礦壓的危險性就極大。圖 028褶曲部分的受力狀態(tài)及危險性4.1.2 斷層95206工作面在推進過程中還要受到兩個斷層和7煤的兩個停采煤柱的影響,斷層附近煤層傾角變化大,構(gòu)造應(yīng)力復(fù)雜多變,極易產(chǎn)生微震并引發(fā)沖擊礦壓。95206工作面推進到最后時,在工作面附近礦震運動尤為激烈,且能量比較集中,應(yīng)對周圍巷道加強支護。并及時泄壓,一方?jīng)_擊礦壓的發(fā)生。4.2 上覆煤層停采線及煤柱的影響上覆煤層工作面的停采線和煤柱形成的應(yīng)力集中對下部煤層產(chǎn)生了很大的威脅,使沖擊礦壓的危險性有很大增加,如果定義E/W為觀測范圍內(nèi)單位生產(chǎn)煤量所產(chǎn)生的震動能量(J/t),則上覆煤層的停采線對采面的推進過程影響的E/W指標(biāo)值如Error! Reference source not found.所示,圖 4-3介紹了工作面通過上覆煤層殘采區(qū)時的E/W指標(biāo)值的變化曲線。5 結(jié)論通過微震數(shù)據(jù)分析可知,無沖擊危險時,微震活動較平靜,持續(xù)保持在較低的能量水平,處于能量穩(wěn)定釋放狀態(tài)。當(dāng)有沖擊礦壓發(fā)生時,微震頻次和能量會急劇,微震活動保持在一個較高的能量狀態(tài)并持續(xù)一段時間。沖擊礦壓發(fā)生后微震頻次和能量水平會降降低到原先水平。通過微震分析,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)高能量的微震主要發(fā)生在斷層、褶曲一翼及下山方向下部區(qū)域。及時預(yù)測沖擊礦壓發(fā)生時間及地點,可有利于礦井安全生產(chǎn)和保護工人安全。圖 029工作面過上層停采線時E/W分布圖圖 030工作面過上層殘采區(qū)時E/W分布圖參考文獻1 竇林名,何學(xué)秋沖擊礦壓防治理理與技術(shù)M徐州:中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,20012 CAO Anye, DOU Linming, CHEN Guoxiang, et a1.Focal mechanism caused by fracture or burst of a coal pillJJournal of China University of Mining&Technology 2008,18(2):1531583 竇林名,何學(xué)秋采礦地球物理學(xué)M北京:中國科學(xué)文化出版社,20024 陸菜平,竇林名,吳興榮,等巖體微震監(jiān)測的頻譜分析 與信號識別J巖土工程學(xué)報,2005,27(7):772775 5 陸菜平,竇林名,吳興榮,等煤巖沖擊前兆微震頻譜演 變規(guī)律的試驗與實證研究J巖石力學(xué)與工程學(xué)報, 2007,27(3):5195256 錢鳴高, 石平五. 礦山壓力與巖層控制M. 徐州: 中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)出版社, 200417 成云海,姜福興,程久龍等關(guān)鍵層運動誘發(fā)礦震的微震探測初步研究煤炭學(xué)報,2006,31(3):2732778 許家林.巖層移動與控制的關(guān)鍵層理論及其應(yīng)用博士學(xué)位論文.徐州:中國礦業(yè)大學(xué),19989 錢鳴高,繆協(xié)興,許家林等巖層控制的關(guān)鍵層理論M徐州:中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,2003任務(wù)書學(xué)院 專業(yè)年級 學(xué)生姓名 任務(wù)下達日期:20xx年1月8日畢業(yè)設(shè)計日期:20xx年3月12日 至 20xx年6月8日畢業(yè)設(shè)計題目: 張小樓礦1.5 Mt/a新井設(shè)計畢業(yè)設(shè)計專題題目:張小樓礦微震規(guī)律與沖擊礦壓關(guān)系研究畢業(yè)設(shè)計主要內(nèi)容和要求:以實習(xí)礦井張小樓煤礦條件為基礎(chǔ),完成張小樓煤礦1.5Mt/a新井設(shè)計。主要內(nèi)容包括:礦井概況、礦井工作制度及設(shè)計生產(chǎn)能力、井田開拓、首采區(qū)設(shè)計、采煤方法、礦井通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)、礦井運輸提升等。結(jié)合煤礦生產(chǎn)前沿及礦井設(shè)計情況,撰寫一篇關(guān)于張張小樓礦微震規(guī)律與沖擊礦壓關(guān)系研究的專題論文。完成2011年國際巖石力學(xué)與采礦科學(xué)雜志上與采礦有關(guān)的科技論文翻譯一篇,題目為“Mine gas drainage and outburst control in Australian underground coal mines”,論文3893字符。 院長簽字: 指導(dǎo)教師簽字:翻譯部分英文原文Mine gas drainage and outburst control in Australianunderground coal minesNaj Aziza, Dennis Blackb and Ting Renaa School of Civil, Mining & Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong,NSW 2522, Australiab PacificMGM, Mining and Gas Management Consultants, Wollongong,Australia (www.pacificmgm.com.au)Abstract:Australia produces both black and brown coal and is the worlds fourth largest producer of black coal, after China, USA and India. Australian underground coal mines operate under controlled safety codes. The establishment of the mine safety management system, including the 1994 outburst management plan, contributed to a significant improvement in mine safety leading to non-fatality in outburst related incidences since 1994. The management of outburst risk, as a part of the overall safety and health management system is described. Also discussed are the introduction of outburst threshold limit values and the desorption rate index which forms the basis for determining safe mining conditions along with the “Authority to Mine” process The measures taken and lessons learned from safe mining of Australias outburst prone mines represent an opportunity for improved mining safety in other countries, such as China. The role of the Australian Coal Association Research Program, which supports research in critical are as such as outburst risk control and management, is also discussed.Keywords: Mine, Gas, Outburst, Mine safety management, Threshold limit values, Risk management1.IntroductionAustralia produces both black and brown coal and is the worlds fourth largest producer of black coal, after China, USA and India, and the fifth largest producer of brown coal, after Germany, Russia, Turkey and USA. In 2009, Australia produced approximately 346 Mt of saleable black coal from 451 Mt of total raw coal production, and approximately 68 Mt of brown coal 12. Almost 98% of Australian black coal production is sourced from the two eastern states of New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (QLD) while brown coal is produced mainly in Victoria, with 98% coming from the Latrobe Valley. All of the brown coal production is utilised within Victoria for power generation. In 2009, Australia supplied 29% of global black coal export market, and has been the leading exporter of black coal since 1984. Black coal is Australias principal export commodity, generating A$55 billion in revenue for the nation last year. Australia produces and exports both metallurgical and thermal coal in approximately equal proportions. The majority of Australias metallurgical (coking) coal is produced in Queensland, while New South Wales produces predominantly thermal (steaming) coal. The Australian coal mining industry directly employs approximately 30 000 people and indirectly supports the employment of a further 100 000 people who provide services to the coal industry. Coal seam gas represents a potentially significant risk to the safety and productivity of underground mines. Ineffective control and management of coal seam gas increases the risk of creating conditions that may result in either a coal and gas outburst or a methane and coal dust explosion. Poor gas management may also lead to general body gas concentrations exceeding statutory limits necessitating the cessation of production activities within the affected area. Over 730 outbursts have occurred in Australian mines since 1895. Table 1 lists both fatal and other incidents related to coal seam gas explosions and gas outbursts. Such incidents have shaped coal mine legislation and operating practices and provide the motivation to develop and maintain safe working conditions and operating practices. Many of the leading Australiancoal mining companies now strive for “Zero Harm” and significant resources are dedicated to achieving this goal. Australian mining now relies on the use of Safety and Health Management Systems (SHMS) that identify hazards and other potential risks present at individual mines and requires the development of management plans and operating procedures that detail the process to identify and assess hazards and implement appropriate controls to reduce risks to as low as reasonably achievable. The management of the Mine/Colliery is required to reduce and minimise the risks associated with outbursts in development panels and on longwall faces. This aim is achieved by the drainage of inseam gas to reduce in situ content to below defined Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and implementing a system of measurement and assessment of outburst risk prior to authorising mining activities to take place in any part of the mine. Table 1: Gas explosions and outburst incidents in Australia2.Outburst Risk Management The Outburst Management Plan (OMP) 6 is an integral part of a mines SHMS and is developed and maintained to effectively control the risks associated with the outburst hazard. An example of a typical relationship between the OMP and other components of the mine SHMS is illustrated in Fig. 1.The prime objective of the Mine/Colliery OMP is to facilitate exploratory inseam drilling and gas drainage with the aim of reducing in situ coal seam gas contents, in all areas of the mine where development and longwall operations (and subsequent longwall extraction) are to be carried out.Reducing the pressure and content of gas within the coal seam through focussed gas drainage has beenproven in Australia to be the most effective control to ensure that the risk of an outburst (or other release of dangerous quantities of noxious or flammable gas) is minimised and allows normal mining operationsto be carried out. In exceptional circumstances, where conditions within the coal seam prevent effective gas drainage, the OMP makes allowance for alternate mining procedures to be used, under strictly controlled and considered circumstances. In all circumstances the intent of the OMP is to maintain the protection provided to employees and the operation. The OMP applies to all employees of the Colliery who are engaged in development mining, longwall mining, gas drainage or associated tasks and any other parties associated with the application of the OMP. It covers the strategies associated with prediction and prevention techniques as well as methodologies associated with the protection of personnel and the operation from the effects of an outburst.If a coal seam is identified to be outburst prone, it is a requirement for the Mine/Colliery operating in such coal seam to develop and operate in accordance with an outburst management plan (OMP). This plan has been developed to address the risk of a gas induced outburst. The OMPs prime operational objective is to carry out effective in-seam drilling and gas drainage, sufficiently in advance of development mining, in order to reduce in situ seam gas contents to below the normal mining thresholdsand allow mining to be carried out under normal conditions. The main elements of the plan include Prediction, Prevention and Protection (Control).2.1 Prediction There are several factors that are accepted as the key parameters associated with outburst prediction.The geological structures of coal, excessive gas content and ground tectonic stresses are the key factors.In general, geological structures are likely to be the location of any outbursts. Geological structures are considered to present an increased risk of outburst as such structures may create stress concentrations and create a barrier that results in a high gas pressure differential. The detection of geological structural anomalies ahead of mining is achieved by in-seam drilling and the nature of the anomalies are subsequently elaborated through the use of various geophysical logging methods such as 2D and 3D seismic surveys, and the use of other technologies such as radio imaging and radar.Other methods of gas outburst prediction tools include the prediction indices 7 and using tube bundle and/or real time gas monitoring systems to detect the gas concentrations throughout the mine. In each mine the mine geologist will be responsible for the collection, analysis (with regard to outburst potential) and maintenance of the data; the mine surveyor 8 will be responsible for a drill log summary sheet for each in-seam borehole drilled within the Colliery for the purpose of exploration,structure prediction core sampling or gas drainage and plot any anomalies recorded by drillers onto the Surveyors plan, independent of the geological interpretation of that data. The gas drainage engineer willestablish documented standards and assessments for drilling of in-seam boreholes, connecting the drainage holes to the gas drainage system in the mine, and the monitoring of gas flows from boreholes, and maintenance of the gas drainage system to maximise effectiveness and the safe means of clearing a borehole suspected of being blocked. Other responsibilities of the mine geologist, the surveyor and the gas drainage engineer are described in the New South Wales Department of Mineral Resources OMP 6.2.2 PreventionThis is related to the effectiveness of gas drainage coupled with gas flow monitoring, and regular core sampling, so that the mine manager is always aware of the seam gas and structural environment into which the mine is about to develop or extract. Prevention of outburst during mining of development roadways is achieved by the deployment of gas drainage in reducing seam gas contents to below the appropriate threshold value for the composition of the prevailing seam gas.Both prediction and prevention form the input into the Authority to Mine (ATM) process which, upon completion, will determine the mining methodology to be used to develop each roadway or sequence of roadways and extract longwall panels.2.3 Protection or Control This is offered to development operators by way of routine training in outburst awareness, the identification of outburst warning signs and use of first response rescue and escape equipment, the provision of that equipment in the development panel at all times and the ability to suspend mining and initiate an inspection at any time should outburst warning signs be observed. Various systems and measures, which contribute to control/or protection from outbursts to include: l Ground destressing, which includes stress relief drilling, stress relief mining, inducer shot firing and gas drainage, l The use of OMPs6,l Hydraulic fracturing; a method that has increasing application both for UIS and SIS operations, l Pulse infusion shot firing, l Water infusion. Pulsed infusion shot firing and water infuse are not generally used in Australia. Fig. 1 Mine safety management system 3.Authority to Mine (ATM) The prediction and prevention provisions are designed to develop a clear picture of the conditions prevailing ahead of development panels and to reduce the seam gas content to below the threshold value corresponding to the seam gas composition prevailing in that area. The data generated as a result of the prediction and prevention provisions provide the input into the Authority to Mine process. The method of working will be decided for each set of circumstances by using the available and recognized outburst decision making flowchart” 6. The Outburst Risk Review Team (ORRT) will be responsible for and manage the ATM process.The ATM will be co-authorised by the mine manager, undermanager-in-charge and the gas drainage engineer. ORRT is a group responsible under the OMP to review data relevant to outburst risk at the mine and to manage mining activities through the ATM process. The group normallyconsists of mine manager, gas drainage engineer or ventilation coordinator, undermanager-in-charge, gas drainage engineer, mine geologist, workforce representative and development coordinator. The mine manager, undermanager-in-charge and gas drainage engineer are responsible for approving an ATM. 4.Threshold Limit Values (TLV) Following the last outburst related fatality in Australia, which occurred at West Cliff Colliery, Illawarra Coalfield, Sydney Basin, on 25th January 1994, the NSW Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) issued a directive to all mines operating in the Bulli seam detailing actions to be implemented to prevent further outburst related fatalities. Arguably the most significant of these actions was the stipulation of limits on seam gas content prior to mining, known as outburst Threshold Limit Values (TLV). Fig shows the Bulli seam TLV prescribed by the DMR 9. The TLV varied linearly based on gas composition, decreasing from a maximum in CH4 rich conditions to a minimum in CO2 rich conditions. The Level 1 TLV indicates the maximum gas content limit for normal mining above which outburst mining procedures must be followed. The Level 2 TLV indicates the maximum gas content limit for outburst mining above which mining must only be undertaken using remote operated equipment, with all personnel remaining clear of the outburst risk zone.Fig. 2 Prescribed Bulli seam Outburst Threshold Limits 9Williams and Weissman 10 introduced the concept of using the rate of gas desorption from crushed coal, during Q3 testing, known as Desorption Rate Index (DRI), to determine TLV applicable to coal mines operating in coal seams other than the Bulli seam. The test involved measuring the volume of gasemitted from a 200 g sub-sample of coal material after crushing for 30 seconds and extrapolating the result to the total gas content (QM) of the full core sample to determine the DRI of the full coal sample (Williams, 1996 11 and Williams, 1997 12). The data presented in Fig, which represents data collected from the 386 panel at West Cliff Colliery 12 demonstrate a strong correlation between QM and DRI for both CO2 rich and CH4 rich coal samples. The relationship was assumed by Williams and Weissman 10 to be representative of all Bulli seam conditions. As shown in Fig.3, the Bulli seam TLV of 9 m3/t (100% CH4) and 6 m3/t (100% CO2) correspond to a common desorbed gas volume of 900 mL. From this assessment, Williams and Weissman concluded that the QM value corresponding to a DRI of 900, based on a unique QM-DRI relationship determined specifically for each mine and coal seam, represent the TLV applicable to that coal mine. Fig. 3 QM relative to DRI for CO2 and CH4 rich coal from 386 panel 125.ConclusionsThe stringent guidelines under which the Australian underground coal mines operate demonstrate that coal mining can be achieved safely. China and other high coal producing countries with abundance of coal reserves may consider the use of SHMSs and OMPs similar to those being used in Australia. In the present era of advanced knowhow and technology there is no reason why underground coal miningcannot operate totally free from injuries and fatalities. This is a great challenge that must not be ignored.中文翻譯澳大利亞井工煤礦的瓦斯抽放技術(shù)與瓦斯突出控制技術(shù)Naj Aziza, Dennis Blackb and Ting Rena臥龍崗大學(xué)土木工程學(xué)院采礦與環(huán)境工程系, NSW 2522 ,澳大利亞 太平洋地區(qū)煤炭開采與瓦斯管理戰(zhàn)略部,臥龍崗, 澳大利亞摘要:澳大利亞是世界上僅次于中國、美國及印度的第四大煙煤與褐煤的生產(chǎn)基地。澳大利亞煤礦井下工作必須嚴(yán)格遵守安全規(guī)則。煤礦安全管理制度的建立,包括1994年頒布的顯著提高煤炭瓦斯突出的非致死率的瓦斯突出管理措施。本文描述了做為安全和衛(wèi)生管理制度的重要的一部分的突出危險管理制度。本文還討論了突出閥限值的引進利用及煤礦管理系統(tǒng)在確定安全開采條件過程中形成的瓦斯解析率指數(shù)。澳大利亞的有突出危險性的煤礦為保證煤礦的安全開采采取的防突措施及治突的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)為其他國家的煤炭安全開采提供了一個范本,例如中國。一向支持在關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域的研究例如突出危險控制和管理的澳大利亞煤炭工業(yè)協(xié)會研究規(guī)劃部所起的作用也被提及。關(guān)鍵詞:煤礦,瓦斯,突出礦井的安全管理,閾限值,風(fēng)險管理1.引言澳大利亞是僅次于中國、美國及印度的世界第四大煙煤生產(chǎn)基地及僅次于德國、俄羅斯、土耳其和美國的世界第五大褐煤生產(chǎn)基地。2009年澳大利亞從451萬噸原煤中生產(chǎn)約346萬噸可供銷售的煙煤和約68萬噸褐煤。幾乎98的澳大利亞煙煤來源于東部兩個州新南威爾士(NSW)和昆士蘭州(QLD),而褐煤生產(chǎn)主要集中在維多利亞州,全國98的褐煤出自拉特羅布山谷,維多利亞州的電能幾乎全部由褐煤生產(chǎn)而來。2009年,澳大利亞出口的煙煤占世界出口市場29,并從1984年開始一直牢牢占據(jù)著煙煤出口市場的龍頭地位。煙煤是澳大利亞的主要出口能源商品,去年澳大利亞煙煤出口獲利55億美元。澳大利亞生產(chǎn)和出口的冶金和動力煤比例大致相等。大多數(shù)澳大利亞的冶金(煉焦)煤產(chǎn)自昆士蘭州,而新南威爾士州主要生產(chǎn)動力(汽)煤炭。澳大利亞約30萬人直接從事煤炭開采業(yè),煤炭衍生行業(yè)間接為100萬人澳大利亞人民提供就業(yè)機會。煤層瓦斯是影響井工煤礦安全生產(chǎn)的潛在重大隱患。煤層瓦斯管理和控制不利,將會增加煤與瓦斯突出及瓦斯和煤塵爆炸等災(zāi)害的發(fā)生機率。惡劣的煤層瓦斯管理水平,將可能會使工作區(qū)瓦斯超限,導(dǎo)致煤礦不得不停止生產(chǎn)進行整改。自1895年以來,澳大利亞全國發(fā)生超過730次瓦斯突出災(zāi)害。表1列出了澳大利亞發(fā)生過的瓦斯爆炸和煤與瓦斯突出事故。這些事故促使煤炭法規(guī)及煤炭作業(yè)規(guī)范的形成,并為尋找更安全的工作條件和不斷完善操作規(guī)范提供了源源不斷的動力。現(xiàn)在許多技術(shù)領(lǐng)先的澳大利亞煤礦公司在實現(xiàn)高產(chǎn)高效的同時爭取“零傷害”,并致力于實現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)?,F(xiàn)在,澳大利亞礦業(yè)依靠使用的安全健康管理系統(tǒng)(SHMS)來確定各個煤礦危害等級及其他潛在災(zāi)害。詳盡的管理計劃和作業(yè)規(guī)程可以用來確定和評估災(zāi)害發(fā)生狀態(tài),并及時采取措施將災(zāi)害降到最低。礦山/煤礦的管理要減少或盡量減少在已開拓巷道和回采工作面發(fā)生與瓦斯突出有關(guān)的災(zāi)害。以下兩種措施實現(xiàn)了該目的:通過瓦斯預(yù)抽排放技術(shù)使煤層瓦斯含量降到閾限值(TLV)以下;在進行任何開采活動前需對煤礦各個部位進行突出危險性的測量和評估。表 1澳大利亞歷年突出事故匯總表發(fā)生煤礦時間(年)深度(m)死亡人數(shù)(個)突出氣體突出煤量(t)Metropolitan1895425CH4混CO2200Metropolitan18964253礦井瓦斯Metropolitan19264002CO2Metropolitan19544252CH4、CO2140Metropolitan1961425CH490North Bulli1911370CH4、CO2300Coal Cliff1961450CH4、CO21Corrimal1967400CH42Appin1966520CH450Bulli1972380CH460West Cliff1977-1993460CO2100Collinsville1954-1978220300C.C.C.P1978280CH4400Leichardt1975370CO225Tahmoor19851CO2500South Bulli19913CH4West Cliff19941CH4300Central2001400CH4、CO2Brimestone/Oakdale1992-1995CH4、CO260-80Kemira1980CH4、CO210Tower1981-2000CH41-80Appin2010CH42.突出危險管理突出管理計劃(OMP)是煤礦安全健康管理系統(tǒng)(SHMS)的組成部分,可以幫助研究開發(fā)能夠有效控制與突出相關(guān)的的災(zāi)害的措施,并確保它能順利實施。圖1詳細說明了突出管理計劃(OMP)與煤礦安全健康管理系統(tǒng)(SHMS)各部分之間的關(guān)系。突出管理計劃(OMP)最初的目的是研究利用鉆孔技術(shù)和瓦斯的流動性進行瓦斯抽放進而將煤層瓦斯含量降到安全水平以下?,F(xiàn)在OMP已在礦井各個領(lǐng)域廣泛應(yīng)用,無論是開拓還是回采作業(yè)。在澳大利亞通過集中瓦斯抽放進而降低煤層瓦斯壓力和含量,可以有效的控制瓦斯突出(或其他的有毒或可燃氣體的大量釋放),并將突出危險性降到最低,進而允許礦井進行正常的采礦作業(yè)。在特殊情況下,由于煤層的特殊條件影響,瓦斯抽放很難取得理想效果,在考慮實際情況和采取嚴(yán)格措施后,OMP會采用備用采礦工序。無論在什么情況下OMP的目的是保護工人和設(shè)備的安全。OMP與礦山的所有人員有關(guān),無論是從事掘進、回采、瓦斯抽放及其它相關(guān)工種的工作人員還是從事OMP服務(wù)與應(yīng)用的相關(guān)人員。它涵蓋了瓦斯突出的預(yù)測與預(yù)防技術(shù)策略,以及保護工作人員和機器免受突出災(zāi)害影響。如果煤層經(jīng)鑒定后為易突出煤層,則該煤層的開拓和回采應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照突出管理計劃(OMP)中規(guī)定的作業(yè)規(guī)程執(zhí)行。這個計劃就是為減少突出引發(fā)的瓦斯災(zāi)害而設(shè)計的。OMP首要的目標(biāo)是實施有效的煤層鉆孔瓦斯抽放措施,使煤層在開采前將煤層瓦斯含量降低到瓦斯閾限值以下,以便進行正常安全的回采作業(yè)。該計劃的主要內(nèi)容包括預(yù)測、預(yù)防和保護(控制)。2.1預(yù)測以下是幾個參數(shù)被公認(rèn)為是預(yù)測突出有的關(guān)鍵參數(shù),它們是煤炭的地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)、氣體含量過高和地面構(gòu)造應(yīng)力場。一般情況下,地質(zhì)構(gòu)造處往往容易發(fā)生突出災(zāi)害,地質(zhì)構(gòu)造往往會增加突出發(fā)生的幾率,這種構(gòu)造往往會產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力集中,阻礙瓦斯流動造成局部地區(qū)高瓦斯壓力。礦山地質(zhì)構(gòu)造異常檢測是通過在煤層鉆井利用各種地球物理測井方法來確定構(gòu)造的異常性質(zhì),如通過二維和三維地震勘探,或使用如無線電成像和雷達探測等其他技術(shù)。其它的瓦斯突出預(yù)測方法包括包括預(yù)測瓦斯指數(shù)和使用管束和/或?qū)崟r氣體監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)檢測到整個礦井的瓦斯?jié)舛取8鱾€煤礦的礦井地質(zhì)工作者負(fù)責(zé)收集、分析(有突出危險性的數(shù)據(jù))和整理保存數(shù)據(jù);礦山測量員負(fù)責(zé)確定鉆孔日志,為取得構(gòu)造核心有代表性的樣本品巖石或為進行瓦斯抽放而在各個煤層中鉆孔勘探,并將勘探數(shù)據(jù)記錄匯總,對構(gòu)造異常現(xiàn)象作出解釋。瓦斯抽放技術(shù)人員負(fù)責(zé)建立一套鉆孔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和評價體系,建立完整的礦井的瓦斯抽放體系和鉆孔瓦斯流量的動態(tài)監(jiān)測體系,維護好瓦斯抽放體系使其達到最佳經(jīng)濟效益并可安全方式處理堵塞鉆孔。在新南威爾士州礦產(chǎn)資源OMP部對煤炭地質(zhì)工作人員、測量員和瓦斯抽放技術(shù)員的其他職責(zé)有詳細說明。2.2預(yù)防有效的瓦斯抽放、氣體流量的動態(tài)監(jiān)測和定期核心取樣與預(yù)防突出有緊密聯(lián)系,因此礦井管理人員一定了解各煤層煤層氣的分布狀態(tài)及其地質(zhì)構(gòu)造情況,事實證明最有效地降低瓦斯突出可能性的措施是,通過鉆孔進行瓦斯抽放,使煤層瓦斯含量降低到閾限值以下。將預(yù)測結(jié)果和預(yù)防措施輸入到ATM系統(tǒng)中,ATM系統(tǒng)將會確定煤層采煤方法、巷道掘進方法和巷道掘進順序。2.3保護/控制煤礦工人要經(jīng)常接受突出演習(xí)訓(xùn)練,通過訓(xùn)練,工人須牢記突出危險發(fā)生前兆,要確保突出發(fā)生時第一反應(yīng)是使用救命和逃生設(shè)備,煤礦要有實時監(jiān)控回采區(qū)段的的設(shè)備,并且當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯突出前兆發(fā)生時,該監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)要隨時立即切斷回采區(qū)段所有設(shè)備的電源,使設(shè)備停機,以確保安全。突出災(zāi)害發(fā)生時有以下幾條保護措施和方法:l 減小應(yīng)力集中,包括鉆孔釋放應(yīng)力、開采解放層、誘導(dǎo)應(yīng)力釋放和瓦斯抽放等等;l OMP系統(tǒng)的推廣應(yīng)用;l 水力壓裂法;l 脈沖輸液開槍射擊煤壁;l 注水;脈沖輸液開槍射擊煤壁和注水這兩種方法未在澳大利亞推廣應(yīng)用。3.煤礦管理系統(tǒng)(ATM)預(yù)測和預(yù)防突出主要是在區(qū)段回采前將煤層瓦斯含量降到閾限值(TLV)以下,將預(yù)測和預(yù)防突出所得的結(jié)果輸入到煤礦管理系統(tǒng)(ATM)中,ATM系統(tǒng)會通過現(xiàn)有的突出決策流程圖為每種獨特的開采條件制定一套適合的采煤方法。突出危險性評審小組(ORRT)將負(fù)責(zé)管理ATM流程。ORRT是OMP下設(shè)的通過利用ATM系統(tǒng)專門負(fù)責(zé)審查與礦井突出危險性相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)及控制煤層活動。本小組一般由礦長、瓦斯抽放工程師、通風(fēng)協(xié)調(diào)員、井下負(fù)責(zé)人、煤炭地質(zhì)工程師和職工代表組成。礦長,井下負(fù)責(zé)人和瓦斯抽放工程師負(fù)責(zé)審批ATM所得結(jié)論。4.閾限值(TLV)自1994年1月25日,澳大利亞悉尼盆地伊拉瓦拉煤田西崖煤礦發(fā)生導(dǎo)致工人死亡的瓦斯突出事故后,新南威爾士州礦產(chǎn)資源部(DMR)發(fā)出指令各煤礦加強管理,研究新技術(shù)以降低瓦斯突出事故所帶來的災(zāi)害。并規(guī)定了可采煤層的瓦斯含量即閾限值(TLV),圖2是DMR繪制的一幅關(guān)于煤層閾限值(TLV)示意圖。從圖中可以看出閾限值(TLV)呈線性,橫軸代表氣體成分(CO2),豎軸代表瓦斯含量。隨著CH4含量的減少氣體成分中CO2含量逐步增加。TLV 1表明正?;夭蓵r所允許的瓦斯含量臨界值,超過該值,就需要預(yù)先采取防突措施。TLV 2表明正常掘進時所允許的瓦斯含量臨界值,超過該值時,必需采用遠程遙控機械作業(yè),相關(guān)人員要撤離到安全區(qū)內(nèi)。在第三季度測試時威廉姆斯和韋斯曼提出利用了煤破碎時瓦斯釋放率即解吸率指數(shù)(DRI)來確定煤層的TLV。將一塊重200g的煤巖樣本完全破碎,30秒后測量其釋放的瓦斯量,推算出完整巖心樣品的瓦斯含量(QM),進而確定瓦斯解吸率指數(shù)(DRI)。圖3所顯示的數(shù)據(jù)是從西崖煤礦386工作面實測收集而來。從圖中可以看出CO2 含量豐富和CH4含量豐富的煤樣QM和DRI表現(xiàn)出很強的相關(guān)性,威廉姆斯和韋斯曼假設(shè)這種關(guān)系是布利煤層條件最好的表示。正如圖3所示,布利煤層的TLV線9m3/t(100的CH4)和6m3/t(100的CO2)對應(yīng)一個共同的解吸率指數(shù)900毫升。圖1瓦斯含量與TLV關(guān)系圖圖2瓦斯含量與解吸率的關(guān)系5.結(jié)論在嚴(yán)格的指導(dǎo)監(jiān)督下,澳大利亞的煤礦實現(xiàn)了安全,高效生產(chǎn)目的。中國和其他產(chǎn)煤大國應(yīng)試著采用參考澳大利亞開發(fā)自己的SHMS和OMP系統(tǒng)。在目前先進技術(shù)條件下,井工煤礦完全可以實現(xiàn)0傷亡目標(biāo),實現(xiàn)這個目標(biāo)需克服重重挑戰(zhàn)。
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