初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全-上海重點(diǎn)中學(xué)語(yǔ)法整理.doc
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法一、詞類(lèi)、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法:1、詞類(lèi):英語(yǔ)詞類(lèi)分十種:名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。1、名詞(n.): 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱(chēng)。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代詞(pron.): 主要用來(lái)代替名詞。如:who, she, you, it .3、形容詞(adj.):表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、數(shù)詞(num.): 表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、動(dòng)詞(v.): 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如:am, is,are,have,see .6、副詞(adv.): 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠詞(art.):用在名詞前,幫助說(shuō)明名詞。如:a, an, the.8、介詞(prep.): 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如in, on, from, above, behind.9、連詞(conj.): 用來(lái)連接詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。如and, but, before .10、感嘆詞(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分:英語(yǔ)句子成分分為七種:主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。1、主語(yǔ)是句子所要說(shuō)的人或事物,回答是“誰(shuí)”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如:Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)3、表語(yǔ)在系動(dòng)詞之后,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、賓語(yǔ)表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼這個(gè)詞)有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ),指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫(xiě)了一封信)有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),放在直接賓語(yǔ)后面,來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫(xiě)了一封信)5、定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如:Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個(gè)大城市)6、狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。如:He works hard .(他工作努力)7、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常幫我做功課) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老師要我自學(xué)法語(yǔ))同位語(yǔ)通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明它的情況。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里?)3、構(gòu)詞法:英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有:合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。2、派生法:(1)派生名詞:動(dòng)詞+er/or 動(dòng)詞+ing 動(dòng)詞+(t)ion 形容詞+ness 其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容詞:名詞+y 名詞+ful 動(dòng)詞+ing/ed friendly dangerous Chinese; Japanese English French German 國(guó)名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副詞:形容詞+ly 其它,如:slowly, angrily, fullfully, goodwell, possiblepossibly等等。3、轉(zhuǎn)換法:(1)形容詞動(dòng)詞,如:dry(干燥的)dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。 (2)動(dòng)詞名詞,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。(3)名詞動(dòng)詞,如:hand(手)(傳遞),face(臉)(面對(duì))等等。(4)形容詞副詞,如:earlyearly, fastfast等等。(5)副詞連詞,如:when(什么時(shí)候)(當(dāng)時(shí)候),等等。(6)介詞副詞,如:in(到里)(在里面;在家),on(在上)(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。二、名詞:1、英語(yǔ)名詞可分專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞兩大類(lèi):1、專(zhuān)有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專(zhuān)用名稱(chēng)。專(zhuān)有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。如:Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China(中華人民共和國(guó)) 專(zhuān)有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語(yǔ),則必須使用定冠詞the。如:the Great Wall(長(zhǎng)城)姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱(chēng)。如:pupil, family, man, foot.普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞??蓴?shù)名詞是可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如: box, child, orange;不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如:water, news, oil, population, information .2、英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù):英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。1、名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下:在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如:map maps,boy boys,horse horses, table tables.s,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es.如:classclasses, boxboxes, heroheroes, dishdishes, benchbenches.注:少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。如:photophotos, pianopianos.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如:familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties.以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如:shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives.2、不規(guī)則變化:manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep,toothteeth, fishfish, childchildren, oxoxen, goosegeese不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說(shuō)明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。如:a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk. 3、名詞所有格:1、 名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。其構(gòu)成法如下:(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加s。如:Childerns Day(兒童節(jié)), my sisters book(我姐姐的書(shū))(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加。如:Teachers Day(教師節(jié))(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加s. 如:todays newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes break(十分鐘的課間休息),Chinas population(中國(guó)的人口).(4)無(wú)論表示有生命還是無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。如:a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).2、注解: s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如:my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(診所) 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and Bs 的形式,如:Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室) “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱(chēng)為雙重所有格,如:a friend of my fathers(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)4、名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)和謂語(yǔ)之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問(wèn)題:1、謂語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即:主語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí), 如果表示整體概念,則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班) 如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三 班有張中國(guó)地圖)3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語(yǔ)仍用單數(shù):The news is very exciting. (這個(gè)消息令人興奮)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如:The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買(mǎi))6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)則用單數(shù)。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋(píng)果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚(yú)和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)9、用bothand連接兩個(gè)事物做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來(lái))10、主語(yǔ)中含有with的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)11、eitheror或者 neithernor連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你對(duì),要么是他對(duì)。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對(duì)的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。如:Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)13、主語(yǔ)中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等詞語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句) 但是,population一詞又有特殊情況: Whats the population of China?(中國(guó)人口是多少?)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))5、部分名詞用法辨析:1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別:sport通常指“戶(hù)外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶(hù)內(nèi)戶(hù)外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng);match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車(chē)”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽) 2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別:festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng);holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期;vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別:journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來(lái)指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長(zhǎng)期或長(zhǎng)途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國(guó)外,沒(méi)有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的) 4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別:sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來(lái)幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音) 5、fish的問(wèn)題:指許多條魚(yú)且不管種類(lèi)時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同;fishes 指許多種類(lèi)的魚(yú);fish指“魚(yú)肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類(lèi)的魚(yú))/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚(yú))三、代詞:1、代詞的分類(lèi):英語(yǔ)中代詞分為:人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。2、人稱(chēng)代詞:人稱(chēng)代詞代替人和事物的名稱(chēng),分為主格和賓格兩種形式。第一人稱(chēng)單數(shù)第二人稱(chēng)單數(shù)第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)第一人稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)第二人稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)第三人稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)陽(yáng)性陰性中性主格I(我)you (你)he(他)she(她)it(它)we(我們)you(你們)they (他們,她們,它們)賓格me(我)you (你)him(他)her(她)it(她)us(我們)you(你們)them (他們,她們,它們)1、主格用來(lái)作句子的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。如: I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去購(gòu)物) / Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎?) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了?) / Thats it.(就那么回事) / Its he!(是他!)2、賓格用來(lái)作及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如:Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰(shuí)教你們的英語(yǔ)?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫(xiě)信)3、人稱(chēng)代詞作表語(yǔ)或者放在比較狀語(yǔ)從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語(yǔ)中大多用賓格。如:-Who is it?(是誰(shuí)?) Its I/me.(是我。)4、 三個(gè)不同人稱(chēng)同時(shí)出現(xiàn),或者主語(yǔ)中包含“我”時(shí),按照“youheI”的順序表達(dá)。如:Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) Who will go there?(誰(shuí)要去那兒?) You and me.(你和我)5、 人稱(chēng)代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時(shí)間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱(chēng)代詞”使用,替代作主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的不定式、動(dòng)名詞或者名詞性從句。如:-Whats the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣?)Its fine.(天氣晴好) / -Whats the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦?) Its 12:00.(12點(diǎn)) / Its a long way to go.(那可要走好長(zhǎng)的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺(jué)要學(xué)好一門(mén)外語(yǔ)是非常困難的)3、物主代詞:說(shuō)明事物所屬關(guān)系的代詞,分為形容詞性和名詞性?xún)煞N。第一人稱(chēng)單數(shù)第二人稱(chēng)單數(shù)第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)第一人稱(chēng)復(fù) 數(shù)第二人稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)第三人稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)陽(yáng)性陰性中性形容詞性my(我的)your(你的)his(他的)her(她的)its(它的)our(我們的)your(你們的)their (他們的,她們的,它們的)名詞性mine(我的)Yours(你的)his(他的)hers(她的)its(她的)ours(我們的)yours(你們的)theirs(他們的,她們的,它們的)1、形容詞性物主代詞只能作句子中名詞的修飾語(yǔ),后面要跟名詞。如:Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書(shū))2、名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或者表語(yǔ),后面千萬(wàn)不可以跟名詞。如:This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒?) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)3、“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱(chēng)為雙重所有格,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在名詞的后面。如:A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來(lái)看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個(gè)來(lái)看我。)試比較 My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天來(lái)看我了)(指我的那個(gè)特定的朋友來(lái)看我。)4、反身代詞:表示謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作與主語(yǔ)有關(guān)或者賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作與賓語(yǔ)有關(guān)。第一人稱(chēng)單數(shù)第二人稱(chēng)單數(shù)第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)第一人稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)第二人稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)第三人稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)陽(yáng)性陰性中性myself(我自己)yourself(你自己)himself(他自己)herself(她自己)itself(它自己)ourselves(我們自己)yourselves(你們自己)themselves (他們/她們/它們自己)1、反身代詞在句子中作賓語(yǔ)表示反射(指一個(gè)動(dòng)作回到該動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者本身)。如:Dont play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那會(huì)割傷你的)2、在句子中作同位語(yǔ)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞或代詞的語(yǔ)氣)。如:The story itself is good. Only he didnt tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒(méi)有講好)6、 指示代詞: 指示說(shuō)明近處或者遠(yuǎn)處、上文或者下文、以前或者現(xiàn)在的人或事物。單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)含義this(這個(gè))these(這些)指較近的人和物that(那個(gè))those(那些)指較遠(yuǎn)的人和物such (這樣的人/物)指上文提過(guò)的人和物same (同樣的人/物)指和上文提過(guò)的相同的人和物it (這人/這物)指不太清楚是誰(shuí)或者是什么時(shí)指示代詞既可以單獨(dú)使用做句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),也可以作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞。如:Whats this?(這是什么?) / That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飛機(jī)是塑料做的)(被動(dòng)句) / Remember never to do such things.(記得永遠(yuǎn)不要做這樣的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老師說(shuō)的做)/ -Who is it?(是誰(shuí)?) -Its me!(是我!)6、關(guān)系代詞:用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的代詞叫關(guān)系代詞,參見(jiàn)后面的定語(yǔ)從句。1、關(guān)系代詞who 、which、 that 、whom 等,將定語(yǔ)從句和主句連接起來(lái)。英語(yǔ)中的關(guān)系代詞一方面在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分,另一方面又起連接作用。 如:The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在畫(huà)畫(huà)的學(xué)生是一年級(jí)的)2、關(guān)系代詞who / whom指人,如果作從句的賓語(yǔ),則有時(shí)省略。如:Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)戴著紅帽子的男人嗎?)3、關(guān)系代詞which 指物,如果作從句的賓語(yǔ),則有時(shí)省略。如:Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到幾天前丟失的那本書(shū)了嗎?)4、關(guān)系代詞that既可指人也可指物,如果作從句的賓語(yǔ),則有時(shí)省略。如:Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得見(jiàn)順著河跑的男人/狗了嗎?)7、連接代詞:用來(lái)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞稱(chēng)連接代詞。 英語(yǔ)中連接代詞主要有:what(什么),who(誰(shuí)),whom(誰(shuí)),which(哪個(gè)),whose(誰(shuí)的)。詳見(jiàn)相應(yīng)從句。8、不定代詞:代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。單數(shù)含義someanynonone/each(every)oneeither,neithersothe other,another復(fù)合不定代詞不可數(shù)含義muchlittle,a littleall/復(fù)數(shù)含義manyfew,a fewonesbothothers,the others 注:復(fù)合不定代詞有12個(gè):something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(沒(méi)事),nobody(沒(méi)有人), no one(沒(méi)有人), everything(一切), everyone(每個(gè)人), everybody(每個(gè)人). (1)some和 any 的用法:some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“幾個(gè)”、“一些”、“某個(gè)”作定語(yǔ)時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。如:I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他們有朝一日會(huì)去那兒) some 用于疑問(wèn)句時(shí),表示建議、請(qǐng)求或希望得到肯定回答。如:Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡嗎?)any 一般用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一個(gè)”,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如:They didnt have any friends here. (他們?cè)谶@里沒(méi)有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有問(wèn)題要問(wèn)嗎?)any 用于肯定句時(shí),意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(隨便帶什么朋友來(lái)吧。)(2)no和none的用法:no是形容詞,只能作定語(yǔ)表示,意思是“沒(méi)有”,修飾可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))或不可數(shù)名詞。如:There is no time left. Please hurry up.(沒(méi)有時(shí)間了,請(qǐng)快點(diǎn)) / They had no reading books to lend.(他們沒(méi)有閱讀用書(shū)可以出借)none只能獨(dú)立使用,在句子中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),意思是“沒(méi)有一個(gè)人(或事物)”,表示復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)。如:None of them is/are in the classroom.(他們當(dāng)中沒(méi)有一個(gè)在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的書(shū),但沒(méi)有一本是有趣的) (3)all和both的用法:all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用來(lái)代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞;也可用來(lái)代替或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。both指兩個(gè)人或物,用來(lái)代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞。all和both在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。如:I know all of the four British students in their school.(他們學(xué)校里四個(gè)英國(guó)學(xué)生我全認(rèn)識(shí)) / -Would you like this one or that one? Both.(你要這個(gè)還是那個(gè)??jī)蓚€(gè)都要。)all和both既可以修飾名詞(all/both+(the)+名詞),也可以獨(dú)立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如:All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都調(diào)皮)(4)every和each用法:every是形容詞,只能作定語(yǔ)修飾單數(shù)名詞,意思是“每一個(gè)”,表示整體概念;each是形容詞、代詞,可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等,意思是“每個(gè)”或者“各個(gè)”,表示單個(gè)概念;each可以放在名詞前,可以后跟of短語(yǔ),與動(dòng)詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)要放在“be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”之后或者行為動(dòng)詞之前every和each都用作單數(shù)理解,但是下文中既可以用單數(shù)的代詞(如he/him/his)也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的代詞(如they/them/their)替代。如:Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每個(gè)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)都很用功) / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他們很忙,人人都有事干) (5)either和neither的用法:either意思是“兩個(gè)中間的任何一個(gè)”;neither是either的否定形式,意思是“兩個(gè)都不”。neither和either在句子中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)等,都用作單數(shù)。如:I dont care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,兩個(gè)之中隨便哪個(gè)都行) / -Will you go there by bus or by car? Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公車(chē)去還是坐轎車(chē)去?一個(gè)都不坐,我坐火車(chē)去。)(6)other、the other和another的用法:other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有復(fù)數(shù)形式。在句子中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。another意思是“另外”、“又一個(gè)”,表示增加,在句中可作賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。如: Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大蘋(píng)果樹(shù)下唱歌,別的就躺在草地上說(shuō)話(huà)) / You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已經(jīng)吃了好幾塊餅子了,你真的還要一塊?) / I want another four books.(我還要四本書(shū))another(另外的,再一,又一)與the other(另外的一個(gè)) 主要從數(shù)量上區(qū)分,只有兩個(gè)時(shí)用the other,在原先基礎(chǔ)上增加用another。如: This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?(這是你的一只襪子,還有一只呢?) / I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.(我已經(jīng)吃了4塊蛋糕,但是我還要以塊。)others與the others的主要區(qū)別:others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分);the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如:A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.(有幾個(gè)學(xué)生在踢足球,其他一些人在觀看) / Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十個(gè)男孩中有兩個(gè)站著,其他人都圍著他們坐著。)(7)many和much的用法:many意思是“很多”,與可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)連用;much意思是“很多”,與不可數(shù)名詞連用。它們?cè)诰渲锌勺髦髡Z(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)等。如:I dont have many friends here.(在這里我沒(méi)有很多的朋友。) /Many died in the bus accident.(許多人在公交車(chē)禍中喪失) / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的幫助之下我們能學(xué)到很多) many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of; many / much用于肯定句時(shí)可以在前面加上so、very或too.如: There are a lot of people on the playground.(操場(chǎng)上有許多的人)/ They havent got much work to do.(他們沒(méi)有多少事情可做) / There are too many people in the room.(房間里人太多了。)(8)few、little、a few、a little的用法:few、little意思是“很少幾個(gè)”、“幾乎沒(méi)有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有幾個(gè)”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ;few、a few與可數(shù)名詞連用或代替可數(shù)的事物, little、a little與不可數(shù)名詞連用或代替不可數(shù)的事物。它們?cè)诰渲锌勺髦髡Z(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。如:He is very poor and he has little money.(他很窮,幾乎沒(méi)有什么錢(qián)。) / Dont worry. There is still a little time left.(別著急,還有一點(diǎn)兒時(shí)間呢。) / In that polar region there live few people.(在那個(gè)極地地區(qū)幾乎不住人) / You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以從他那兒弄到一些糖果)(9)復(fù)合不定代詞somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing 構(gòu)成的,叫做復(fù)合不定代詞,在句子中當(dāng)單數(shù)使用。somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中;anything, anybody,anyone一般用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中。修飾復(fù)合不定代詞的定語(yǔ),應(yīng)放在它們的后面。如:Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,麗麗,門(mén)外有人。) /Di(每個(gè)人)d you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?(上個(gè)星期天你來(lái)學(xué)校時(shí)見(jiàn)到什么人了嗎?)/He has nothing much to do today.(他今天沒(méi)有多少事情做) (10)one與ones用來(lái)代替上文的一個(gè)或多個(gè)人或事物,前面可以加冠詞、形容詞、指示代詞、which等。如: Which jacket would you like, this one or that one?(你要哪件夾克,這件還是那件? / I dont like the green ones.(我不喜歡綠色的那些) (11)so可以代替一件事情,作句子的賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。如: I dont think so.(我認(rèn)為不是這樣的。) / He lost a book. So did I.(他丟失了一本書(shū),我也是。) (12)a lot of、lots of、a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of的區(qū)別:五個(gè)“名詞+介詞”短語(yǔ)都表示“大量,許多”,a lot of(或lots of)既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,可以相應(yīng)地?fù)Q為much和many;plenty of“足夠、大量”,既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 a number of / large numbers of只可以修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式(它修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式)可以換為some、many、a lot of、plenty of。 a great deal of只可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞(它修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式)可以換為much。如:A lot of people think that time is money.(許多的人認(rèn)為時(shí)間就是金錢(qián)。) / I dont have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.(我用不著趕忙,因?yàn)槲矣谐渥愕臅r(shí)間。) / I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信要寫(xiě)) / I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.(在購(gòu)物方面我花費(fèi)了大量的時(shí)間/金錢(qián)。) (13)none、no one、nobody的區(qū)別:no one和nobody都表示“沒(méi)有人”,僅指人,后面不跟of 短語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式;none表示“沒(méi)有一個(gè)人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如:No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.(沒(méi)有人知道他是怎樣搞到那張票的) / Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.(昨天沒(méi)有一個(gè)人交作文。) / None of my friends came to see me that day.(那天沒(méi)有一個(gè)朋友來(lái)看我。)9、相互代詞:表示相互關(guān)系的詞叫相互代詞。each other ,one another是相互代詞,譯成“互相”,可以通用。each other表示兩者之間,而one anther表示許多人之間。它們有所有格形式each others ,one anothers。如: We must help each other when we are in trouble.(我們身處困境時(shí)要互相幫助。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他們坐在那兒,互相都不說(shuō)話(huà)。)10、疑問(wèn)代詞:用來(lái)提出問(wèn)題的代詞稱(chēng)為疑問(wèn)代詞。1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑問(wèn)句中,一般放在句首??谡Z(yǔ)中也常用who代替whom作賓語(yǔ),但在介詞后則只能用whom。如:Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀請(qǐng)了誰(shuí)參加你的生日聚會(huì)的?) / What does she want to be when she grows up?(她長(zhǎng)大了想干什么?)2、who 和whom只能獨(dú)立使用,其中who可以作句子的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),whom只能作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ);而what、which、whose等既可以獨(dú)立使用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),也可以與名詞構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)短語(yǔ)。如: Who is that man?(那男的是誰(shuí)?) / What colour are their hats?(他們的帽子是什么顏色?) / Which car was made in Germany?(哪輛車(chē)是德國(guó)造的?)(被動(dòng)句) 注意這個(gè)提問(wèn):The man in the car is my father.(車(chē)?yán)锏哪腥耸俏腋赣H)Which man is your father?(哪個(gè)男人是你的父親?)3、which除了可以詢(xún)問(wèn)指代的情況之外,還可以針對(duì)說(shuō)明人物的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、歲數(shù)、顏色、大小、狀況等進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。如:People there live a very sad life.(那里的人生活凄慘) Which people live a sad life? (哪些人生活凄慘?)/ -Which hotel have you booked for your holiday?(為了度假你預(yù)訂了哪家旅館?)The biggest one in Haikou.(??谧畲蟮哪羌衣灭^)4、疑問(wèn)代詞不分單復(fù)數(shù),視它所替代的人或事物決定單復(fù)數(shù),但是通常用單數(shù);如果修飾名詞,則以名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)為準(zhǔn)。如:Who is (are) in that playhouse?(誰(shuí)在游戲房里?) / What is that? (那是什么?)/ What are those? (那些是什么?) / What colours do they have?(它們有哪些顏色?)四、數(shù)詞: 1、分類(lèi):數(shù)詞有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩種。英語(yǔ)的數(shù)詞可以作句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。2、基數(shù)詞:表示數(shù)目的詞叫基數(shù)詞。1、 英語(yǔ)中常用的基數(shù)詞有:123456789101112onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelve13141516171819thirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteen2030405060708090100twentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninetyone(a) hundred2335101twenty-threethirty-fiveone hundred and one1000one(a) thousand,10000 ten thousand,100000one hundred thousand ,1000000one million,10000000ten million, 100000000one hundred million,108one hundred and eight, 146one hundred and forty-six, 500five hundred , 1001one thousand and one, 1813one thousand eight hundred and thirteen. 2、注:(1)百位與十位之間要加and;十萬(wàn)位和萬(wàn)位,億位和千萬(wàn)位之間通常也要加and。(2)英語(yǔ)用千、百萬(wàn)等單位計(jì)數(shù),大數(shù)字從右向左看, 每隔三位劃一逗號(hào),倒數(shù)第一個(gè)逗號(hào)之前要用thousand,倒數(shù)第二個(gè)逗號(hào)之前要用million,倒數(shù)第三的逗號(hào)之前要用billion表示。(3) hundred、 thousand、 million作數(shù)詞時(shí),不用復(fù)數(shù),前面可以加上one, two, 等其它數(shù)詞。用作名詞時(shí)復(fù)數(shù)表示“成上”,后面必須要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等詞。如:five hundred(五百), hundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousand(一萬(wàn)), thousands of(成千上萬(wàn)的), millions of(成百萬(wàn)的)3、序數(shù)詞:表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。1、 英語(yǔ)的序數(shù)詞基本變法: (1) 一般在基數(shù)詞后加th,(2)-ve結(jié)尾的改為-fth,(3)-ty結(jié)尾的改為-tieth,(4)熟記特殊詞。2、序數(shù)詞如下:1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th