2014屆高三英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語法知識(shí) 專題一 名詞、數(shù)詞、介詞 新人教版
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2014屆高三英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語法知識(shí) 專題一 名詞、數(shù)詞、介詞 新人教版
專題一名詞、數(shù)詞、介詞名詞一、名詞的數(shù)1常用作復(fù)數(shù)的名詞(1)有些名詞只用作復(fù)數(shù)或在一些固定用法中只用作復(fù)數(shù),如:make preparations (prepare)。(2)成雙成對(duì)的東西一般只用作復(fù)數(shù),如:scissors(剪刀),glasses,trousers,shorts(短褲),socks(短襪)。2抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞具體化beauty(美,美貌)a beauty(一個(gè)美人或一件美物)must(必須)a must(一件必要的事或物)tea(茶)a tea(一杯茶)二、名詞作定語1用名詞作定語修飾另一個(gè)名詞時(shí),通常用單數(shù)形式,如:toothbrushes牙刷;bookmarks書簽。2man和woman這兩個(gè)詞比較特殊,用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于被修飾的名詞,如:a man doctor一名男大夫;two men doctors兩名男大夫。3還有少數(shù)名詞用其復(fù)數(shù)形式作定語,如:a clothes shop一家服裝店;a sports man一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員。三、名詞的所有格1表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加s,如:Janes and Marys bikes。2表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí),在最后一詞末加s,如:Jane and Marys father。3表示“某人家”“某店鋪”,所有格后名詞常省略,如:the doctors;the barbers。數(shù)詞一、倍數(shù)的表達(dá)法:1倍數(shù)比較級(jí)thanHe has read three times more books than I have.2倍數(shù)asadj./adv.asWe have produced three times as many computers as we did last year.3倍數(shù)then.(size,length,width,height.)ofChina is almost twice/double the size of Mexico in area.4倍數(shù)what從句The length of the road is twice/double what it was three years ago.5比較級(jí)than.by倍數(shù)The ruler is longer than that one by twice.二、表示“每隔”時(shí),可以使用基數(shù)詞或序數(shù)詞,即“every基數(shù)詞名詞復(fù)數(shù)”或“every序數(shù)詞名詞單數(shù)”,如:表示“每隔兩天”用every three days或every third day。介詞一、時(shí)間介詞:at,in,on1at的用法(1)時(shí)間的一點(diǎn),時(shí)刻等,如:at 1200,at noon。(2)較短暫的一段時(shí)間,可指某個(gè)節(jié)日或被認(rèn)為是一年中標(biāo)志大事的日子,如:at Christmas。2in的用法(1)表示在某個(gè)較長的時(shí)間內(nèi)。注意:當(dāng)時(shí)間名詞前被this,that,last,next,some,every等詞限定時(shí),通常不用任何介詞。(2)表示在將來的一段時(shí)間之后。3on的用法(1)用于表示具體的日子或一個(gè)特定的時(shí)間。(2)用于表示特定的早晨、下午或晚上。二、工具、手段、方式介詞1by,in,on三詞都表示旅行的方式(1)不涉及交通工具的名詞時(shí)用by,名詞前不帶冠詞,如:by sea,by water,by land,by rail,by air。(2)涉及交通工具的名詞時(shí)用by,但名詞須用單數(shù),其前面不加冠詞或任何修飾語,如:by bike,by taxi。(3)當(dāng)旅行方式涉及確定特指的交通工具時(shí),用on或in,名詞前應(yīng)有冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞等修飾語。2with,by,in三詞均可譯為“用”,表示行為的工具、手段或方式(1)with用于有形的工具或身體某些器官之前,其后的名詞多被冠詞、物主代詞等修飾。(2)by,in,on,over,through等多用于無形的工具或方式、手段之前,如:by hand,in ink,on the telephone,over the radio,through the telescope。注意:使用語言、原料、材料時(shí)用in表示。三、介詞的常見搭配1at,from,in的有關(guān)表達(dá)(1)at:at dawn在黎明;at daybreak拂曉(2)from:from memory憑記憶(3)in:in a hurry匆忙2of抽象名詞形容詞(1)ofgreat/much抽象名詞very形容詞(2)ofno抽象名詞not形容詞3to與情感名詞連用,表示“某種行動(dòng)后產(chǎn)生的感覺”toones情感名詞to the情感名詞of sb.名詞答題技巧結(jié)合語境和搭配,區(qū)分名詞的用法高考對(duì)名詞的考查,以名詞辨析為主,四個(gè)選項(xiàng)大多沒有任何聯(lián)系,旨在考查名詞在語境中的應(yīng)用,所以對(duì)于名詞的辨析題:一要掌握常見的幾組名詞的區(qū)別;二要注意不同名詞在具體語境中所表示的特殊含義;三是會(huì)從該詞的反義詞、近義詞角度去辨析;四要掌握名詞的固定搭配。如set foot on, find fault with, keep pace with, put an end to等,這對(duì)于解答試題是很重要的。考題印證James took the magazines off the little table to make_for the television.(2010·天津,3)A.room B.areaC.field D.position答案A解析句意為:James從小桌上取走雜志,騰出空來放電視機(jī)。make room for.“為騰出空間”;make與其他三項(xiàng)構(gòu)不成固定搭配,含義上也講不通。數(shù)詞答題技巧1掌握基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)法在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)中,應(yīng)該系統(tǒng)、條理、牢固地掌握好數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成以及各種用法,特別是日期、時(shí)間、年代、年齡、分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)、倍數(shù)等的表達(dá)形式,這樣解答試題就會(huì)游刃有余。考題印證It took us quite a long time to get to the amusement park.It was _ journey.Athree hour Ba threehoursCa threehour Dthree hours答案C解析數(shù)詞連字符名詞的用法,連字符連接的詞作名詞定語且用單數(shù)。意為“三小時(shí)的路程”。數(shù)詞答題技巧2排除法解題時(shí),首先要搞清楚出題人的意圖,然后運(yùn)用所學(xué)的知識(shí),使用排除法,迅速地排除錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)??碱}印證China has produced_this year as it did in 2006.Aas much steel twice Bas twice much steelCtwice steel as much Dtwice as much steel答案D解析首先要牢固掌握倍數(shù)的表達(dá)形式:倍數(shù)as形容詞/副詞原級(jí)as;倍數(shù)形容詞/副詞比較級(jí)than;倍數(shù)thesize/weight/length.of。然后從選項(xiàng)中根據(jù)這點(diǎn)去排除,就能夠找出正確答案。介詞答題技巧1圖示例法在高考試題中,有一大部分是關(guān)于方位、范圍的考查,這就涉及一些表示方位的介詞,這里推薦使用圖示例法來解答此類試題。首先要牢固地掌握下面圖片中介詞所表示的方位,其次要在具體的語境中熟練地使用。考題印證Sean has formed the habit of jogging_the treelined avenue for two hours every day.(2010·上海,25)Abetween Balong Cbelow Dwith答案B解析句意為:Sean已經(jīng)養(yǎng)成了每天沿著林蔭大道慢跑兩個(gè)小時(shí)的習(xí)慣??疾榻樵~辨析。between在兩者之間;along沿著;below在下方;with與一起,用,隨著。根據(jù)語境,選B。介詞答題技巧2固定短語法關(guān)于介詞的固定搭配,在解答試題時(shí),要注意從句子中找出中心詞匯,也就是這個(gè)詞和選項(xiàng)中的詞,能夠構(gòu)成一個(gè)固定的短語,符合句子的意思,這樣問題就會(huì)很快地解決。考題印證My father warned me_going to the West Coast because it was crowded with tourists.(2010·天津,13)Aby Bon Cfor Dagainst答案D解析句意為:父親警告我不要去the West Coast,因?yàn)槟抢餄M是游客。warn sb.against (doing) sth.是固定搭配,意為“警告某人不要(做)某事”。A、B、C三項(xiàng)均不能與warn構(gòu)成搭配,故答案為D項(xiàng)。1The headmaster turned a deaf ear to the _ of the parents.Awords BsoundsCvoice Dargument 答案C解析句意為:這位校長對(duì)家長的意見充耳不聞。這里用了短語turn a deaf ear to,可見校長不聽取家長的意見,用voice表示“(表達(dá)的)意見,愿望;音質(zhì);發(fā)言權(quán),表達(dá)意見權(quán)”。word單詞;言語,話語;sound聲音;argument爭(zhēng)論,辯論。2.He was a much older player but he had the great _ of experience.A.interest B.successC.advantage D.honor答案C解析have the advantage of意為“有的優(yōu)勢(shì)”。句意為:他是一個(gè)相當(dāng)老的運(yùn)動(dòng)員,但他有經(jīng)驗(yàn)上的優(yōu)勢(shì)。3AIDS control and prevention is a_to China as well as the whole world.Asurprise BchallengeCreaction Dthreat答案B解析challenge挑戰(zhàn),符合語境。句意為:艾滋病的控制和預(yù)防對(duì)于中國和整個(gè)世界來說都是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。surprise(一件)驚訝的事;reaction反應(yīng);threat威脅。4He and his partner made a _ to share the latest information in business.Asense BjudgmentCheadline Dbargain答案D解析句意為:他和他的合伙人約定,分享最新的商業(yè)信息。make a bargain約定,做交易。5Rose is Mr.Smiths secretary,so she has _ to all his business emails.Apower BaccountCway Daccess答案D解析access接觸,使用。句意為:羅絲是史密斯先生的秘書,所以她有權(quán)閱讀他所有的商務(wù)郵件。power力;account 賬號(hào);way 方法。6Would you like this gold necklace,Madam?Its beautiful,but out of my price_.Acontrol BreachCaim Drange答案D解析out of range在的范圍外。句意為:夫人,你要買這條金項(xiàng)鏈嗎?很漂亮,但是超出了我能接受的價(jià)格范圍。7The local government provided _ for the homeless soon after the flood.Apossessions BaccommodationsCsouvenirs Dgroceries答案B解析既然是幫助無家可歸者,那么四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有accommodation(住處、膳宿)符合。句意為:洪水過后不久,當(dāng)?shù)卣驘o家可歸者提供了住所。possession財(cái)產(chǎn);souvenir紀(jì)念品;grocery食品雜貨店。8Any help from you will be greatly appreciated.Please give me a reply at your earliest_.Aconvenience BconsiderationCinterruption Dimagination答案A解析at ones convenience在某人方便的時(shí)候。句意為:你們所提供的任何幫助我都很感激,請(qǐng)?jiān)诜奖愕臅r(shí)候盡早聯(lián)系我。9Apart from his monthly salary as a sales manager,he also gets a travel _ that covers hotel bills.Ainsurance BcircumstanceCallowance Dcompetence答案C解析travel allowance出差補(bǔ)貼。句意為:作為一名銷售經(jīng)理,除了他的月薪以外,他還有包括住宿費(fèi)用在內(nèi)的出差補(bǔ)貼。insurance保險(xiǎn);circumstance環(huán)境;competence能力,權(quán)限。10Donald doesnt have much patiencehe often loses his _.Acourage BmindCbalance Dtemper答案D解析courage勇氣;mind記憶,理解;balance平衡;temper脾氣。由上句“他沒有太多的耐心”可分析出他容易發(fā)脾氣,故選D。lose ones temper為固定短語。11What idea can a man who is blind from birth have _ colour?Ain Bof Cwith Dfor答案B解析who is blind from birth是定語從句,修飾a man,of colour修飾idea,意為“對(duì)色彩的觀念”。12Can you translate the poem into English?I am sorry I am not good at English poems.Its _ my ability.Aon BaboveCoff Dbeyond答案D解析beyond ones ability意為“超出某人的能力”。13_ of the money _ my parents.ATwo fifth;belongs toBTwo five;belongsCSecond fifths;is belonged toDTwo fifths;belongs to答案D14Everybody knows the saying that you may know a man by the _ he keeps.Apartner BneighborCcompany Dfriend答案C解析句意為:每個(gè)人都知道“察其友知其人”這個(gè)諺語。此處的company表示“同伴,朋友”,(that/who/whom) he keeps是定語從句,修飾這一先行詞。15Even though you offered _ you have just offered,I would not sell it to you.Athe money twice that Btwice the money thatCtwice the money what Dthe money that twice答案B8