2018初中英語教資考試知識(shí)點(diǎn)超詳細(xì)考點(diǎn)總結(jié).doc
第一部分 語言知識(shí)與能力第一章 英語語言知識(shí)2、 語音(Speech Sounds)P78 1、語音分類 發(fā)音方式 發(fā)音部位 VL - 清濁音(voiceless consonant) VD - 濁輔音(voiced consonant)2、 音系學(xué)(phonology)P79(1) 同化規(guī)則(assimilation Rule)progressive assimilation 順同化 (前面帶偏后面)workedregressive assimilation 逆同化 (后面帶偏前面)newspaperreciprocal/double assimilation 互相同化 did you(2) 音節(jié)(syllable) tea chi-na im-pos-si-ble 重音(stress) 聲調(diào)(tone)(3) 語音變化(vocal variety)liaison 連讀 pick it upplosion 爆破音plosion loss 失去爆破 sit down ;incomplete plosion 不完全爆破 ask ed nasal plosion 鼻腔爆破 button ;lateral plosion 舌邊爆破 little 3、 形態(tài)學(xué)(Morphology) 1、morpheme 詞素 重點(diǎn)! P87(1)free morpheme 自由詞素 dog ;bound morpheme 黏著詞素 moonwalk(2)root 詞根 ; affix 詞綴(prefix 前綴、suffix 后綴) ; stem 詞干 friend-ships(3)inflectional affix 屈折詞綴 -s,-ing,-ed不同形式(4)derivational affix 派生詞綴 改變詞性和意義 2、(1)inflection 屈折變化 -s,-ing,-ed不同形式(2)word-formation 詞的形成:compounding 復(fù)合法 through-out derivation 派生法 (prefixation 前綴化 suffixation 后綴化 )il-logical-ly 3、 常見構(gòu)詞法P89 invention 新創(chuàng)詞 nylon ;blending 混成法 smoke+fog=smog clipping 截?cái)喾?advertisement=ad ;initialism 首字母連寫詞 WTO acronym 首字母拼音詞 AIDS ;back-formation 逆構(gòu)詞法 editor-edit analogical creation 類似構(gòu)詞 work-wrought/worked types of borrowing 借詞法:loanword/borrowing 借詞 feast(法語中借來) loanblend 混合借詞 Chinatown (本國加外來) loanshift 轉(zhuǎn)移借詞 bridge (借用意義) loan translation 翻譯借詞 (從別種語言翻譯而來)4、 詞義變化 broadening 詞義擴(kuò)大 bird 小鳥-鳥類 ;narrowing 詞義縮小 girl 年輕人-女孩meaning shift 詞義轉(zhuǎn)移 ;class shift 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換 ;folk etymology 俗詞源(錯(cuò)多了成了對的)四、句法學(xué)(Syntax) P911、 句法關(guān)系 syntagmatic relation 組合關(guān)系(horizontal relation/chain relation)構(gòu)成同一形式、序列或結(jié)構(gòu) paradigmatic relation 聚合關(guān)系(vertical relation/choice relation)各要素可相互替換 relation of co-occurrence 共現(xiàn)關(guān)系(不同集合的詞語一起組成句子)2、 句子結(jié)構(gòu)和成分 immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法(IC分析法)The boy ate the apple. 用樹形圖(tree diagram) 一般句子,主謂賓之類的 endocentric construction 向心結(jié)構(gòu) 一個(gè)詞或詞組可以確定為中心(center)或中心詞(head)two stone bridge 一般名詞/動(dòng)詞/形容詞短語 exocentric construction 離心結(jié)構(gòu) 沒有確定的中心或中心詞 The boy smiled. 一般動(dòng)賓/系表結(jié)構(gòu) deep structure 深層結(jié)構(gòu)(含義相同,說法不同) surface structure 表層結(jié)構(gòu)(句子表述方式) 5、 語義學(xué)(Semantics) P93 1、 涵義關(guān)系(Sense Relations)lexical relation 詞匯關(guān)系(1) 同義關(guān)系(Synonymy)synonyms 同義詞 stylistic 文體差別(formality) buy-perchase ;dialectal 地域差別 underground-subway collocational 搭配差別 accuse(of)-charge(with) ; emotive 情感差別 thrifty-stingy ;semantic 語義差別 enough-ample(2) 反義關(guān)系(Antonymy)antonyms 反義詞 relational opposites 意義相反詞 gradable antonymy 等級反義 warm-cool complementary antonymy 互補(bǔ)反義 boy-girl converse antonymy 反向反義關(guān)系 buy-sell(3) 上下義關(guān)系(Hyponymy)種類和成員 包括上坐標(biāo)詞(superordinate)和下義詞(hyponymy) flower-rose/tulip(4) 一詞多義(Polysemy)(5) 同音/同形異義現(xiàn)象(Homonymy) homophone 同音異義 sun-son homograph 同形異義 lie complete homonym 完全同音同形異義 bank 岸邊;銀行2、 句子邏輯關(guān)系 iff-充分必要條件“S is true iff P”P就是S的真值條件(truth condition)P(1) synonymy 同義關(guān)系 “X is synonymous with Y.” 同真同假 P95(2) contradiction 矛盾關(guān)系 “X is inconsistent with Y.” 一真一假 (3) entailment 蘊(yùn)含關(guān)系 “X entails Y.” X小,Y大 X:old man Y:man(4) presupposition 預(yù)設(shè)關(guān)系 “X presupposes Y.” Y是前提 X:repair the car Y:have a car6、 語用學(xué)(Pragmatics) P961、 言語行為理論(Speech Act Theory) (1) locutionary act 發(fā)話行為(說話人表達(dá)字面意思) is the act of saying something which is meaningful an can be understood. (2) illocutionary act 行事行為(說話人表達(dá)意圖) is the act in saying something to perform a function.(3) perlocutionary act 取效行為(作用于聽話人的效果) is the results or effects that are produced by means of saying something. 言外之意(illocutionary point): representatives 闡述類; directives 指令類; commissives 承諾類; expressives 表達(dá)類; declarations 宣告類 2、 會(huì)話含義理論(Conversational Principle/Maxim) violate 違反 P97 cooperative principle,CP 合作原則(會(huì)話有共同目標(biāo)) “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”(1) the maxim of quantity數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則(信息充分)(2) the maxim of quality質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則(說實(shí)話)(3) the maxim of relation相關(guān)準(zhǔn)則(說相關(guān)的事)(4) the maxim of manner方式準(zhǔn)則(清楚簡潔避免歧義) conversational implicature 會(huì)話含義(用會(huì)話準(zhǔn)則暗示意義)(1) calculability 可推導(dǎo)性(含義能理解)(2) cancellability 可取消性(defeasibility)(因素變化,含義變化)(3) non-detachability 不可分離性(含義依附于內(nèi)容)(4) non-conventionality非規(guī)約性(含義不確定) 7、 修辭學(xué)(Rhetoric) 問法:rhetoric/rhetorical device 修辭策略 P98 1、 simile明喻 like,as.as,as if,as though,similar to,such as2、metaphor隱喻 (暗含比較) elephant pause3、personification擬人 (把事物或概念當(dāng)做人)4、metonymy借代 (用事物的名稱代替親密相關(guān)的另一事物)5、synecdoche提喻 (部分代替整體或整體代替部分) hand/mouth-man6、euphemism婉言 die-pass away7、irony反語 (意思相反)8、allegory諷喻9、exaggeration夸張 (夸大或縮小使表達(dá)生動(dòng)有趣)10、transferred epithet移位修辭 nervous exam11、oxymoron矛盾修辭 bitter-sweet memory12、pun雙關(guān)語 (homophonic puns 諧音雙關(guān);homographic puns 語義雙關(guān)) 8、 語言教學(xué) P1001、 中介語(interlanguage)2、對比分析(contrastive analysis)3、錯(cuò)誤分析(error analysis) (1)error錯(cuò)誤 (因?yàn)橹R(shí)不足) mistake失誤 (不注意犯錯(cuò)) (2)interlingual errors語際錯(cuò)誤(遷移錯(cuò)誤)因?yàn)槟刚Z Cnglish intralingual errors語內(nèi)錯(cuò)誤(發(fā)展性錯(cuò)誤)因?yàn)檫^度概括語言規(guī)則 eat-eated(錯(cuò))4、 錯(cuò)誤性質(zhì): omissions 省略(少成分);additions 添加(多成分); misformations 形式錯(cuò)誤(eated); double markings 雙重標(biāo)記(didnt went);misorderings 順序錯(cuò)誤(how you are) 5、 我國外語學(xué)習(xí)者錯(cuò)誤類型 (1)negative transfer 負(fù)遷移/干擾 因?yàn)槟刚Z (2)over-generalization過度類推/過度概括 因?yàn)檫^度概括語言規(guī)則 (3)pragmatic failure語用錯(cuò)誤 違反對方的文化習(xí)俗6、 第二外語習(xí)得理論(Second Language Acquisition,SLA) (1)Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis語言習(xí)得和學(xué)得假說 (習(xí)得和學(xué)得兩條不同的途徑) (2)Monitor Hypothesis語言監(jiān)察假說 (學(xué)習(xí)者自己監(jiān)督控制語言輸出質(zhì)量) (3)Input Hypothesis語言輸入假說(接觸理解可理解性語言輸入comprehensible input) (4)Affective Filter Hypothesis情感過濾假說(輸入input和吸收intake受到動(dòng)力motivation、性格personality、情感狀態(tài)affective state) (5)Natural Order Hypothesis自然順序假說(可以不按任何語法順序來教學(xué))第2章 英語語言運(yùn)用能力1、 教學(xué)中的非語言交際1、 非語言手段 P118 environment language環(huán)境語(座位安排、時(shí)間信息、室內(nèi)標(biāo)示裝飾、聲音燈光等) object language客體語(個(gè)人,衣著化妝、個(gè)人用品等)2、 非語言行為 body language體態(tài)語(身姿、手勢、表情、目光) paralanguage 副語言(聲音音質(zhì)、音量、語調(diào)、語速)第3章 英語國家的語言、歷史和文學(xué)三、語言、文化和社會(huì)1、局部結(jié)構(gòu) P131 毗鄰對(adjacency pairs) 一輪對話(1) 毗鄰對的條件相關(guān)性(conditional relevance) preferred second part/preference structure 優(yōu)選結(jié)構(gòu) Hi dispreferred second part/dispreference structure 非優(yōu)選結(jié)構(gòu) relevant absence 相關(guān)缺失(2) 毗鄰對的擴(kuò)展 base pairs 根毗鄰對 (被其他會(huì)話擴(kuò)展之前的毗鄰對) 前擴(kuò)展,指前序列(pre-sequences),包括邀請、請求、結(jié)束、宣告 中擴(kuò)展,包括插入序列(insertion sequences)和旁側(cè)序列(side sequences) 后擴(kuò)展,指后序列(post sequences),包括會(huì)話修正和主體化2、 會(huì)話修正 會(huì)話修正機(jī)制三個(gè)部分: 修正源(trouble source)、修正的發(fā)起(repair initiation)、修正(repair) lexical 詞匯啟動(dòng)(no,sorry,let me see,you know) non-lexical 非詞匯啟動(dòng)(um.,uh.)4、 語言與文字1、小說語言 P134(1) 小說與視角 first-person narrator 第一人稱敘述者(I) third-person narrator第三人稱敘述者(he,she,it,they)(2) 語言表達(dá)與思想表達(dá) direct speech 直接言語(“F*k you”) indirect speech間接言語(he said/asked) free indirect speech 自由間接言語第二部分 語言教學(xué)知識(shí)與能力第1章 初中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1、 初中英語課程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)1、 英語課程的性質(zhì) P149 The nature of English Curriculum is instrumentality/tool and humanity.(工具性和人文性) Students overall development is the motivation and goal of the English curriculum.2、 英語課程的設(shè)計(jì)思路 The design of the new National English Curriculum unifies both primary and secondary school English into one continuum of development and divides English language teaching and learning into nine competence-based levels by adopting the international general classification method. Level 5 is the required standard for the end of junior middle school. Level 2-primary school2、 英語課程的分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn) P1541、 語言技能(Language Skills) Overall performance objectives for each level are given in addition to detailed descriptions of abilities regarding language knowledge, language skills, affect, learning strategies as well as cultural awareness for relevant levels.2、 語言知識(shí)(Language Knowledge)(語音、詞匯、語法、功能和話題) Students are required to learn consists of phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, function and theme. 3、 情感態(tài)度(Affect)(興趣、動(dòng)機(jī)、自信、意志和合作精神;祖國意識(shí)和國際視野) interest, motivation, confidence, will and cooperation; National consciousness and international vision.4、 學(xué)習(xí)策略(Learning Strategies)(認(rèn)知、調(diào)控、交際、資源) Learning strategies can be classified into four groups: cognitive strategy, regulative strategy, communicative strategy and resourcing strategy.5、 文化意識(shí)(Cultural Awareness/Understanding)(歷史地理、風(fēng)土人情、傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗、生活方式、行為規(guī)范、文學(xué)藝術(shù)、價(jià)值觀念) Historical geography, local customs, traditional customs, lifestyle, norms of behavior, literature and art, values.3、 英語課程的實(shí)施建議 P1611、 教學(xué)建議(1) 面向全體學(xué)生,為每個(gè)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語奠定基礎(chǔ)(2) 注意語言實(shí)踐,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語言運(yùn)用能力(3) 加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)策略指導(dǎo),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力(4) 培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的跨文化交際意識(shí),發(fā)展跨文化交際能力(5) 結(jié)合實(shí)際教學(xué)需要,創(chuàng)造性地使用教材(6) 合理利用各種教學(xué)資源,提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效率(7) 組織生動(dòng)活潑的課外活動(dòng),拓展學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)渠道(8) 不斷提高專業(yè)水平,努力適應(yīng)課程要求 第2章 初中英語教學(xué)基本理論1、 語言觀(Views of Language) P1731、 語言的概念 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2、 語言的本質(zhì)特征/設(shè)計(jì)特性(design features)(1)arbitrariness 任意性(體現(xiàn)了convention規(guī)約性)(2)duality 二重性(basic level, higher level基層和高層)(3)creativity 創(chuàng)造性/productivity能產(chǎn)性(4)displacement 移位性(賦予generalizations, abstractions概括和抽象)(5)cultural transmission 文化傳習(xí)性3、 語言的功能(Functions of Language)(1) informative function信息功能(2) interpersonal function人際功能(3) performative function施為功能(4) emotive function情緒功能(5) phatic function寒暄功能(6) recreational function娛樂功能(7) metalingual function元語言功能4、 語言學(xué)角度的語言觀(1) The Structural View of Language 結(jié)構(gòu)語言觀 the structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: phonology, morphology, lexicology and syntax. (2) The Function View of Language 功能語言觀 the function view sees language not only as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things.(3) The Interactional View of Language 交互語言觀(interaction, dynamics交互性和動(dòng)態(tài)) the interactional view of language considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. 2、 語言學(xué)習(xí)觀(Views of Language Learning) P1761、 語言學(xué)習(xí)理論(1) Behaviorist Learning Theory 行為主義學(xué)習(xí)理論Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that arouses out of the ideas that attempted to explain all learning in terms of some form of conditioning (stimulus, response, and reinforcement)(2) Cognitive Learning Theory認(rèn)知主義學(xué)習(xí)理論 Cognitive theory thinks that “l(fā)anguage is a intricate rule-based system and with a knowledge of the finite rules (language competence), infinite sentences can be produced”.(3) Constructivist Learning Theory構(gòu)建主義學(xué)習(xí)理論 The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his own experiences and what he already knows. 最近發(fā)展區(qū)理論 Zone of Proximal Development 三、語言教學(xué)觀(Views of Language Teaching) P1781、語言教學(xué)理論 (結(jié)構(gòu)主義教學(xué)理論、認(rèn)知主義教學(xué)理論、社會(huì)語言學(xué)理論) 4、 外語教學(xué)法的主要流派1、 grammar-translation method 語法翻譯法2、 audio-lingual method 聽說法(pattern drill 句型操練、contrastive analysis對比分析法)3、 total physical response 全身反應(yīng)教學(xué)法 P1814、 cognitive approach 認(rèn)知教學(xué)法(提高accuracy, appropriateness得體性)5、 communicate approach 交際法 (包含function,notion功能和意念) P183(1) 交際能力(communicative competence) grammatical competence 語法能力、sociolinguistic 社會(huì)語言能力、discourse 語篇能力、strategic 策略能力、linguistic 語言能力、pragmatic語用能力、fluency流利性(2)3P教學(xué)模式:presentation-practice-production 6、 task-based approach任務(wù)型教學(xué) P184(1) real-world tasks /target tasks 目標(biāo)任務(wù); pedagogical tasks 教學(xué)任務(wù)(2) 任務(wù)的四個(gè)構(gòu)成元素:objective、context、process、outcome(3) information gap 信息差/信息溝 activities must have clear and attainable objectives./should be confined to the classroom context./should help develop students language ability.(4) constructivism learning theory建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論 (強(qiáng)調(diào)scene, writing, conversation, and meaning construction情景、寫作、會(huì)話和意義建構(gòu))(5) 任務(wù)型教學(xué)的三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié):pre-task前任務(wù)、task-cycle任務(wù)環(huán)(task、planning、report)、language focus語言聚焦(analysis、practice)第3章 初中英語語言知識(shí)教學(xué)1、 語音教學(xué) P192 1、 語音教學(xué)的內(nèi)容 The realistic goal of teaching pronunciation should be consistency: the pronunciation should be smooth and natural. intelligibility: the pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners. communicative efficiency: the pronunciation should help convey the meaning that is intended by the speaker.2、Pronunciation knowledge teaching發(fā)音知識(shí)教學(xué) (monophonic, alphabet, phonetic symbols單音、字母、音標(biāo))3、Flow of language teaching語流教學(xué) (sounds,stress,rhythm, andintonation重音、節(jié)奏、語調(diào))4、 The principle of phonetic teaching語音教學(xué)的原則 (accuracy, long-term, integrity, communication, pertinence, interest準(zhǔn)確性、長期性、整體性、交際性、針對性、趣味性原則)5、 The teaching method of phonetics語音的教學(xué)方法 P195(1) Sound perception聽音感知 練習(xí)方法:using minimal pairs 最小對立體(live-leave)、which order 排序、same or different 辨別異同、odd one out 同中選異、completion 填空(2) Imitation and explanation 模仿講解 personally demonstration、imitate、 practice親自示范,反復(fù)模仿、練習(xí)(3) Pronunciation practice發(fā)音練習(xí) 練習(xí)方法:listen and repeat 聽音模仿、fill in the blanks 填空、using pictures 借助圖片、using meaningful context 借助情景make up sentences 造句、using togue twisters運(yùn)用繞口令(4) 語流教學(xué)(見上)慢動(dòng)作(slow motion speaking)二、詞匯教學(xué) P197 language teaching theories 理論構(gòu)成:receptive/passive vocabulary 接受性/消極詞匯和productive/產(chǎn)出性/積極詞匯1、 Learning content教學(xué)內(nèi)容(1) word meaning 詞匯的意義 include learning form,meaning and use. Knowing a word means: knowing its pronunciation and stress/ its spelling and grammatical properties/ its meaning/ how and when to use it to express the intended meaning. 詞匯意義包括conceptual meaning 、 associated meaning 概念意義和關(guān)聯(lián)意義概念意義:詞典中意思,即literal meaning/ denotation 字面意思/詞匯的外延、關(guān)聯(lián)意義:文化含義與語境意義,又稱connotation 詞匯的內(nèi)涵( learn in the context )(2) word use 詞匯的用法 包括:collocation/ phrases/ idiom/ style/ register 搭配、詞組、習(xí)語、風(fēng)格、語域(3) word information 詞匯信息 包括:part of speech/ prefixes/ suffixes/ spelling/ pronunciation/ grammar features 詞類、前綴、后綴、拼寫、發(fā)音、語法特征(4) word memory strategies 詞匯記憶策略 avoid rote-learning 避免死記硬背 word-building構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義2、 Learning principle教學(xué)原則(1) 音形義結(jié)合 pronounce、spelling、meaning (2) 詞塊整體教學(xué) lexical chunks ( knowledge of collocation 搭配)(3) 具體語境中教 learn in the context(4) 循序漸進(jìn) step by step(5) 反復(fù)練習(xí)鞏固記憶 review(6) 培養(yǎng)自學(xué)詞匯能力 deduce the meaning of words猜測詞義3、 Teaching method教學(xué)方法 P200(1) 呈現(xiàn)詞匯: visual/physical demonstration 直觀呈現(xiàn) Word-building 構(gòu)詞法、synonym/antonym(opposites)同義反義詞、翻譯、舉例、問答 verbal context/ situation 結(jié)合語境/創(chuàng)設(shè)情境 運(yùn)用詞匯學(xué)習(xí)策略,如chunks/ reasoning/ analog/ using dictionary歸類/推理/類比/查字典(2)鞏固詞匯: labelling/ spot the difference/ describe the draw/ play a game/ word bingo/word association貼標(biāo)簽/找茬/描述繪畫/玩游戲(賓果)/詞匯聯(lián)想三、語法教學(xué) P2011、 Content 教學(xué)內(nèi)容 grammar語法具有Three dimensions三維性:form, meaning and usage形式、意義和用法 semantic語義包括grammatical form/the grammatical meaning of the structure/contents of meaning語法形式、結(jié)構(gòu)的語法意義和內(nèi)容意義 task 教學(xué)任務(wù):語法rules規(guī)則的cognition/ drill/ application認(rèn)知/操練/應(yīng)用、the generation of grammar consciousness語法意識(shí)的生成2、Principle 教學(xué)原則(交際性/實(shí)踐性、集中分散相結(jié)合、趣味性/通俗性) grammar teaching should be:(1)collocational:the grammar should be built on collocational relations between individual lexical items and their subcategories.(2)Constructive:ones knowledge of grammar is built bit by bit,which closely model the way language is learned and used.(3)Contextual:syntactic and lexical choices are explicitly related to pragmatic ones,and to social and cultural contexts.(4)Contrastive:grammar involves drawing the learners attention to contrast the differences between the target language and other languages,and between sets of similar features and items of the target language.3、Method教學(xué)方法 P202(1)deductive method 演繹法(講解規(guī)則,結(jié)合實(shí)例分析用法,句型練習(xí)) features: It saves time/pays more attention to form/teaches grammar in a decontextualized situation脫離上下文(2) inductive method 歸納法(學(xué)生自行歸納語法規(guī)則) start with examples and guides ss to work out the rules(3) guided discovery method 引導(dǎo)發(fā)現(xiàn)法(學(xué)生歸納總結(jié)語法規(guī)則,老師強(qiáng)化其形式意義)四、語篇教學(xué) P2041、 概念和結(jié)構(gòu)(1) Conception 概念discourse pattern語篇可以是dialogue、monologue對話、獨(dú)白,包括written/spoken language 書面語、口語,form形式上是cohesion銜接的,semantic語義上是coherence連貫的(2) Tactic pattern結(jié)構(gòu)模式 語段/句群、句際關(guān)系(并列、順序、層遞、轉(zhuǎn)折)(3) Cohesive device 銜接手段 logical connectors邏輯紐帶(firstly, thus, on the other hand, if not) grammatical connectors語法紐帶(時(shí)態(tài)什么的) Lexical connectors詞匯紐帶(repetition重復(fù)、synonym/antonym(opposites)同義/反義詞)Develop ss skill of recognizing discourse patterns訓(xùn)練方式: checking the logic of the authors arguments. getting the scrambled sentences into a paragraph.(focus on textual coherence) marking out common openers to stories and jokes. 2、 教學(xué)內(nèi)涵 Aims at developing ss discourse awareness.(teacher asks ss to concentrate on such features as structure, coherence and cohesion of a text)3、 教學(xué)方法 P207 overall effectiveness整體性效能(用knowledge transfer知識(shí)遷移實(shí)現(xiàn),重在cultivate application ability應(yīng)用能力培養(yǎng))、overall grasp of the discourse語篇的整體把握Teaching language at the discourse level :utterance function / expected response/ congratulation/ apology/ acceptance/ inform.第4章 初中英語語言技能教學(xué) P2121、 聽力教學(xué)1、 影響聽力的主要因素(1) objective factor客觀因素:types of language used 語言特征(語速/tone音調(diào)/pause停頓/liaison連讀)、task or purpose in listening 聽力任務(wù)、context in which the listening occurs文化背景知識(shí)(2) subjective factor主觀因素:psychological心理因素、knowledge skills知識(shí)技能因素、methods and tactics方法與策略因素2、聽力教學(xué)的要領(lǐng)(1) 合理選擇聽力material材料(authenticity真實(shí)性、intelligibility可理解性、diversity/variety多樣性)(2) 建立專門的聽力training system訓(xùn)練體系(3) 優(yōu)化心理氛圍,降低焦慮感(arouse interest調(diào)動(dòng)興趣、放松)(4) 重視聽的過程中的skill training技巧訓(xùn)練 prediction 預(yù)測、guess 猜測、coherent memory 連貫記憶(note-taking)、identifying the discourse markers辨認(rèn)語段標(biāo)記(5) 科學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)聽力練習(xí)3、聽力訓(xùn)練的type類型 P216(1) Focus listening精聽(tonal discrimination辨音、gap filling填空、dictation聽寫)聽寫形式: dictogloss聽釋、fast-speech dictation快速聽寫、pause and paraphrase聽寫大意、listening cloze 完形聽寫、error identification糾錯(cuò)聽寫、jigsaw identification線索聽寫 (2) Gist listening泛聽( decide on the best title )(3) Free listening隨意聽4、聽力教學(xué)model模式(1) Bottom-up model“自下而上”(強(qiáng)調(diào)language knowledge語言知識(shí))(2) Top-down model“自上而下”(側(cè)重background information背景知識(shí))5、聽力教學(xué)的過程 P218(1) Pre-listening tasks 聽前環(huán)節(jié)(brainstorming/discuss a relevant picture/writing question about the topic/associating vocabularies with the topic)(2) While-listening tasks聽中環(huán)節(jié)(辨音、獲取主要信息、預(yù)測、猜詞悟義)(3) Post-listening tasks 聽后環(huán)節(jié)(writing a similar text作文、discussion討論)2、 口語教學(xué) P2191、 Spoken language口語的特點(diǎn)(fragmentation結(jié)構(gòu)不完整性、involvement人和場合緊密依存性)(1)語法特征:There are four common features of spoken language: Using less complex syntax.語法 Taking short cuts,e.g.incomplete sentences.(and, or,but) Using fixed conventional phrases/chunks.俗語(fashionable word, two-part allegorical saying,colloquialism,slang,phrasal verbs 歇后語/口語詞/俚語/短語動(dòng)詞) Using devices such as fillers,hesitation device to give time to think before speaking.結(jié)構(gòu)特征: 往往借助filler補(bǔ)白詞(you know, let me see, um)形象特征:說話人的表情、語氣及態(tài)度等body language身體語言;音質(zhì)/聲調(diào)/重音/停頓(2) 口語的交際特點(diǎn)“說”受語言rule規(guī)則支配/時(shí)間factor因素制約/對方response反應(yīng)影響2、 口語教學(xué)的要領(lǐng)(1) 在聽的基礎(chǔ)上培養(yǎng)說的能力(使輸入的信息量大于輸出的信息量)(2) 組織多樣化的口語活動(dòng)形式口語活動(dòng)類型:pre-communicative activities 前交際活動(dòng)(操練/模仿/重復(fù)) 和communicative activities 交際活動(dòng)(信息差活動(dòng)/解決問題活動(dòng)/討論/辯論/采訪/游戲)(3) 正確處理準(zhǔn)確與流利的關(guān)系 Accuracy( identify particular phonemes on tape ) Fluency( shouldnt interrupt ) (4) 創(chuàng)造濃厚外語氛圍,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生敢說樂說The characteristics of a successful speaking task: maximum foreign talk/even participation/high motivation/right language level(5) 合理選擇口語組織形式,增加學(xué)生開口的機(jī)會(huì)(小組形式/單雙人活動(dòng))3、 口語訓(xùn)練的方法 imitativeness模仿性、monologue獨(dú)白性、performing表演性的口語表達(dá)3、 閱讀教學(xué) P2231、 外語閱讀的type/form類型(1) 根據(jù)閱讀方式和技巧的不同劃分Adaptive reading適應(yīng)性閱讀 recognition-read-silent-reading認(rèn)讀-朗讀-默讀Learning reading學(xué)習(xí)型閱讀 plain substance主旨淺顯information信息量大,強(qiáng)調(diào)閱讀速度comprehension理解性閱讀 real material材料真實(shí)、wide theme題材廣泛、various types體裁多樣,higher difficulty 難度較高(2) 根