基于簡單IO口的8LED語音播放機設計--畢業(yè)論文.doc
設計題目基于簡單IO口的8LED語音播放機設計任務要求實驗中需要的信源,可以通過處理一段WAV文件,將其變?yōu)橐欢螖?shù)據(jù)表進行實驗?;疽螅?、將處理過的數(shù)據(jù)通過單片機進行存儲(信號固化)。2、用D/A轉換器回放存儲的信號。3、通過模擬示波器顯示回放的波形。4、在數(shù)碼管或LCD上顯示回放波形的參數(shù)(最大/最小幅值,波形播放時間)。發(fā)揮部分:1、在實驗允許的條件下,采用更靈活的存放方法。2、多段信源管理和播放。實驗設備及軟件Keil 4編程軟件、Proteus 仿真軟件同組人員學號及姓名一人一組,無組員參考文獻郭天祥,新概念51單片機C語言教程入門、提高、開發(fā)、拓展全攻略,電子工業(yè)出版社,2009年1月基于簡單IO口的8LED語音播放機摘要本文介紹了語音播放機的設計。硬件部分是在Proteus 7.8上搭設的數(shù)字系統(tǒng),軟件部分是基于AT89C51單片機的以Keil 4為編譯工具的C語言系統(tǒng)。本系統(tǒng)利用51單片機的IO口讀寫、控制DA0832、SRAM 6264的數(shù)據(jù);往數(shù)碼管送段碼、位碼和控制信號;利用外部中斷實現(xiàn)2個按鍵的作用。本系統(tǒng)可以以設定程序生成的hex文件在Proteus中運行??蓪崿F(xiàn)全部要求的功能,系統(tǒng)使用性強。關鍵詞:AT89C51 外部中斷 DA0832 SRAM總體設計原理及思路本系統(tǒng)的整體框圖由AT89C51構成主控芯片,并使用D/A轉換器以及存儲器等組成系統(tǒng)。首先通過處理一段WAV文件,將其變?yōu)橐欢螖?shù)據(jù)表,再通過單片機將數(shù)據(jù)鎖存到外部SRAM,然后由單片機控制將數(shù)據(jù)送到D/A輸出,即回放采樣數(shù)據(jù);單片機串口讀取數(shù)據(jù)表,實時顯示在8位8段數(shù)碼管上;利用中斷原理,使用按鍵引發(fā)中斷、操控時間等。圖1 單片機原理框圖電路介紹(一)單片機AT89C5151單片機是對目前所有兼容Intel8031指令系統(tǒng)的單片機的統(tǒng)稱。該系列單片機的始祖是Intel的8031單片機,后來隨著Flash ROM技術的發(fā)展,8031單片機取得長足的進展,成為目前應用最廣泛的8位單片機之一,其代表型號是ATMEL公司的AT89系列,它廣泛應用于工業(yè)測控系統(tǒng)之中。目前很多公司都有51系列的兼容機型推出,在目前乃至今后很長的一段時間內都將占有大量市場。51單片機是基礎入門的一個單片機,還是應用最廣泛的一種。當前常用的51系列單片機主要產(chǎn)品有:Intel的:80C31、80C51、87C51、80C32、80C52、87C52等;ATMEL的:89C51、89C52等;Phillip、Dallas、Siemens等公司的許多產(chǎn)品。本次軟件設計中使用的是AT89C51。AT89C51是美國ATMEL公司生產(chǎn)的低電壓、高性能CMOS8位單片機,片內含4k bytes的可反復擦寫的只讀程序存儲器(PEROM)和128bytes的隨機存取數(shù)據(jù)存儲器(RAM),器件采用ATMEL公司的高密度、非易失性存儲技術生產(chǎn),兼容標準MCS-51指令系統(tǒng),片內置通用8位中央處理器(CPU)和Flash存儲單元,可靈活應用于各種控制領域。主要性能參數(shù):與MCS-51產(chǎn)品指令系統(tǒng)完全兼容4k字節(jié)可重擦寫與Flash閃速存儲器1000次擦寫周期全靜態(tài)操作:0Hz-24MHz三級加密程序存儲器1288字節(jié)內部RAM32個可編程I/O口線2個16位定時/計數(shù)器6個中斷源可編程串行UART通道低功耗空閑和掉電模式圖2 AT89C51(二)DAC08322.1 背景知識根據(jù)分析,D/A轉換器的轉換速率不必嚴格等于采樣時的速率,可以選用一個固定的速率,只要不使LED顯示發(fā)生不正常的顯示即可;同時要求D/A轉換器的位寬為8,準確度要求盡可能地高,建立時間盡可能地小,因此選用DAC0832(轉換速率為1MHz),滿足要求。DAC0832是采樣頻率為8位的D/A轉換芯片,集成電路內有兩級輸入寄存器,使DAC0832芯片具有雙緩沖、單緩沖和直通三種輸入方式,以便適于各種電路的需要。它接收數(shù)字量,輸出一個與數(shù)字量相對應的電流或電壓信號的模擬量接口。D/A轉換結果采用電流形式輸出。要是需要相應的模擬信號,可通過一個高輸入阻抗的線性運算放大器實現(xiàn)這個功能。在實現(xiàn)D/A轉換時,主要涉及下面幾個性能參數(shù):(1) 分辨率:是指最小輸出電壓(對應于輸入數(shù)字量最低位增1所引起的輸出電壓增量)和最大輸出電壓(對應于輸入數(shù)字量所有有效位全為1時的輸出電壓)之比。位數(shù)越多,分辨率越高。(2) 轉換精度:在不考慮D/A轉換誤差時,DAC轉換精度就是分辨率的大小。分為絕對和相對轉換精度。(3) 非線性誤差:被定義為實際轉換特性曲線與理想特性曲線之間的最大偏差,并以該偏差相對于滿量程的百分數(shù)度量。(4) 轉換速率/建立時間。轉換速率由建立時間來反映。建立時間是指數(shù)字量為滿刻度值時,DAC的模擬輸出電壓達到某個規(guī)定值時所需的時間。2.2 外部引腳 圖5 DAC0832的引腳圖(1) D0D7:數(shù)字信號輸入端(2) ILE(BY1/BY2):輸入寄存器允許,高電平有效(3) CS:片選信號,低電平有效(4) WR1:寫信號1,低電平有效(5) XFER:傳送控制信號,低電平有效(6) WR2:寫信號2,低電平有效(7) IOUT1、IOUT2:DAC電流輸出端(8) Rfb:集成在片內的外接運放的反饋電阻(9) VREF:基準電壓(-1010V)(10) VCC:源電壓(+5+15V)(11) AGND:模擬地(12) NGND:數(shù)字地,可與AGND接在一起使用(仿真中只有一個接地)2.3 DAC0832外圍電路連接在本次課程設計中,DAC只需要處理SRAM鎖存的一路數(shù)字量,所以采用DAC0832的單緩沖工作方式。圖6 DAC0832的外圍電路這里使用51單片機的P27引腳控制DAC0832的片選段,P36引腳控制其WR1寫信號1端口。用D07接收來自6264緩存的數(shù)字量。這里的基準電壓取了-5V,主要是考慮到輸出波形反相的現(xiàn)象。將DAC0832輸出的模擬信號通過運放放大一下,輸出到模擬示波器的B通道。(三)靜態(tài)RAM62643.1 外部引腳6264是8K*8位的靜態(tài)隨機存儲器芯片,采用CMOS工藝制造,單一+5V供電,額定功耗200mW,典型存取時間200ns,28線雙列直插式封裝。 圖7 6264的外部引腳(1) A12A0:地址線,最大可尋址8KB的存儲空間(2) D7D0:數(shù)據(jù)線,雙向,三態(tài)(3) OE:讀出允許信號,輸入,低電平有效(4) WE:寫入允許信號,輸入,低電平有效(5) CE:片選信號1,輸入,在讀/寫方式為低電平(6) CS:片選信號2,輸入,在讀/寫方式為高電平(7) VCC:接+5V工作電壓(8) GND:信號地3.2 6264外圍電路6264的地址線一共13根,則除了P0口外,還需P2的5個端口。由于P0同時兼作數(shù)據(jù)口,為了避免邏輯混疊,我采用了74373鎖存器以鎖存P0首先發(fā)出的地址信息。圖8 6264外圍電路通過6264鎖存P0發(fā)出的地址信息后,再通過單片機控制WR,允許寫入,從D7D0端口讀取數(shù)據(jù)寫入SRAM內部。在設計中,我只使用了其中的512字節(jié)單元,一旦存滿之后單片機立即選中OE端為低電平,允許讀出,將SRAM內的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送給DAC0832。(四)數(shù)碼管顯示4.1 背景知識由于基于IO的示波器需要借用數(shù)碼管顯示采樣波形的電壓,考慮到基準電壓是+5V,而且需要顯示的數(shù)據(jù)較多(最大值/最小值和時間),所以我選用了八位數(shù)碼管,前四位用來顯示最值,后三位用來來顯示時間。集成數(shù)碼管都有8位段選位,分別為AG(分別對應各段線)和DP(對應右下側的點)。集成數(shù)碼管分為共陽和共陰兩種,在此我選用了共陰的數(shù)碼管。圖9 8位集成共陰數(shù)碼管4.2 數(shù)碼管的外圍電路為了使得段碼在逐位顯示過程中不會產(chǎn)生混亂的現(xiàn)象,按要求使用了74373鎖存器,用P35控制74373的LE端,決定何時讀入。由于數(shù)碼管有八個位選位,所以用了P10-P17作為位選位。連接電路圖如下所示。圖10 數(shù)碼管外圍電路圖在實際中,需要合理設置位選和段選的位置,否則會出現(xiàn)時序問題;還需要合理設置每位之間的延時時間,否則動態(tài)顯示效果會特別不好。(五)按鍵設置在本題中只有一個地方要用到按鍵,即“信源的播放”,再考慮到需要暫停,共需2個按鍵。我設置key1、key2,key1用于暫?;蚶^續(xù)播放,key2用于一開始的播放。同時分別用P30、P31口來連接按鍵key1、key2。 圖11 按鍵連接圖(六)整體電路圖12 整體仿真電路圖結合之前六個部分的元件,以AT89C51為核心控制器,分別控制DAC0832、SRAM6264、8位數(shù)碼管和鍵盤的運行。因為51單片機的IO口只有4組共32個,所以有必要統(tǒng)籌節(jié)約其使用。P0口作為輸入輸出口,需要加上拉電阻。軟件設計(一)主程序模塊主程序首先完成(1)變量的初始化;(2)開外部中斷0和1;(3)反復循環(huán)SARM送數(shù)據(jù)到DA、數(shù)碼管顯示程序。其中,系統(tǒng)初始化包括把數(shù)據(jù)存入SRAM中。圖13 主程序的流程圖(二)按鍵中斷模塊為使得每當按鍵按下都能得到程序的實時響應,我使用了外部中斷。按鍵1用于暫?;蚶^續(xù)播放,按鍵2用于最初的開始播放。圖14 按鍵中斷模塊的流程圖系統(tǒng)測試在Proteus中畫好仿真圖后,將Keil編譯生成的hex文件加載進AT89C51中,啟動仿真。其中前四位的最值會不停的跳變,最大值與最小值交替出現(xiàn),當?shù)谝晃粸橄蛏系募^時,數(shù)值表示的為最大值,當?shù)谝晃粸橄蛳碌募^時,數(shù)值表示的為最小值。此外,為了顯示方便,我設置成30秒的循環(huán)播放。(1) 初始狀態(tài),數(shù)碼管顯示都為0,模擬示波器沒有波形。圖15 初始狀態(tài)顯示(2) 點擊播放后,在4.0秒時刻的波形顯示(見示波器)及此時的最大值為149。圖16 4秒時刻顯示(3)點擊播放后,在15.0秒時刻的波形顯示(見示波器)及此時的最小值為12。圖17 15秒時刻顯示實驗心得在本次軟件設計中遇到了不少問題,比如說:數(shù)碼管動態(tài)顯示時位選隨機跳且不符合代碼、按鍵按下后不能觸發(fā)中斷程序、DA、SRAM地址分配的問題等等。在查資料、咨詢老師同學、自己聯(lián)調檢測下,我最終逐一克服了這些困難。其實大一寒假時自學過一點51,也能夠做一些簡單的工程,大二上學期還跟同學一起參加了“電子制作大賽”,期間做了一個電子琴,不過相隔那么久之后,很多已經(jīng)忘記,還好概念還有,所以學習起來較快。本次設計收獲最多的還是增強了自己解決問題的能力吧。從一開始百度怎么將protues7.8與keil4聯(lián)調,再到同學幫忙利用聯(lián)調解決了我的一個問題后,我能夠自己獨立調試檢測自己程序中的一些Bug,借此幫助自己、同學完成了課程設計。此外,我也在受同學幫助和幫助同學們中,受益匪淺,不僅提高了自己,也在幫扶中加深了同學們間的認識。總之,這次課程設計還是很成功的。非常感謝老師的指導、同學的幫助和自己的努力。代碼:/*基于簡單IO口的8LED顯示語音播放機設計程序*/#include#include/*宏定義*/#define uint unsigned int#define uchar unsigned char/*芯片端口地址定義*/#define DAC0832 XBYTE0XBFFF /DAC0832口uchar dis_buf8;uchar code du_code=0 xC0,0 xF9,0 xA4,0 xB0,0 x99,0 x92,0 x82,0 xF8,0 x80,0 x90, ; /8段共陽極數(shù)碼管顯示碼值 /*系統(tǒng)引腳定義*/sbit key1=P30; /key1sbit key2=P31; /key2/*定義系統(tǒng)變量*/uchar num=0,second=0; /定義時間變量bit flag1=0,flag2=0; /定義狀態(tài)標志位uchar count;uchar max=0,min=200; /定義幅值的最大值和最小值uint m_x=0 xe000;uchar code music=0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x7F, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x7F, 0 x82, 0 x7F, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x7F, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x7F, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x7F, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x7F, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x7F, 0 x82, 0 x7F, 0 x81, 0 x7F, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x7E, 0 x80, 0 x7F, 0 x82, 0 x7F, 0 x81, 0 x7F, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x82, 0 x7E, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x7E, 0 x81, 0 x7F, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x7F, 0 x80, 0 x7E, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x7E, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x81, 0 x7F, 0 x7F, 0 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