2022年高中英語(yǔ)選修十教案：unit4 語(yǔ)法

2022年高中英語(yǔ)選修十教案：unit4 語(yǔ)法世界上有數(shù)以億計(jì)的人使用英語(yǔ)，但不同的人在不同的場(chǎng)合使用的英語(yǔ)是不盡相同的。大體來(lái)說(shuō)，學(xué)英語(yǔ)時(shí)要注意下面這幾種不同類型的語(yǔ)言。1. 書(shū)面語(yǔ)和口語(yǔ)：一般來(lái)說(shuō)書(shū)面語(yǔ)比較規(guī)范，結(jié)構(gòu)比較嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，口語(yǔ)則比較簡(jiǎn)短，結(jié)構(gòu)比較松散，甚至中間夾有各種插入語(yǔ)，有時(shí)只說(shuō)半句話又轉(zhuǎn)入另一句，省略句較多。有些時(shí)候還會(huì)夾雜俚語(yǔ)方言，這都會(huì)構(gòu)成理解的障礙。此外口語(yǔ)使用者在自然對(duì)話中多使用“and”和“but”等詞來(lái)連接簡(jiǎn)單句，或多使用單一動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，而很少使用復(fù)雜的并列句或從句結(jié)構(gòu)。而且，在一般會(huì)話中，由于說(shuō)話者和聽(tīng)話者之間的高度參與，說(shuō)話者常使用直接引語(yǔ)和通俗口語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言。與口語(yǔ)相反，書(shū)面語(yǔ)中頻繁出現(xiàn)的是主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等的復(fù)雜的從句結(jié)構(gòu)。除此之外，書(shū)面語(yǔ)使用者常運(yùn)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、間接引語(yǔ)，以及書(shū)面化措詞等手段來(lái)擴(kuò)大表達(dá)上的時(shí)間和空間跨度。 大家只要閱讀一本知識(shí)性的書(shū)（如歷史、地理、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)），不難體會(huì)書(shū)面語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)。反過(guò)來(lái)看一些劇本或是讀一些小說(shuō)中的對(duì)話，也不難看出口語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)。例如：Feeling bored, Amy left the cinema early. (written)Amy felt bored, so she left the cinema early. (spoken)The teacher came in, followed by many students. (written)The teacher came in and many students followed him. (spoken)以上兩句話中，第一句比較文氣，主要用在書(shū)面用語(yǔ)中。而第二句是比較隨便的說(shuō)法，很可能出現(xiàn)在輕松的談話中，屬于口語(yǔ)范疇。2. 正式場(chǎng)合及非正式場(chǎng)合用的英語(yǔ)： 正式場(chǎng)合用的英語(yǔ)，字典及語(yǔ)法中都標(biāo)為formal，可以是書(shū)面的，如報(bào)告、商業(yè)書(shū)信、條規(guī)等中用的語(yǔ)言。比較規(guī)范，有時(shí)甚至比較文氣?？陬^上也可使用這種語(yǔ)言，如演講、講課、正式作報(bào)告等。非正規(guī)場(chǎng)合使用的英語(yǔ)，指的是比較隨便的英語(yǔ)，口頭上用得最多，寫(xiě)信、甚至寫(xiě)文章也可能用這種語(yǔ)言。字典和語(yǔ)法書(shū)上多標(biāo)作informal。例如：The meeting will mence at 4 p.m. (formal)The meeting will begin at 4 oclock.(informal)The government has continued its struggle against inflation. (formal)The governments kept up its fight against inflation.(informal) 另外，很多成語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也都表現(xiàn)了informal English的特點(diǎn)，例如：formalinformal discover find out explodeblow upencountere acrossinventmake uptolerateput up with investigatelook into另外在結(jié)構(gòu)上也有些差別，例如：She longed for a friend in whom she could confide.(formal) She longed for a friend (who) she could confide in. (informal)In what country was he born?(formal)What country was he born in?(informal)一般來(lái)說(shuō)，informal language就是指口語(yǔ)體的語(yǔ)言，formal language多有些文氣，書(shū)面上用得比較多。但現(xiàn)在書(shū)面語(yǔ)言也在變化，有些人寫(xiě)作也多避免太文氣的語(yǔ)言，而使文體顯得比較輕松隨便平易易懂，甚至在大學(xué)課堂講課都比以前更加隨便。最后我們通過(guò)一張簡(jiǎn)單的表格總結(jié)一下以上這幾種不同類型的語(yǔ)言：正式非正式書(shū)面語(yǔ)短文報(bào)告申請(qǐng)信寫(xiě)給朋友或家人的信電子郵件短消息口頭語(yǔ)正式演講稱呼陌生人和熟人說(shuō)話（家庭成員或朋友）練習(xí)一、請(qǐng)將下面一段非正式用語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成正式用語(yǔ)。I always hate going back to school after a holiday break. I am not sure why. I am anxious to see my friends, I dont have any overdue homework, but I still get that funny feeling at the bottom of my stomach. Has something changed? Do all my friends still feel the same way? Everyone will wear something new, I am sure of that. 二、請(qǐng)將下面一段正式用語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成非正式用語(yǔ)。Even if using skin lightening products means they may face health risks, more and more people who have dark skin are using it. They believe that if they have whiter skin, they will improve their lives. Many people suppose they will have a better chance of getting a job or marrying into a superior family. Or they want to look like what their society generally considers beautiful. 參考答案段落1I am not sure about why I always hate going back to school after a holiday break. Although I am anxious to see my friends and I do not have any overdue homework, I still have the funny feeling at the bottom of my stomach. Has something changed or do all my friends still feel the same way? I am sure of that everyone will wear something new. 段落2 More and more people with dark skin are using skin lightening products, even if it means they may face health risks. They think they will make their lives better with whiter skin. Many people think it will be easier to get a job or theyll marry into a better family. Or they want to be generally considered beautiful by their society.