2022年高中英語語法專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí) 一、語法精講 實(shí)用學(xué)案 新人教版

2022年高中英語語法專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí) 一、語法精講 實(shí)用學(xué)案 新人教版語法精講定語從句 在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞，定語從句放在先行詞的后面。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞有關(guān)系代詞that, which, who（賓格whom，所有格whose）和關(guān)系副詞when, where, why. 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起聯(lián)系作用，同時(shí)又作定語從句的一個成分。一、關(guān)系代詞的選擇關(guān)系代詞的選擇，主要是指that和who，that和which，as和which這三對關(guān)系代詞的選擇。1關(guān)系代詞that的使用場合（1）一般說來，先行詞是all, anything, everything, nothing, much, little, few等，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用that。如： That's all(that) I know. Everything that can be done is done.（2）先行詞之前有all, any, every, no, little, much, only, very等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用that。如： He'll read all the books that are sold here. Ask any questions (that) you don't understand.（3）在以疑問句who開始的句子中，避免兩個who重復(fù)，用that。如： Who is the man that is shouting there? 正在那邊叫喊的那個人是誰？（4）當(dāng)先行詞是to be的表語，或關(guān)系代詞本身是從句的表語時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用that。如： It's a song that is very popular. 它是一首很流行的歌。 My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be. 我的家鄉(xiāng)已不是過去那樣的地方了。 She is not the girl that she was three years ago. 她已不是三年前的那個女孩了。（5）先行詞被形容詞最高級、only等修飾時(shí)，應(yīng)用that。如； Tang Guoqiang has bee one of the best actors that appear on Chinese screens. 唐國強(qiáng)已成為中國熒屏上最好的演員之一。（6）先行詞人和物兩者都有時(shí)，要用that。如； He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 他談起他拜訪過的老師和學(xué)校。（7）當(dāng)主句以There be開頭時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用that。如： There is a seat in the corner that is still free.（8）關(guān)系代詞與the same(指同一人/物)連用時(shí)，只能用that。如： This is the same person that I met yesterday. 這就是我昨天遇到過的同一個人。 This is the same museum that you once visited. 注意：the samethat結(jié)構(gòu)中的that不能用as代替，因?yàn)閠he sameas與the samethat的含義不同。（9）一個句子中有兩個定語從句時(shí)，如第一個從句中已用who，第二個從句中宜用that。如： The man who is at table is his brother that has been serving in the army. 桌邊的那個人是他曾當(dāng)過兵的哥哥。（10）當(dāng)一個句子中含有兩個定語從句時(shí)，如前一個已用關(guān)系代詞which，后一個關(guān)系代詞宜用that。如； I'll borrow a book which tells about the heroic deeds that the PLA did in the battles against the invaders. 但兩個定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)如果平行，一個定語從句用關(guān)系代詞that，另一個定語從句也應(yīng)重復(fù)that。如： He told me to read a book that is very short, and that is very interesting.2關(guān)系代詞who的使用場合（1）who可以代表人、人格化了的動物、神話故事中的人物或有生命的事物。如： The dog who is barking is our pet. Those who want to go please sign their names here.（2）在從句中，作主語傾向于用who。如： The girl who danced beautifully gave us a performance that day. Do you know the rade who spoke just now?（3）當(dāng)先行詞泛指代詞he，they或指示代詞those等時(shí)，常用who。如： He who does no work gets no pay. We are badly in need of those who can work in real earnest.（4）先行詞前出現(xiàn)不定冠詞時(shí)，多用who。如： I have found a man who can do this work. He is a man who should learn from others.（5）在there be句型中，既作主語又表示人時(shí)多用who，或省略。如： There is someone outside the office who wants to see you. There's a man who lives in that village.（6）不定代詞one, ones, anyone等作先行詞時(shí)，多用who。如： One who works without plain is wele here.（7）定語從句和先行詞分隔，用that可能引起歧義時(shí)，應(yīng)用who。如： I saw a man in the street who was surrounded by many people. 這個句子如用that，就可能被人認(rèn)為是定語從句修飾street.（8）在非限制性定語從句中，一般要用who，不用that。如： The soldiers, who may have felt sorry for the boy, had him stand with his back to his father.（9）有兩個定語從句出現(xiàn)在一個句子中，第一個關(guān)系代詞用that的話，第二個就用who。如： The man that I like is the one who is both petent and diligent. 但在平行結(jié)構(gòu)中，應(yīng)根據(jù)平行結(jié)構(gòu)的原則重復(fù)同一個關(guān)系代詞。如： I met a Greek who traveled a lot in the world, but who knew very little about his own country. 注意：關(guān)系代詞前如有介詞或在非限制性定語從句中作賓語，關(guān)系代詞要用whom。如： In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help. The brave man, whom the tiger was shot by, is a good hunter.3關(guān)系代詞which的使用場合（1）如果先行詞是that，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用which。如： What was that which you said about him? 你所說的關(guān)于他們的都是些什么呀？（2）先行詞和定語從句之間被其它較長的成分分隔，用which較好。如： I have some interests outside my professional work which give me great pleasure. 我有一些本職工作以外的興趣，這給了我很大的樂趣。（3）一個句子中如有兩個定語從句，第一個定語從句用了關(guān)系代詞that，第二個從句宜用which。如： This is the book that you borrowed which you have lost. 這就是你借過又丟了的那本書。 但在平行結(jié)構(gòu)中，應(yīng)重復(fù)同一個關(guān)系代詞。如： I have a house which is located on the hillside, which faces the south. 我有一座坐落在山邊的面朝南的房子。（4）非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞一般要用which。如； I will buy a book, which tells about the use of English idioms. 我要買一本書，是講英文習(xí)語用法的。（5）相當(dāng)于并列句和狀語從句的定語從句，用which引導(dǎo)。如： We went to the nearest port which we reached safely. 我們?nèi)チ宋覀兡馨踩竭_(dá)的最近的港口。 He persisted in having a bicycle which he actually had no use for. 他堅(jiān)持要擁有一輛自行車，盡管他壓根兒也不用。（6）關(guān)系代詞前如有介詞，關(guān)系代詞要用which。如： They had a meeting at which he spoke on the current economic situation. 他們開了一個會，會上他談到了當(dāng)前的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢。 如把介詞移至句末，可用that（或省略）。如： This is the book(that) she was looking for. 這就是她在找的那本書。4關(guān)系代詞as和which的選擇關(guān)系代詞as和which的選擇是指它們引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別。盡管都可以用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，代表整個主句的意思，但兩者的用法上是有區(qū)別的。as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句常用來表示說話人關(guān)于某事的依據(jù)、態(tài)度、解釋或評論等，含有“正如”的意思。as從句放在主句的前面、中間或句末都可以。如：She is working hard, as everyone can see. 或：As everyone can see, she is working hard.which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，一般表示某事的狀況或結(jié)果，只能放在主句的后面。如：She married him, which was natural.但不能說：Which was natural, she married him.二、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句1Restrictive Attributive Clause and Non-restrictive Attributive Clause:How do you apologize to your friend whose bike you lost?The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are bigger than the ones beside them.Dinner starts with a small dish, which is often called a starter.2Explanations in Chinese限制性和非限制性定語從句（1）定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開。例如： This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。（非限制性）（2）當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或被物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。（3）非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞，對其進(jìn)行修飾，這時(shí)從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。 說明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。三、如何判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞方法一：用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.判斷改錯：1This is the mountain village where I visited last year.2I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.答案方法二：準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀），也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例：1Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?Awhere BthatCon whichDthe one2Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?Awhere BthatCon whichDthe one答案：例1 D；例2 A例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his is the museum _ the exhibition was held.在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the one既作了主句的表語，又可作從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。在句2中，主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分缺句子的狀語，表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where，又因in the museum詞組可用介詞inwhich引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中，介詞on用的不對，所以選A。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所作的成分，先行詞在從句中作主、定、賓語時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞（where地點(diǎn)狀語，when時(shí)間狀語，why原因狀語）。