（通用版）2019高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第三板塊 語(yǔ)法填空與短文改錯(cuò) NO.2 再研考點(diǎn) 第二層級(jí) 第二講 定語(yǔ)從句講義

第二講定語(yǔ)從句一、明備考方向語(yǔ)法填空常考點(diǎn)短文改錯(cuò)常考點(diǎn)寫作常用句式1.關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, which, that, as的用法；2.關(guān)系副詞where, when, why的用法；3.“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。1.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句該用which而誤用其他關(guān)系詞(如that)；2.關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, which, that的缺失；3.關(guān)系代詞who, whom的錯(cuò)用；4.先行詞是人或物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞who, which的錯(cuò)用；5.關(guān)系代詞as的錯(cuò)用；6.關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞的誤用；7.人稱代詞與關(guān)系代詞的誤用。1.As we all know ./As is known to all . “眾所周知”2.As sb. puts it .“按照某人所說(shuō)的”3.such .as .“像這樣的”4.the same .as ./the same as .“像一樣的”5.one of the復(fù)數(shù)名詞定語(yǔ)從句“中的一個(gè)”6.the only one of the復(fù)數(shù)名詞定語(yǔ)從句“中唯一的一個(gè)” 7.由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。., which .(which代替上文整句話，譯為“這一點(diǎn)”)二、攻重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)(一)who, whom, whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的用法1先行詞是人，關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用who/that，關(guān)系詞不可省略；關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用whom/who/that，關(guān)系詞可以省略。2先行詞those后常用who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。3“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，如果先行詞指人，用whom指代人且不能省略。4whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，作定語(yǔ)，且不能省略。I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我與好幾位去年在英語(yǔ)演講比賽中遇到的同校同學(xué)成了好朋友。I have many friends to whom I'm going to send post cards.我要寄賀卡給我的很多朋友。The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.這家主要顧客是學(xué)生的校內(nèi)商店，放假時(shí)關(guān)閉。點(diǎn)津：關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.湯姆是這些工程師中唯一一個(gè)想出解決方法的人。(二)that, which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的用法1that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句既可指人又可指物，指人時(shí)通?？膳cwho, whom互換，指物時(shí)通?？膳cwhich互換。在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。2定語(yǔ)從句中用that不用which的情況：(1)當(dāng)先行詞是all, any, anything, everything, nothing等不定代詞或被它們修飾時(shí)。(2)當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。(3)當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last等修飾時(shí)。(4)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。(5)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在which或who的特殊疑問(wèn)句中時(shí)。(6)有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞宜用which，另一個(gè)宜用that。(7)當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ)，而關(guān)系代詞在從句中也作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。(8)主句以here, there開頭且先行詞是指物的名詞時(shí)。3which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句(1)先行詞為物。(2)which在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。4定語(yǔ)從句中用which而不用that的情況：(1)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞用which而不用that。(2)關(guān)系代詞前面有介詞時(shí)，用which而不用that。(3)先行詞為that/those時(shí)，用which而不用that。She showed the visitors around the museum that/which was constructed three years ago.她帶著這些游客參觀了那座三年前建造的博物館。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他們?cè)诠鹆謪⒂^的第一個(gè)地方是象鼻山。Who is the man that is sitting on the rock smoking?坐在巖石上抽煙的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)？The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much.這個(gè)男孩離家一個(gè)星期了，這使他父母很擔(dān)心。(三)as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的用法關(guān)系代詞as既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，as在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。1as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)常用于下列句式：(1)其中關(guān)系代詞as在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。(2).such as .凡是的人(或事物)，所有人(或事物)其意義相當(dāng)于everything that, all those, those that (who)等。as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句并在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分，定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞such。Take such as you need.你需要什么就拿什么。You may choose such as you prefer.你可挑選自己想要的東西。2關(guān)系代詞as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別：as意為“正如，正像”，引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有時(shí)還可插入主句中；而which意為“這件事，這一點(diǎn)”，引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能置于主句之后。相同的是兩者都可替代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我們車間使用的這樣的機(jī)器是中國(guó)制造的。Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.湯姆取得了很大進(jìn)步，這使他父母很高興?！癟here is no such thing as a free lunch，” as the old saying goes.正如老話所說(shuō)的那樣：“天下沒(méi)有免費(fèi)的午餐。”(四)關(guān)系副詞when, where, why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的用法1when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系副詞when指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。2where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句(1)在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。(2)先行詞可以是表示具體地點(diǎn)的名詞(如place, home, school, village, city等)。(3)先行詞也可以是表示抽象意義的名詞(如job, life, situation, point, case, stage, activity等)。3why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系副詞why指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于for which。I'm looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feeling for her.我正期盼那一天的到來(lái)，那時(shí)我女兒可以讀這本書，并且了解我對(duì)她的感情。Sing! China has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music, where some have stood out among them.中國(guó)新歌聲為有音樂(lè)天賦的年輕人建立了一個(gè)大舞臺(tái)，在這個(gè)舞臺(tái)上一些人從中脫穎而出。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他們已經(jīng)到了必須分手的地步。Do you know the reason why/for which he didn't attend the meeting?你知道他沒(méi)參加會(huì)議的原因嗎？(五)“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的用法1介詞和關(guān)系代詞的確定若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)常用whom，指物時(shí)常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介詞后，即“介詞whose名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，確定關(guān)系代詞前的介詞，可以從以下三方面入手：(1)先行詞的意義；(2)從句中的動(dòng)詞或形容詞與先行詞的固定搭配；(3)句子的意思。Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事業(yè)。(be devoted to “獻(xiàn)身，致力于”，固定搭配)Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.心靈的呵護(hù)是一個(gè)漸進(jìn)的過(guò)程，在這一過(guò)程中，即使是生活中微小的細(xì)節(jié)也應(yīng)該考慮在內(nèi)。Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which (whose price) was very reasonable.最近我買了一個(gè)古代的花瓶，它的價(jià)錢很合理。2“of關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代詞或數(shù)詞的前、后表示整體與部分的關(guān)系可以用of which/whom。He had a lot of friends, none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble.他有許多朋友，但當(dāng)他遇到麻煩時(shí)沒(méi)有人會(huì)給他提供幫助。三、練高頻題點(diǎn).語(yǔ)法填空題點(diǎn)全練1(2018·全國(guó)卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.2(2018·6月浙江高考)Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.3(2017·全國(guó)卷)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, which is not good for the health.4(2017·全國(guó)卷)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.5(2017·6月浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, where it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生長(zhǎng)) through it.6(2016·全國(guó)卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.7Lily might possibly come, in which case I'll ask her.8When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market where people from the towns met regularly.9Many young people, most of whom were well­educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.10They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.短文改錯(cuò)題點(diǎn)全練1(2018·全國(guó)卷)They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by selling the fish.whichwhere或which前加in2(2017·全國(guó)卷)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.thatwhich3(2017·全國(guó)卷)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.theythat/which4He lived in a big house, in front of that stood a big tall tree.thatwhich5I have never performed such a task that you've asked me to do.thatas6The number of smokers, which is reported, has dropped by 17% in just one year.whichas7I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, who we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.whowhere8Also, I think it's helpful to put up some boards along the tourist attractions that tourists can leave messages.thatwhere課堂應(yīng)用體驗(yàn) .完成句子并改寫1第二，你會(huì)交到一些好朋友，他們也很喜歡打乒乓球。Secondly, you'll make some good friends and they_are_also_interested_in_playing_ table_tennis.Secondly, you'll make some good friends that/who_are_also_interested_in_playing_ table_tennis.(用定語(yǔ)從句改寫)2他是個(gè)教授，那是我一直盼望的職業(yè)。He is a professor, and I have been looking forward to becoming_a_professor.He is a professor, which_I_have_been_looking_forward_to_becoming.(用定語(yǔ)從句改寫)3這幅照片為我們展示了一個(gè)動(dòng)人的時(shí)刻，在這一刻，一個(gè)小女孩來(lái)問(wèn)候正在工作中的媽媽。The picture shows us a touching moment when_a_little_girl_comes_to_greet_her_ working_mom.The picture shows us a touching moment at_which_a_little_girl_comes_to_greet_her_ working_mom.(用“介詞關(guān)系代詞”改寫)4人們也可以選擇在一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)中工作，在團(tuán)隊(duì)中他們可以向彼此學(xué)習(xí)。People may also choose to work in a team, where_they_can_learn_from_each_other.People may also choose to work in a team, in_which_they_can_learn_from_each _other.(用“介詞關(guān)系代詞”改寫)5與動(dòng)物照相對(duì)它們有壞的影響，這種行為打擾它們的休息。Taking pictures with animals has a bad effect on the animals. It_greatly_disturbs_their _rest.Taking pictures with animals has a bad effect on the animals, which_greatly_disturbs _their_ rest.(用定語(yǔ)從句改寫).語(yǔ)法填空David is _1_ (extreme) worried about his son, _2_ often behaves like a coward. So he _3_ (pay) a visit to the master and asked him to train his son. The master said, “I promise I'll be able to train your child into a real man in six months.”Six months later, his father came _4_ (pick) the child. The master arranged a match _5_ the child and his coach to show the six­month training result. At Round One, the child _6_ (knock) down and fell to the ground. He stood up to meet the challenge. But he was knocked down again, and once again he stood up to fight .this was repeated seven times.The master asked his father, “Do you think your child's _7_ (perform) is that of a man？” The father said, “I feel _8_ (shame) for him! I never expected that he would be so weak after six months' _9_ (train)” The master said, “I don't agree with you, and I regret that you only see the surface of things. You have not seen the courage and perseverance _10_ your son. This is the very spirit of a man！”語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。一個(gè)真正勇敢的人應(yīng)該是什么樣的呢？從不失敗，戰(zhàn)無(wú)不勝才是勇敢的人嗎？其實(shí)有時(shí)候能夠從一次次的失敗中站起來(lái)的人也是真正的勇士。1extremely考查副詞。此處修飾形容詞“worried”應(yīng)用extreme的副詞形式。故填extremely。2who考查定語(yǔ)從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為“his son”，指人，在從句中作主語(yǔ)，故應(yīng)用who引導(dǎo)該從句。故填who。3paid考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)空格后的并列謂語(yǔ)“asked”可知，此處陳述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事，應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故填paid。4to pick考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。故填to pick。5between考查介詞。根據(jù)下文中的“and”可知，此處應(yīng)指大師安排了孩子和教練之間的比賽。between .and .意為“與之間”。故填between。6was knocked考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)?？崭裉幣c下文的“fell to the ground”為并列謂語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；又因?yàn)閗nock與主語(yǔ)“the child”之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)式。故填was knocked。7performance考查名詞。根據(jù)空格前“child's”可知，此處應(yīng)用perform的名詞形式。故填performance。8ashamed考查形容詞。根據(jù)空格前的系動(dòng)詞“feel”可知，其后應(yīng)用shame的形容詞形式ashamed，形容人，意為“感到羞愧的”。故填ashamed。9training考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)空格前的“six months'”可知，其后應(yīng)用train的動(dòng)名詞形式。故填training。10in考查介詞。根據(jù)上句中的“you only see the surface of things”可知，本句強(qiáng)調(diào)“courage and perseverance”，這屬于孩子的內(nèi)心品質(zhì)，應(yīng)用介詞in。故填in。.短文改錯(cuò)(2018·云南師大附中模擬)Yesterday was my father's birthday.We made many preparation for it.Early in the morning, my mother and I set off for the department store to find gift for my father.We chose very careful, eventually a warm sweater caught our eye but was purchased.To showing my love for my father, I made a birthday cake under the help of my mother.In the evening, we got together to celebrate her birthday.With candles lit, we sang happy birthday out loud and clapped, that made the room alive with the sound of cheering.Then we take a family photo to record the happy moment.When I saw tears of joy in my father's eyes, I was filled in with a feeling of accomplishment and happiness.答案：第二句：preparationpreparations第三句：gift前加a第四句：carefulcarefully; butand第五句：showingshow; underwith第六句：herhis第七句：thatwhich第八句：taketook第九句：去掉第二個(gè)in9