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1、Before, after, since可以引導(dǎo)定語從句嗎?
有網(wǎng)友問,Martin visited his aunt two days before he left town. 這句話,意思是“馬丁在他離開鎮(zhèn)子的前兩天去看過他的阿姨?!睂??此外,before he left town跟two days是什么關(guān)系?
首先,這個句子的翻譯有問題,我給糾正一下:“馬丁在他離開鎮(zhèn)子的兩天前去看過他的阿姨?!?
two days before he left town是時間狀語,修飾謂語動詞visited。具體分析,before he left town是定語從句,先行詞是two days。也就
2、是說,它們之間是修飾和被修飾的關(guān)系。
為了更好的理解,我把句子作如下分解:
1. Martin visited his aunt before he left town. 馬丁在他離開鎮(zhèn)子前去看過他阿姨。
2. Martin visited his aunt the day before he left town. 馬丁在他離開鎮(zhèn)子前的那一天去看過他阿姨。
3. Martin visited his aunt two days before he left town. 馬丁在他離開鎮(zhèn)子的兩天前去看過他阿姨。
before he left town:只是說明“在離開鎮(zhèn)子前”(去看過阿姨
3、)。但仍嫌不夠具體,為了把時間具體化,可以在before之前加上具體哪一天。
the day before he left town:指“他離開鎮(zhèn)子之前的那天”,如果left的時間是10月5日,那么,visited的時間就是10月4日。
two days before he left town:指“他離開鎮(zhèn)子的兩天前”, 如果left的時間是10月5日,那么,visited的時間就是10月3日,不是4日或5日。
但是,不能翻譯為“他離開鎮(zhèn)子的前兩天”,根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣,應(yīng)把before放在two days之前理解。又如:
Two days before the final math exa
4、m, Carrie shared a secret with Emma. 在數(shù)學(xué)期末考試的兩天前,凱莉告訴?,斠粋€秘密。
Two days before he came into the emergency room he began to have chills, fever, and a cough.? 他到急診室的兩天前,開始打寒戰(zhàn),發(fā)燒和咳嗽。
Two days before Japan's earthquake last month, Chinese researchers detected abnormal electromagnetic signals in the area
5、 using ground-based systems. 在上個月日本地震發(fā)生的兩天前,中國科研人員使用地面系統(tǒng)探測到了該地區(qū)的電磁異常信號。
我認(rèn)為,不僅when可以引導(dǎo)定語從句(因?yàn)閣hen用作關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句,大家比較容易接受),而且像其他一些時間引導(dǎo)詞(在確認(rèn)是“關(guān)系副詞”之前,暫且叫“引導(dǎo)詞”),如since, before, after 等,均可以用在另外一個表時間的名詞后面,作定語。例如:
1. She ate your candy last night when you were asleep. 昨晚在你睡覺時,她吃了你的糖果。
2. He has worn a l
6、ong face every day since he was demoted.? 他被降職后,整天愁眉苦臉。
3. I went shopping the day before the guests arrived. 在客人到達(dá)的前一天,我去購物了。
4. We will start off the day after they arrive. 我們將在他們到達(dá)后的第二天出發(fā)。
when, since, before, after 這4個詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句后,不再叫“從屬連詞”,而是“關(guān)系副詞”。這4個關(guān)系副詞,表達(dá)的意思不同:
1. when 側(cè)重定語從句跟先行詞時間的重合。如:la
7、st night 和when you were asleep的時間是重合的。
2. since 把先行詞的時間,限制在since句子發(fā)生以來的范圍。如:every day since he was demoted說明“愁眉苦臉”發(fā)生在“降職以來的每一天”,“降職之前”則是興高采烈。
3. before 把先行詞的時間,限制在before句子發(fā)生之前。如:the day before the guests arrived說明“購物”是在客人到來的前一天,不是當(dāng)天。如果是當(dāng)天的話,則說:I went shopping (on) the day when the guests arrived.
8、
4. after 把先行詞的時間,限制在after句子發(fā)生之后。如:the day after they arrive說明“出發(fā)”是在他們到來的后一天,不是當(dāng)天。如果是當(dāng)天的話,則說:We will start off (on) the day when they arrive.
總之,在這個問題上,傳統(tǒng)語法規(guī)則與現(xiàn)實(shí)語言脫節(jié),因?yàn)樗茨苋娣从痴Z言的客觀實(shí)際。焦點(diǎn)在于:是兩個時間狀語并存,還是兩個時間之間存在修飾關(guān)系?我認(rèn)為,當(dāng)然是后者。
更多的例句:
He has thought of her every day since they last parted. 自從上次離別,他每天
9、都想念著她。
The water supply company has supplied 170, 000 cubic-meter water to the city every day since it was established 20 years ago. 供水公司自20年前成立以來,每天向城市供水170000立方米。
For most of the time since it gained independence, the country has been ruled by the cruel man. 在獲得獨(dú)立后的大部分時間里,該國一直被無情的人所統(tǒng)治。
She reca
10、lls the time before she knew him, and it was so wonderful. 她回憶起認(rèn)識他之前的那段時間,那是多么美好啊。
The day before she had the accident, she had a premonition of danger. 在發(fā)生事故的前一天,她有一種會發(fā)生危險的預(yù)感。
The day before the wedding was held, Anna wept all night. 在婚禮舉行的前一天,安娜哭了一夜。
It happened (on) the day before you returned
11、. 它發(fā)生在你回來的前一天。
Every day before class begins the teacher always calls the roll.? 每天開始上課前,老師經(jīng)常要點(diǎn)名。
Why do I find the Internet, games and music as my best friend every day after I am off work? 為什么每天下班后,我都把上網(wǎng)、玩游戲、聽音樂看作我最好的朋友?
The conveyance shall be cleaned and disinfected in good time every day after the carriage work is finished.? 每天運(yùn)送工作結(jié)束后,應(yīng)當(dāng)對運(yùn)送工具及時進(jìn)行清潔和消毒。
Every time after I finish doing Taijiquan, I feel like a new person.? 每次我打完太極拳,都感覺像換了一個人似的。
Now you know you'll have to clean your bathtub every time after you use it.? 你現(xiàn)在該知道你要每天用完后清理浴室下水道了吧。