中國(guó)古代冬季運(yùn)動(dòng) 從歷史到傳承.docx

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1、中國(guó)古代冬季運(yùn)動(dòng)從歷史到傳承 冬天，大概是最容易激發(fā)人們運(yùn)動(dòng)本能的季節(jié)了， 只要溫度合適，它可以凍得每個(gè)人都忍不住跺腳，并 且似乎溫度越低，跺腳的力度越大。 這是人類自我保護(hù)的本能，目的是維持身體機(jī)能的 正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。自古以來，人們就知道，強(qiáng)健的體魄是生 存的保證。于是，“運(yùn)動(dòng)”應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。只不過人類早期 的“運(yùn)動(dòng)”并不是為了競(jìng)技，而是為了捕獵。 俗話說：春有百花秋有月，夏有涼風(fēng)冬......冬天， 可能啥也沒有。只有獵人知道，冬天打獵的難度要遠(yuǎn) 遠(yuǎn)大于其他季節(jié)。因?yàn)槎熳顚擂蔚氖菐缀鯚o獵可打, 冰雪的覆蓋讓萬物歸于靜謐，動(dòng)物們有的遷到了更溫 暖的地方，有的已經(jīng)備好了自己的“糧倉(cāng)”，還有的準(zhǔn)

2、備把整個(gè)冬天直接睡過去——也就是冬眠了。即便有 些物種會(huì)在這個(gè)寒冷的季節(jié)出沒，也很難捕捉。人類 沒有鷹的眼睛，沒有熊的力量，更沒有豹的速度，想 要在漫天飛雪的冬天追上獵物，這簡(jiǎn)直是不可能完成 的任務(wù)。但好在，人類還可以依靠智慧，作為世界上 最古老的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)之一——滑雪，就是在這樣的背景 下誕生的。 water, he used a boat, on swampy areas, he used a sled [qiao], and on mountains and hills, spikes.5, What did qiao ("sled”)here refer to? Some belie

3、ve that it was a vehicle in the shape of a small boat that could travel on mountainous and miry lands. After improvement by people of later generations, it was transformed into a tool to travel on ice and snow. According to the Book of Sui, one of the "Twenty-Four Histories”， the Shiwei people, an

4、ethnic tribe populated in China's northeast during the Sui dynasty (581-618), had already mastered the art of skiing about a millennium and a half before. As they lived in places “with a frigid climate and covered in horse-deep snow”， they “rode wood when traveling55, which all but confirms they wer

5、e skiing; otherwise, they would have ridden on the wood as wizards and witches ride on broomsticks. In addition, the New Book of Tang, another of the "Twenty-Four Histories”， covering the history of the Tang dynasty (618-907) , made references to the three tribes of Wooden-Horse Turks (Muma Tujue)

6、, where people usually rode on wooden horses on ice. The so-called wooden horses were in fact two boards each fastened on one's foot, supported with curved wood sticks under the armpit. It is said that one slide could carry people as far as 100 steps away. On the other hand, skiing and skating at th

7、is time were still very much survival skills, either as aids for hunting or as ways of transporting food. It wasn't until the Song dynasty (960-1279) that such sports began to be played as an amusement, and winter sports were no longer the monopoly of ethnic groups in the north, but gradually becam

8、e part of the everyday life of common people. Indeed, it was generally believed a winter without ice skating was a winter without fun. Ice skating, as recorded in the History of Song, was a popular game in the imperial court; it even earned itself an elegant name, bingxi, or frolic on ice. The rule

9、s were simple enough： players lined up and skated on ice one by one through an honorary gate decorated with fluttering flags of various colors, and shot arrows on their target, a colored ball hung on the gate. Anyone passing the gate was eligible to shoot on the ball, and once they hit the target, t

10、hey would be rewarded. The game was wildly popular in the following dynasties, and the imperial courts of the Yuan (1206-1368) , Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1616-1911) dynasties were all keen on bingxi. Bingxi Tu, or Frolic on Ice, a Qing-era court painting currently collected at Beijing's Palace Mu

11、seum, depicts the pomp of the game. Without such a painting, it would be really hard to imagine that a bingxi game would have so many people to participate： some 1, 600 players, or more fittingly performers, were organized into different groups showcasing their skills on ice. Apparently, ice skatin

12、g was at the time could no longer satisfy people's needs, for they had come to play “bed skating55 as well. Similar to a sled, the “ice bed”， as it was called, was in fact a makeshift“vehicle” that could be pulled or pushed manually or by animals. In comparison to the simple “design” of the commoner

13、s5 "ice bed”， the ones made by the imperial court were much more luxurious, with slide tracks installed underneath and a "small house55 (with doors, windows and all the decorations) erected above. Nurhaci (1559-1626) , founding father of the Qing dynasty, was believed to have initiated the first do

14、cumented winter games in China, in which events that were precursors to the modern versions of speed skating and figure skating were held. While China has a long history of winter sports, it wasn5t until 1980 that China made its debut in the Winter Olympic Games (13th edition) , and it was not unti

15、l the 2002 Winter Olympic Games that China won its first gold medal. For a variety of reasons, winter sports may not be as popular as summer sports, but China has never considered giving up developing winter sports. Why? The performance of Chinese athletes already gives the answer： for them, there

16、is no such thing as ugiving up”. When they push the limits of the human body again and again, when they overcome all the obstacles and reach the Olympic Games, when they unite as one and give their best, everyone is a winner! Sweat and tears, hearts beating and cheers chanting. Once inside the aren

17、a, once on the rinks, the athletes just march forward, filled with power and energy. This is the charm of sports, this is the spirit of the Olympics. In 2022, the 24th Winter Olympic Games in Beijing are destined to be the spectacular sporting event that you have come to expect! 滑雪“ski”這個(gè)詞就源于古挪威語s

18、kith,意思是“雪 鞋”，指形狀像窄木舟一樣的滑雪板。早在13世紀(jì)， 滑雪便成為挪威的國(guó)技，甚至被用來充當(dāng)作戰(zhàn)的方式。 但滑雪卻不僅僅出現(xiàn)在挪威，遠(yuǎn)在數(shù)千年前的瑞典、 芬蘭、俄羅斯和中國(guó)，滑雪便已經(jīng)誕生?；蛟S有雪的 地方就注定有滑雪吧。 生活在地球南北兩端的人類，面對(duì)嚴(yán)酷的生存環(huán) 境，都想到利用滑雪戰(zhàn)勝冰雪。這既是大自然物競(jìng)天 擇的偶然，也是必然。 在中國(guó)，滑雪也是一項(xiàng)非常古老的運(yùn)動(dòng)。古老到什 么地步呢？關(guān)于雪橇起源的文字記載，據(jù)說最早可以 追溯到大禹時(shí)期。在這里，我們可以簡(jiǎn)單介紹一下大 禹生活的時(shí)代，那是中國(guó)的上古時(shí)期，神秘且浪漫， 傳奇又富有詩(shī)意，在其中不難見到魔法和神力，也從 不缺

19、少信念和神跡。這些傳說故事對(duì)于中國(guó)人來說， 大概與西方朋友們心中的“希臘神話”相當(dāng)。 值得一提的是，在中西方神話中，都曾提到過大洪 水。只不過在西方的傳說中，是諾亞方舟拯救了世界, 而在中國(guó)的傳說中，人們之所以獲救，是因?yàn)榇笥碇?水。 在很多古籍中都記錄了這段傳說，但要說最權(quán)威 的，還要數(shù)二十四史。西漢史學(xué)家司馬遷所著的《史 記》（約成書于公元前104年至公元前91年），被 列為二十四史之首，在《史記?夏本紀(jì)》中，就記載 了大禹治水時(shí)的一些細(xì)節(jié)，其中提到，"陸行乘車，水 行乘船，泥行乘橇，山行乘樟”。 橇是什么？有一種說法認(rèn)為，橇就是形狀像小船一 樣，可以在山中和泥上行走的乘具。而后人在

20、此基礎(chǔ) 上把它改良成能在冰雪上行走的工具，于是就出現(xiàn)了 雪橇。 據(jù)《隋書》記載，在距今1400多年前，中國(guó)隋唐 時(shí)期的東北民族室韋人，就掌握了不俗的滑雪技巧。 由于他們生活的地方“氣候最寒，雪深沒馬”，因此他 們“騎木而行”。這幾乎可以肯定他們是在滑雪了，因 為可以讓人騎行的木頭，如果不是用來在雪地上滑行, 那就只剩下飛行了。當(dāng)然，后半句是個(gè)玩笑。 除此之外，《新唐書》還提到過古老的木馬突厥三 部落，那里的人們有一個(gè)習(xí)俗，就是在冰上乘木馬奔 馳。所謂木馬，就是把木板系在腳上，然后用彎曲的 木頭支在腋窩下面，據(jù)說稍一使勁就可以溜出百步， 速度非常快，就是不知道百公里要消耗幾根木頭？ 要注意

21、的是，此時(shí)的滑雪依然是一個(gè)生存技能，或 作為狩獵的輔助工具，或作為運(yùn)輸食物的載具。 直到宋朝以后，這類運(yùn)動(dòng)才有了些許娛樂的成分， 而冰雪運(yùn)動(dòng)也不再是北方少數(shù)民族的專利，開始輿百 姓的生活息息相關(guān)。宋朝的人們普遍認(rèn)為，冬天不滑 冰，生活似乎缺少點(diǎn)樂趣。 據(jù)《宋史?禮志》記載，在當(dāng)時(shí)的宮廷中，滑冰是 非常流行的游戲，不僅如此，它還有一個(gè)非常文雅的 名字，叫作冰嬉。游戲規(guī)則大體是，人們排著隊(duì)，在 冰面上滑行，逐一劃過飄舞著彩旗的旌門，在旌門上 懸掛著射手們的目標(biāo)——彩球，滑到此處的人，便可 以彎弓射箭，只要射中了彩球，便可以得到獎(jiǎng)賞。 這個(gè)游戲幾乎風(fēng)靡了之后中國(guó)歷史上的每個(gè)朝代， 元朝、明朝、

22、清朝的宮廷都十分熱衷于冰嬉。北京故 宮藏有一幅清代宮廷畫《冰嬉圖》，描繪的就是當(dāng)時(shí) 冰上游戲的盛況。如果不是看到這幅畫，真的很難想 象，一個(gè)游戲居然需要這么多人參與，只見畫中的旗 手和射手間隔排列，隊(duì)伍蜿蜒曲折，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)看去，簡(jiǎn)直 就像一條巨龍。 可即便滑冰也已經(jīng)難以滿足當(dāng)時(shí)人們的需求了，他 們不僅要滑冰，還要?jiǎng)澊玻谑敲髑鍟r(shí)期又開始盛行 乘冰床。這是一種類似雪橇的冰上滑行工具，需要用 竿子撐或者人力、畜力推拉前進(jìn)。民間對(duì)冰床的制作 要求相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，基本是能滑就行。做好之后，大家就 坐在冰床上賞雪飲酒。 相較之下，宮廷里的冰床就顯得格外豪華了，據(jù)說 清朝宮廷里的冰床，會(huì)在上面搭一個(gè)金屬的床棚，棚

23、 上有門，門上有窗，棚脊和底座都有金龍的裝飾，冰 床下面還安裝了設(shè)計(jì)精美的滑軌。清代的冰床，相當(dāng) 于在雪橇上蓋了一間小房。 不過，清朝進(jìn)步的地方不僅僅是冰床設(shè)計(jì)，冰上運(yùn) 動(dòng)也在這一時(shí)期愈發(fā)成熟。確切地說，在清朝建立之 前，清太祖努爾哈赤就十分喜愛冰上運(yùn)動(dòng)了，為此， 他還曾經(jīng)舉辦過中國(guó)有文獻(xiàn)記載的第一次冰上運(yùn)動(dòng) 會(huì)。 據(jù)說，比賽項(xiàng)目還不少：有“跑冰鞋”，要求參賽者 分成兩隊(duì)，面對(duì)面站在場(chǎng)地兩端，正中間是終點(diǎn)，號(hào) 令一響，大家奔向終點(diǎn)，先到的人得獎(jiǎng);有“搶等”，要 求參賽者在三里外的起點(diǎn)一字排開，終點(diǎn)是皇帝的冰 床前，號(hào)令響后，同時(shí)沖刺，先到的人得獎(jiǎng)，很像現(xiàn) 在的速滑項(xiàng)目;還有一個(gè)項(xiàng)目叫“雙飛

24、舞”，需要兩人在 冰上表演各種舞姿，很像現(xiàn)在的花樣滑冰。除此之外, 還有冰上射箭、冰上武術(shù)等，這么多項(xiàng)目放在一起比, 賽程不可謂不長(zhǎng)啊，但凡冰床里保暖措施不力，皇帝 也得感冒。 中國(guó)的冰雪運(yùn)動(dòng)歷史悠久，可參加國(guó)際重大冬季體 育賽事的時(shí)間卻不長(zhǎng)，1980年，我們才第一次參加冬 奧會(huì)，這已經(jīng)是第13屆冬奧會(huì)了。而直到2002年， 我們才收獲了第一枚屬于自己的冬奧會(huì)金牌。 基于種種原因，冬季運(yùn)動(dòng)賽事似乎沒有夏季運(yùn)動(dòng)賽 事那么家喻戶曉，但在發(fā)展冬季運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目上我們從未 放棄，為什么？因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)健兒們?cè)缫淹ㄟ^賽場(chǎng)中的表 現(xiàn)，說出了答案。在他們心里，根本就沒有“放棄”二 字。 富他們一次次突破人類身體極

25、限的時(shí)候，當(dāng)他們克 服萬難馳騁于賽場(chǎng)的時(shí)候，當(dāng)他們團(tuán)結(jié)一心、奮力拼 搏的時(shí)候，從來就沒有輸家！ 汗水與淚水揮灑交織，心跳聲與吶喊聲此起彼優(yōu)， 決不放棄，勇往直前，賽場(chǎng)上的體育健兒仿佛給每個(gè) 人都注入了前進(jìn)的動(dòng)力和能量，這正是體育的魅力， 這正是奧林匹克精神。 相信2022年第24屆北京冬奧會(huì)，一定會(huì)是你所期 待的體育盛會(huì)！ Winter Sports China： From Past to Present By Chu He Winter is perhaps the season most likely to stimulate people's instinct to do ex

26、ercise, as long as the temperature is right. Sometimes, it can be so cold that people can't help but keep stamping their feet, and it seems that the lower the temperature, the stronger the stamping. This is a human instinct for self-preservation 一 to keep the body functioning properly. Since time i

27、mmemorial, human beings have understood that a strong body is the guarantee of survival. As a result, “sports” were born. However, in the beginning, “sports” were not meant for competition, but for hunting. As the old saying goes, flowers in spring, moons in autumn, cool wind in summer. In winter?

28、There seems to be nothing. Only hunters know that hunting in winter is a lot more difficult than in other seasons, as there is almost nothing to hunt for in this season. The cover of snow and ice makes everything quiet. Some animals have migrated to warmer places, some have hoarded food and built th

29、eir own “granaries”， and some are ready to hibernate for the whole winter. Even if a few animals are still active during the cold weather, they can be difficult to catch. Without the eyes of eagles, the strength of bears, or the speed of leopards, it is nearly an impossible task for mankind to keep

30、up with their prey. Fortunately, human beings can still rely on their intelligence, and one of the oldest sports in the world 一 skiing 一 was born in this context. The word “ski” comes from the Old Norse word “skith”，which means “strip of wood", “cleft wood”， “snowshoes”. Skiing became Norway's nati

31、onal sport in as early as the 13th century, and was even used in warfare by the Norsemen. Not only in Norway, skiing also emerged in Sweden, Finland and Russia thousands of years ago. For people living near the poles of the earth, facing a harsh living environment, they have all thought of using ski

32、ing to harness ice and snow. Maybe where there's snow, there's skiing. Skiing is a very old sport in China as well. The earliest written records on sleds can be traced back to Yu the Great, one of the “Sage Kings” in Ancient China. That era is usually considered mysterious and romantic, legendary a

33、nd poetic, in which it is hard to separate history from magic and divine power. To the Chinese, these legends are probably equivalent to the Greek mythology. It is worth noting that a great flood has been mentioned in both Chinese and Western myths. In the West, it was Noah's Ark that saved the day.

34、 In China, people were saved because Yu the Great tamed the flood. Many an ancient record has documented Yu's tale, but the most authoritative texts are the “Twenty-Four Histories”. In Records of the Grand Historian, the first and foremost of the "Twenty-Four Histories”， the Western Han dynasty (202 BC- AD 8) historian Sima Qian (? -?) wrote of Yu's travels when controlling the flood, "When traveling on land, he used a carriage, on