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1、非謂語動詞非謂語動詞 非謂語動詞包括不定式(to do)、動名詞(ing)、現(xiàn)在分詞(ing)與過去分詞(ed)。它們不受主語人稱和數(shù)的限制，在句子中不能充當謂語，但可以充當句子的其他成分，并且有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。所以，要正確使用非謂語形式，一定要充分理解不同形式所表現(xiàn)的意義，要明確非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間是“主動”還是“被動(或狀態(tài))”，所表示的動作是“過去”、“現(xiàn)在”還是“將來”，以及和謂語動詞所表示的動作是同步發(fā)生還是有先后之分。 形式對比項目動詞不定式(to do)動名詞(doing)現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)過去分詞(done)意義相當于名詞、形容詞、副詞，往往有將來意味相當于名詞，指經(jīng)
2、常性、習慣性的動作相當于形容詞、副詞，往往有現(xiàn)在意味相當于形容詞、副詞，本身兼有被動、完成意義充當句子成分主語、賓語、表語、賓補、定語、狀語主語、賓語、表語、定語表語、賓補、定語、狀語表語、賓補、定語、狀語形式主動一般式 to do doingdoingdone被動式 to be done being donebeing done無主動完成式 to have done having donehaving done無被動完成式to have been done having been donehaving been done無否定式在上述各種非謂語動詞形式之前直接加not 一、不定式和動名詞作主
3、語1. 動名詞作主語常用以下句型：It isno use/gooddoing sth. 而不定式作主語常用it作形式主語。It was no use sending him to a hospital.Its very hard to learn an art.2. 當動名詞帶邏輯主語時，只可在其前加上物主代詞或名詞的所有格，不可以用人稱代詞主格和賓格，也不可以用名詞的普通格。His coming here will be a great help. (不可用He和Him)Jacks suddenly disappearing made them worried. (不可用Jack)3for/
4、of sb. to do sth.中for或of無意義。如果介詞后的名詞或代詞與其前面的形容詞存在邏輯上的主系表關系，則該介詞用of，反之，則須用for。在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel，selfish, wicked, wrong等后面，常用of引出不定式
5、的邏輯主語。I found it impossible for him to do the job alone. It was wise of him to do that.二、不定式和動名詞作賓語1. 動名詞作賓語時，可以帶邏輯主語。此時，帶邏輯主語的既可以是物主代詞或名詞的所有格，也可以是人稱代詞賓格和名詞的普通格。Do you mind my/me reading your paper? She doesnt like Mary /Marys talking that way. 2. 常見的帶不定式作賓語的動詞如下：(利用口訣進行記憶。事實上，口訣內(nèi)的動詞后跟動詞不定式幾乎都有將來意味。
6、)想要干 want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, claim, would like/love, desire, swear 早打算 plan, prepare, mean, arrange同意否 agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford問問看 ask, beg, (ask to do 要求做)決定了 decide, determine, make up ones mind, be determined盡力干 try, manage(反義詞fail), struggle,
7、 strive努力做 care 別裝蒜 pretend3. 介詞以及少數(shù)動詞(“動詞不定式口訣”以外的動詞)和詞組后只能用動名詞作賓語： admit，dislike，appreciate，avoid，enjoy，bear(忍受)，envy，cant help(不禁)，delay，escape, cant stand(受不了)，deny，excuse(借口)，consider(考慮)，fancy，mind，miss(錯過)，mention, finish，pardon，resist，forgive，imagine，risk，practise，suggest(建議)，keep，quit，put o
8、ff, give up, feel like, be worth, set about, burst out, be/get/become used to(習慣于), look forward to, pay attention to, devoteto, lead to, stick to, get close to, object to, contribute to, get down to, be equal to(能勝任), turn to(求助于)等。 I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two
9、 years ago.He used to be late for work, but now he has been used to getting up early.4. 動詞advise/allow/permit/forbid后可跟doing，也可跟sb. to do。You would be well advised to stay indoors.The teacher advised taking a different approach.5. need, require, want作“需要”解時，其后必須用動名詞的主動形式或不定式的被動式作賓語，表示某事需要被做。be worth
10、后須用動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義。The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing/to be removed immediately.6. 有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語有差別，如forget, stop, remember, regret, try, mean, go on, propose等。try to do努力、企圖做 try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法 mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味著 go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情) go on doing
11、繼續(xù)(原先沒有做完的事情) propose to do 打算(要做某事) propose doing建議(做某事)like /love/hate/ prefer to do 表示具體行為；doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念，如果這幾個動詞前有should/would，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。Dont you remember seeing the man before? You must remember to leave tomorrow. I should like to see him tomorrow.7. 固定句型1)There is no use (good/poin
12、t/sense/harm)doing sth.做某事沒用(不好/意義/重要性) There is no use crying over spilt milk.2)have difficulty /trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun (in) doing He had a good time in travelling abroad this summer vacation.3)spend/waste/lose time (in) doing sth. They cant lose time playing computer games as
13、usual.4)There is no doing“不可能” There is no telling what he is going to do.5)prevent/stop/keep sb./sth. from doing阻止做Nothing can stop him from realizing his dream.【疑難點擊】1. do/did/doesnothing/anything/everythingbut(except)動詞原形，如果謂語動詞不是do/did/does，所跟的不定式須帶to。Last night I did nothing but watch TV.The do
14、ctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.2. can not (help/choose) but do，can do nothing but do，have no choice/alternative to do表示“不得不”。 When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. 3. 作動詞expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate
15、等的賓語時，通常用there to be結(jié)構(gòu)，在mind, object to等后面用there being。作狀語多用there being結(jié)構(gòu)。We dont want there to be any comrades lagging behind.I dont mind there being a chair here. There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.4. 為避免重復，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget
16、, refuse, tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等動詞后面再次出現(xiàn)相同的不定式作賓語時，常出現(xiàn)單獨使用的to，而把曾出現(xiàn)過的動詞省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be, have, have been時，要保留這些詞。John didnt pass his driving test, but I expected him to. Hasnt he finished writing the report? No, but he ought to have. Arent you the headmaster? No,
17、 and I dont want to be.三、不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語1不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。 What I would suggest is to start work at once.His hobby is collecting stamps.2. 表心理狀態(tài)的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等形容詞化分詞作表語時，表示
18、“令人的”；interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised等表示“感到”，也可用修飾體現(xiàn)內(nèi)心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名詞作主語。Travelling is interesting but tiring. The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.3. 除be done外， get, become, look, s
19、eem, appear, remain等系動詞都可跟done。如remain seated/hidden, get paid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour. 四、不定式、動名詞和分詞作定語 1. 不定式作定語時通常后置，即作后置定語，表示將要發(fā)生的動作。Wed better find some work for the children to do. He is the first one to help me
20、 with computer.(名詞前有序數(shù)詞或最高級時用不定式作定語)She bought a bookshelf to put her books on.(不及物動詞構(gòu)成的不定式作定語，要加上適當?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關系，這里的介詞不能省去。)Your ability to analyze the problem really surprised us.動詞的ing形式作定語，表示所修飾的人或物的動作或狀態(tài)，在意思上接近一個定語從句，可以表示正在進行的動作，也可表示經(jīng)常性的動作或當時的狀態(tài)，還可表示被修飾詞的某種用途。He was an inspiring leader.T
21、he boy lying on the ground was a student.過去分詞作定語表示已經(jīng)完成的或表被動的動作。He is an experienced teacher.The book published in March sells well.2當作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的承受者時，不定式既可用主動語態(tài)，也可用被動語態(tài)，但其含義不同。Do you have anything to send?你有什么東西要寄嗎？(不定式to send的動作執(zhí)行者是“你”。)Do you have anything to be sent?你有什么東西要(我或別人)寄嗎？(不是
22、主語you寄，是別人寄) 3. 一些形容詞化的過去分詞表示已完成的動作或所處的狀態(tài)，意為“已經(jīng)的”。a fallen leaf落葉(已經(jīng)落在地上)(a falling leaf 飄零的落葉，尚在空中)a developed country 發(fā)達國家(a developing country 發(fā)展中國家)a risen sun 升起的太陽(a rising sun 冉冉升起的太陽)boiled water 開水 (boiling water 沸水)a returned student 歸國學生a retired worker 退休工人an advanced worker 先進工作者a bent
23、branch 彎曲的樹枝determined opposition 強烈的反對a devoted soldier 忠誠的士兵a wellinformed professor 見多識廣的教授【疑難點擊】(1)The man who came this morning is our legal adviser.() The man coming this morning is our legal adviser.(不能用doing表達過去動作) (2)Is there anyone who can answer this question? ()Is there anyone answering
24、this question? ( 用answering表達can answer的意思是錯的)(3)Those who have finished their work can go home now.()Those having finished their work can go home now. (完成式不能作定語)2. drink, learn, sink, light都有兩種形式的過去分詞，但作定語時，只能用拼寫較長的過去分詞。a drunken driver 喝醉酒的司機a learned lawyer 博學的律師a sunken ship 沉船a lighted candle 點
25、著的蠟燭3. 不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關系時，不定式往往用主動形式。Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon?五、不定式和分詞作狀語 1動詞不定式作狀語表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等。目的狀語還可以用in order to或so as to來表示，但so as to不能置于句首，only to do, soas to do和suchas to do中的不定式均作結(jié)果狀語。only to do表示出人意料的結(jié)果。She did all she could to save him.They lifted a rock only to drop
26、 it on their own feet.In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.He was so angry as to be unable to speak. 動詞ing形式一般式(doing)與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關系，與句中謂語動作同時發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生；完成式(having done)表示該動作先于謂語動作發(fā)生。Hearing the news, they got excited.Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.過去分詞和動詞ing形式
27、作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語保持一致，且和句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主語或動賓關系，否則不能作狀語。但獨立成分，如Generally speaking, Judging from等除外。過去分詞的一般形式(done)同動詞的ing形式的完成被動式(having been done)均與句中主謂構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關系，且先于謂語動作發(fā)生。Given(Having been given) a wrong number, I couldnt contact him over phone.Being blind, how could they see an elephant?2. 不定式(to do
28、sth.)作目的和結(jié)果狀語時總是在謂語動詞后發(fā)生，而分詞一般式(doing sth.)作狀語時總是與謂語動詞同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生。He worked deep into the night, preparing a speech for the president.(worked與preparing同時發(fā)生)I got up very early this morning to prepare breakfast for my family.(got up先，prepare breakfast后)【疑難點擊】1. tooto do表示肯定的情況當only too和 all too與動詞不定式連用
29、時，表示肯定意義。too ready (anxious，eager, glad, willing)to do，其后的動詞不定式具有肯定意義。never(not)tooto句型為“不會太所以能”之意。Im only too pleased to help you.我很高興能幫助你。They are all too enthusiastic to take part in the activity.他們都很熱心要去參加這項活動。One is never too old to learn. 活到老，學到老。She did not get up too late to catch the early
30、bus. 她起得早，趕上了早班車。2. devote，absorb，lose，seat，dress，hide等動詞作狀語和定語時可以用它們的ed形式(devoted, absorbed，lost，seated，dressed，hidden)或ingoneself形式(devoting/absorbing/losing/seating/dressing/hiding oneself)。Seating himself/Seated/Sitting in the room, he is absorbed in reading.Have you noticed the student losing h
31、imself/lost in thought?3. 有些to do 短語，doing短語和done 短語已經(jīng)當作插入語使用，此時，句子的主語在邏輯上與它們不存在主動或被動關系：to tell you the truth(實話說)，needless to say(不用說)，to be honest/ frank(老實說，坦白說)，to be more exact(更確切地說)，to make things worse (更糟的是)，not to mention(更不用說)generally/frankly/roughly speaking (一般說來/坦白說/粗略地說)，considering(
32、鑒于/考慮到)，judging by/from(從來看，依據(jù)來判斷)，supposing that(假定)，providing that(假定)，according to(依據(jù)), including(包括)，owing to(由于)，talking/speaking of (談及)given(考慮到), provided that(如果)Generally speaking，the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.4. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：n./pron.doing/done/to do/adv./adj./prep.短語前后主語
33、不一致時，分詞作狀語需有自己的邏輯主語，且分詞與邏輯主語之間存在著邏輯上的主動或被動關系，此時，視為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。若把獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)還原為狀語從句，則主句的主語與從句的主語是不同的。It being Sunday, we neednt go to school. Because it is Sunday, we neednt go to school.All the work done, you can have a rest. If all the work is done, you can have a rest.5. 連詞分詞(短語) 有時為使分詞短語與主句關系更清楚，可在分詞前加連詞。連
34、詞有when, while, if, unless, though, after, before, as等。但分詞的主語和主句的主語必須為同一個。While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.He will not attend the party unless invited.六、不定式和分詞作賓語補足語 1. like, hate, encourage, wish, warn, tell, want, desire, expect, get, permit, order, allow，invite
35、, force, ask, cause, advise, request, prefer, beg, persuade, teach，lead等動詞賓語to do sth.，賓語與to do 為主動關系?！咎貏e提醒】My father permits me to surf the Internet at the weekend. hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do2. 感官動詞see, observe, hear, notice，watch, feel, look at, listen to 賓語do sth.(主動，全過程或經(jīng)常
36、性動作)doing(主動，正在進行)done(被動，完成)若感官動詞在被動語態(tài)中，則to 要還原；She saw the old man cross the road. The old man was seen to cross the road.The children were last seen playing by the river.We are glad to see our child taken good care of.3. get/send/set 賓語doing表示“使起來”，動作由靜止到運動并持續(xù)下去；get賓語to dolet/have sb. do表示“讓某人做某事
37、”；get賓語donehave sth. done表示“使某事被做”；send賓語to do表示“派某人去做某事”Finally I got my car running.His words sent me thinking. The teacher often gets us to recite texts.Id like to get my car cleaned before the New Year. To our surprise, he was sent to work abroad.4. 使役動詞make/let賓語do/done；賓語與do 為主動關系，與done是被動關系；如
38、果make/let在被動語態(tài)中，to要還原。I made my little brother cry. My little brother was made to cry.I spoke clearly and slowly to make myself heard and understood. 5 have表示“有”時，用have賓語 do，表示“有某事要做(主語本人做)”；用have賓語to be done，表示“有某事被做(不是主語本人做)”。do sth.(主動，讓某人做某事)done(被動，叫人做某事遭遇某事)doing sth.(主動，讓某人或某物一直做某事)使役動詞(have)
39、賓語The teacher often has us debate in class.They had the lights burning while working. Nancy will have her house painted.To his anger, he had his wallet stolen on the bus.I am going to the supermarket and have many things to buy. Do you have anything to be bought?6. keep/leave賓語doing(主動，且持續(xù)進行)/done(被
40、動) Sorry to have kept you waiting for me for such a long time.They went home, leaving much work unfinished.7. want/order/ask/wish 賓語(to be )done (賓語與done之間為被動關系)The teacher wanted the paper (to be) finished in an hours.老師想讓試卷在一個小時內(nèi)完成。七、with復合結(jié)構(gòu) with復合結(jié)構(gòu)是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的一種，常在句中充當狀語和定語，是英語中的一種常見結(jié)構(gòu)。它由“with賓語補語”
41、組成，其中，賓語和賓補之間必須有邏輯一致關系。其結(jié)構(gòu)為：adv./prep.adj.done(被動或完成)doing(主動，同時)/being done(正在被)to do(與賓語有動賓關系，表示將要發(fā)生的動作)with賓語With the children following him, he had to go back to the park. With the work finished, he could go home.With so many books to read, I could not go out. With the weather so hot, they went in to have a rest.With the prices of color TV set down by 50%, the company has a very hard time.His wife came down the stairs, with a book in her hand.The students stood in line with the national flag being raised.
高中英語總復習 part2 第10講 非謂語動詞（要點透析）課件 牛津譯林版 新課標
