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1、Grammar and usageUnit 2 What is happiness to you?在前一個單元，我們回顧了非謂語在前一個單元，我們回顧了非謂語動詞在句子中充當(dāng)主語、定語和賓動詞在句子中充當(dāng)主語、定語和賓語補(bǔ)足語時所表示的意義，以及他語補(bǔ)足語時所表示的意義，以及他們在充當(dāng)這些句子成分時的區(qū)別。們在充當(dāng)這些句子成分時的區(qū)別。這節(jié)課，我們接著學(xué)習(xí)非謂語動詞這節(jié)課，我們接著學(xué)習(xí)非謂語動詞的另一句法功能的另一句法功能作狀語作狀語。To learn to identify non-finite verbs used as adverbialsTo learn the differences
2、 between to infinitive and verb-ing/verb-ed when used as adverbialsTo learn different forms of non-finite verbs非非謂謂語語不定式不定式 to do 分詞分詞動名詞（動名詞（-ing)過去分詞過去分詞(-ed)現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞(-ing)動詞動詞-ing形形式式Infinitive, verb-ing and verb-edNon-finite verbs are often used as adverbials. What are the hidden meanings do the
3、y usually express? Are there any differences when they are used as adverbials? Do they have any other forms?Read the points on Page 24. You will find the answers.動詞不定式作狀語動詞不定式作狀語不定式作狀語時，要注意不定式的邏輯不定式作狀語時，要注意不定式的邏輯主語應(yīng)與句子的主語保持一致。主語應(yīng)與句子的主語保持一致。(1)做目的狀語做目的狀語可單獨出現(xiàn)，或以可單獨出現(xiàn)，或以in order to+動詞原形、動詞原形、so as to+
4、動詞原形等形式做目的狀語，可動詞原形等形式做目的狀語，可置于句首，意為置于句首，意為“為了為了”，如：，如：To catch the bus, you must get up early.=In order to catch the bus= You must get up early so as to catch(2)做結(jié)果或程度狀語做結(jié)果或程度狀語常以常以enough to 或或tooto等形式出現(xiàn)，等形式出現(xiàn)，并能轉(zhuǎn)換成并能轉(zhuǎn)換成sothat句式。如：句式。如：Liu Mei was lucky enough to receive many books from Project Hope
5、.= Liu Mei was so lucky that she received many books from Project Hope.He was too young to lift that box.= He was so young that he cannot lift that box. Could you be so kind as to close the window? With pleasure.I am such a fool as to think that she is a warm-hearted woman.He hurried to the station
6、only to find the train had left.(3)做原因狀語做原因狀語常用在常用在sorry, glad, surprised, pleased, angry等詞后說明產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因，等詞后說明產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因，或表示沒有預(yù)料到的、事與愿違的結(jié)或表示沒有預(yù)料到的、事與愿違的結(jié)果，不定式要放在句子的后面，若不果，不定式要放在句子的后面，若不定式為不及物動詞，其后應(yīng)加必要的定式為不及物動詞，其后應(yīng)加必要的介詞。如：介詞。如： Im sorry to hear about your failure on business. He will be so glad to see
7、 you here.分詞作狀語分詞作狀語1.分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，可以表示分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，可以表示時間、原因、讓步、條件、方式或伴隨時間、原因、讓步、條件、方式或伴隨狀語。通常可以轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的狀語從句。狀語。通?？梢赞D(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的狀語從句。表示方式或伴隨狀況時可以轉(zhuǎn)換成并列表示方式或伴隨狀況時可以轉(zhuǎn)換成并列或非限制性定語從句。如：或非限制性定語從句。如：Put into use in April 2000 (=When it was put into use in April 2000), the hotline was meant for residents reporting wa
8、ter and heating supply breakdowns. (時間時間)Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network (=Because she was blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network), Alice was in low spirits. (原因原因)Given time (=If he is given time), hell make a first-class tennis player. (條件條件)We often provid
9、e our children with toys, thinking that all children like them. (=and think that ) (伴隨伴隨)2.有時為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，分詞前可帶有時為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，分詞前可帶when, while, once, if, though, although, as if, unless等連詞一起作狀語，以便句子的等連詞一起作狀語，以便句子的意思更清楚、更連貫。如：意思更清楚、更連貫。如： When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differen
10、ces without noticing the many similarities. though tired, he still continued reading.3.現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作狀語時區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作狀語時區(qū)別：不管是現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞單獨作狀不管是現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞單獨作狀語，其邏輯主語必須與主句的主語一致。語，其邏輯主語必須與主句的主語一致。分詞作狀語通?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成一個相應(yīng)的狀分詞作狀語通?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成一個相應(yīng)的狀語從句或并列句，如果狀語分句或并列語從句或并列句，如果狀語分句或并列句中的謂語動詞為句中的謂語動詞為被動結(jié)構(gòu)被動結(jié)構(gòu)，就用，就用過去過去分詞分詞；如果狀語
11、分句或并列句中的謂語；如果狀語分句或并列句中的謂語動詞為動詞為主動結(jié)構(gòu)主動結(jié)構(gòu)，就用，就用現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞。例如：。例如： When compared with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.(分詞部分相當(dāng)于分詞部分相當(dāng)于When the biggest ocean is compared with the size of the whole earth, 主語與分詞是被動關(guān)系。主語與分詞是被動關(guān)系。)When comparing it with the size of the w
12、hole earth, we find that the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.(When we compare it with the size of the whole earth主語與分詞是主動關(guān)系。主語與分詞是主動關(guān)系。)4.現(xiàn)在分詞的兩種現(xiàn)在分詞的兩種時態(tài)時態(tài)：一般式：一般式doing，通常指與主句的謂語動詞所表示的動作通常指與主句的謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生或無先后順序同時發(fā)生或無先后順序; 完成式完成式having done則強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞所表示的動作先于謂語則強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞所表示的動作先于謂語動詞所表示的動作。如：動詞所表示的動作。
13、如：While walking in the street, we met some friends of ours. (同時發(fā)生同時發(fā)生)Having waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (“等待等待”在先在先)5.分詞完成式的兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)分詞完成式的兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)having done；被動語態(tài)；被動語態(tài)having been done。Having been trapped in traffic, he was late
14、for work.6.分詞的否定式的構(gòu)成分詞的否定式的構(gòu)成: not +分詞。分詞。 Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. Not repaired well, the washing machine stopped working again.7.分詞的分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是分詞的一種特是分詞的一種特殊形式，在句中作狀語。在分詞的獨立殊形式，在句中作狀語。在分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞或代詞同其后的分詞主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞或代詞同其后的分詞在邏輯上有在邏輯上有主謂主謂關(guān)系時用關(guān)系時用現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞；在；在邏輯上有
15、邏輯上有動賓動賓關(guān)系時用關(guān)系時用過去分詞過去分詞。在獨。在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的時間發(fā)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的時間發(fā)生在主句動詞時間之前，常用現(xiàn)在分詞生在主句動詞時間之前，常用現(xiàn)在分詞完成時態(tài)表示。完成時態(tài)表示。 如：如：Winter coming, its getting colder and colder. (winter和和come是邏輯主謂關(guān)系是邏輯主謂關(guān)系)More money given, we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained. (句中句中money與與give是動
16、賓關(guān)是動賓關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞系，所以用過去分詞)The snow having stopped, she went out to sweep the snow in the yard.(強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動作發(fā)生在先強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動作發(fā)生在先)注：在獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中，現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式有注：在獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中，現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式有時可以簡化成過去分詞。時可以簡化成過去分詞。His work having been finished/His work finished, he went home.8. 一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)作插入語，起評注說明一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)作插入語，起評注說明的作用，用法固定，不必考慮邏輯上的的作用，用法固定，不必考慮
17、邏輯上的關(guān)系，常用的有：關(guān)系，常用的有：generally speaking, considering, given, supposing that, talking of, seeing that (鑒于鑒于)等。等。eg. Considering everything, it wasnt a bad holiday. Supposing that there was war, what would you do? Summarize the usage of non-finite verbsto infini-tivev-ingV-ed being+ v-edhaving + v-edha
18、ving been + v-ed主語主語賓語賓語表語表語to infini-tivev-ingV-ed being+ v-edhaving + v-edhaving been + v-ed賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)定語定語狀語狀語Reflection time1. To infinitive can be used to express _when it is used as an adverbial in a sentence.2. Verb-ing or verb-ed can be used to express _ when used as adverbials in sentences.3. The
19、perfect form of verb-ing is _ and the passive form is _.1. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day.A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finishedExercises2. _ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. H
20、aving been followed3. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followedD. being followed4. _, liquids can be changed into gases.A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat5. Dont use words, expressions, or phrases _ only to people with special knowle
21、dge. A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known6. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose7. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clear up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered8.
22、 The visitor expressed his satisfaction, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here. A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added9. The boy lay on the ground, his eyes _ and his hands _. A. being closed；trembling B. closed；trembling C. closed；trembled D. closing；trembled10. Unless _ to speak, you should re
23、main silent at the meeting. A. invited B. being invited C. having invited D. being invited11. Though _ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in12.The weather _ so bad, we had to put the game off. A. was B. is C. were D. being13.The country
24、 has already sent up 3 unmanned spacecrafts, the most recent _ at the end of last March. A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launchedQuiz II: 同義轉(zhuǎn)換，每空一詞。同義轉(zhuǎn)換，每空一詞。1.The box is so heavy that I cant carry it. The box is _ heavy _ _ _ carry. The box is not _ _ for me
25、to carry. 2.The maths problem is so difficult that I cant work it out. The maths problem is _ difficult _ _ _ work out.toofor me tolight enoughtoofor me to3. If I was given more time, I could do it much better. _ more time, I could do it much better.4. As a League member, he is always helping others
26、. _ _ _ _, he is always helping others.GivenBeing a League member1. If _ (加熱加熱) to a high temperature, water will change into vapour.2. _ (從太空望去從太空望去), the earth is a water-covered globe.3. _ (在她的話在她的話的鼓勵下的鼓勵下) the boy said sorry to his teacher.Quiz III: Complete the sentences.heatedSeen from the sp
27、aceEncouraged by her words4. He worked day and night _ (為了掙錢為了掙錢).5. _ (告訴你實話吧告訴你實話吧), I dont like the way he talked.6. _ (一般說來一般說來), girls are more careful. 7. _ (雖然雨下得雖然雨下得 很大很大), it cleared up very soon. 8. He arrived late _ (卻發(fā)現(xiàn)火車開走了卻發(fā)現(xiàn)火車開走了).to earn the moneyTo tell you the truthThough raining
28、heavilyGenerally speakingto find the train gone1.Do the exercise on Page 25.2.Do the exercises C1 and C2 on Page 107 of your workbook.HomeworkAnswers (P25)1. to learn how to ski2. Accompanied by an experienced ski instructor3. Thinking that she knew how to ski well4. while skiing downhill5. Although not expecting trouble6. Having been checked at the nearest hospital7. Hearing the news8. Not knowing how serious the situation was9. Arriving at the hospital10. if properly treated
雙語報高中英語 Unit 2 What is happiness to youGrammar and usage課件 牛津版選修6
