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1、 英語(yǔ)原文 Intelligent Traffic Light Control by Marco Wiering The topic I picked for our community project was traffic lights. In a community, people need stop signs and traffic lights to slow down drivers from going too fast. If there were no traffic lights or stop signs, people’s lives would b

2、e in danger from drivers going too fast. The urban traffic trends towards the saturation, the rate of increase of the road of big city far lags behind rate of increase of the car. The urban passenger traffic has already become the main part of city traffic day by day and it has used about 80% of

3、the area of road of center district. With the increase of population and industry activity, peoples traffic is more and more frequent, which is unavoidable. What means of transportation people adopt produces pressure completely different to city traffic. According to calculating, if it is 1 to adopt

4、 the area of road that the public transport needs, bike needs 5-7, car needs 15-25, even to walk is 3 times more than to take public transits. So only by building road cant solve the city traffic problem finally yet. Every large city of the world increases the traffic policy to the first place of th

5、e question. For example， according to calculating, when the automobile owning amount of Shanghai reaches 800,000 (outside cars count separately ), if it distributes still as now for example: center district accounts for great proportion, even when several loop-lines and arterial highways have been

6、built up , the traffic cannot be improved more than before and the situation might be even worse. So the traffic policy Shanghai must adopt , or called traffic strategy is that have priority to develop public passenger traffic of city, narrow the scope of using of the bicycle progressively , control

7、 the scale of growth of the car traffic in the center district, limit the development of the motorcycle strictly. There are more municipals project under construction in big city. the influence on the traffic is greater. Municipal infrastructure construction is originally a good thing of allevi

8、ating the traffic, but in the course of constructing, it unavoidably influence the local traffic. Some road sections are blocked, some change into an one-way lane, thus the vehicle can only take a devious route . The construction makes the road very narrow, forming the bottleneck, which seriously in

9、fluence the car flow. When having stop signs and traffic lights, people have a tendency to drive slower and look out for people walking in the middle of streets. To put a traffic light or a stop sign in a community, it takes a lot of work and planning from the community and the city to put one in.

10、It is not cheap to do it either. The community first needs to take a petition around to everyone in the community and have them sign so they can take it to the board when the next city council meeting is. A couple residents will present it to the board, and they will decide weather or not to put it

11、in or not. If not put in a lot of residents might be mad and bad things could happened to that part of the city. When the planning of putting traffic lights and stop signs, you should look at the subdivision plan and figure out where all the buildings and schools are for the protection of student

12、s walking and riding home from school. In our plan that we have made, we will need traffic lights next to the school, so people will look out for the students going home. We will need a stop sign next to the park incase kids run out in the street. This will help the protection of the kids having fun

13、. Will need a traffic light separating the mall and the store. This will be the busiest part of the town with people going to the mall and the store. And finally there will need to be a stop sign at the end of the streets so people don’t drive too fast and get in a big accident. If this is down ever

14、yone will be safe driving, walking, or riding their bikes. In putting in a traffic light, it takes a lot of planning and money to complete it. A traffic light cost around $40,000 to $125,000 and sometimes more depending on the location. If a business goes in and a traffic light needs to go in, th

15、e business or businesses will have to pay some money to pay for it to make sure everyone is safe going from and to that business. Also if there is too many accidents in one particular place in a city, a traffic light will go in to safe people from getting a severe accident and ending their life and

16、maybe someone else’s. The reason I picked this part of our community development report was that traffic is a very important part of a city. If not for traffic lights and stop signs, people’s lives would be in danger every time they walked out their doors. People will be driving extremely fas

17、t and people will be hit just trying to have fun with their friends. So having traffic lights and stop signs this will prevent all this from happening. Traffic in a city is very much affected by traffic light controllers. When waiting for a traffic light, the driver looses time and the car uses fu

18、el. Hence, reducing waiting times before traffic lights can save our European society billions of Euros annually. To make traffic light controllers more intelligent, we exploit the emergence of novel technologies such as communication networks and sensor networks, as well as the use of more sophisti

19、cated algorithms for setting traffic lights. Intelligent traffic light control does not only mean that traffic lights are set in order to minimize waiting times of road users, but also that road users receive information about how to drive through a city in order to minimize their waiting times. Thi

20、s means that we are coping with a complex multi-agent system, where communication and coordination play essential roles. Our research has led to a novel system in which traffic light controllers and the behaviour of car drivers are optimized using machine-learning methods. Our idea of setting a tra

21、ffic light is as follows. Suppose there are a number of cars with their destination address standing before a crossing. All cars communicate to the traffic light their specific place in the queue and their destination address. Now the traffic light has to decide which option (ie, which lanes are to

22、be put on green) is optimal to minimize the long-term average waiting time until all cars have arrived at their destination address. The learning traffic light controllers solve this problem by estimating how long it would take for a car to arrive at its destination address (for which the car may ne

23、ed to pass many different traffic lights) when currently the light would be put on green, and how long it would take if the light would be put on red. The difference between the waiting time for red and the waiting time for green is the gain for the car. Now the traffic light controllers set the lig

24、hts in such a way to maximize the average gain of all cars standing before the crossing. To estimate the waiting times, we use reinforcement learning which keeps track of the waiting times of individual cars and uses a smart way to compute the long term average waiting times using dynamic programmin

25、g algorithms. One nice feature is that the system is very fair; it never lets one car wait for a very long time, since then its gain of setting its own light to green becomes very large, and the optimal decision of the traffic light will set his light to green. Furthermore, since we estimate waiting

26、 times before traffic lights until the destination of the road user has been reached, the road user can use this information to choose to which next traffic light to go, thereby improving its driving behaviour through a city. Note that we solve the traffic light control problem by using a distribute

27、d multi-agent system, where cooperation and coordination are done by communication, learning, and voting mechanisms. To allow for green waves during extremely busy situations, we combine our algorithm with a special bucket algorithm which propagates gains from one traffic light to the next one, indu

28、cing stronger voting on the next traffic controller option. We have implemented the Green Light District, a traffic simulator in Java in which infrastructures can be edited easily by using the mouse, and different levels of road usage can be simulated. A large number of fixed and learning traffic

29、 light controllers have already been tested in the simulator and the resulting average waiting times of cars have been plotted and compared. The results indicate that the learning controllers can reduce average waiting times with at least 10% in semi-busy traffic situations, and even much more when

30、high congestion of the traffic occurs. We are currently studying the behaviour of the learning traffic light controllers on many different infrastructures in our simulator. We are also planning to cooperate with other institutes and companies in the Netherlands to apply our system to real world tra

31、ffic situations. For this, modern technologies such as communicating networks can be brought to use on a very large scale, making the necessary communication between road users and traffic lights possible. 中文翻譯： 智能交通信號(hào)燈控制

32、 馬克威寧 我所選擇的社區(qū)項(xiàng)目主題是交通燈。在一個(gè)社會(huì)，人們需要停車標(biāo)志和交通燈，以減緩司機(jī)從走得太快。如果沒有交通燈或停止的標(biāo)志，駕駛員將開得很快以至于威脅到人們的生活。 大城市的交通問題是越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重，原因有很多方面共同造成的。在接近飽和的城市交通的趨勢(shì)，大的城市道路增長(zhǎng)速度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于汽車的增長(zhǎng)速度。城市客運(yùn)交通已經(jīng)成為城市交通日新月異的主要組成部分，它使用了約80％對(duì)中心區(qū)道路面積。隨著人口和產(chǎn)業(yè)活動(dòng)的增加，人們的出行越來(lái)越頻繁是不可避免的。什么樣的交通設(shè)施產(chǎn)生壓力的手段采取完全不同的城市交通。據(jù)計(jì)算，如果采用的是1區(qū)的

33、道路公共交通的需求，自行車需要5-7，汽車需要15-25，甚至步行3倍多乘搭公共過境。因此，通過修建道路并不能最終解決城市交通問題。世界的每一個(gè)大城市都把處理該市交通問題當(dāng)成最重要的事情來(lái)對(duì)待。 當(dāng)有停車標(biāo)志和交通燈，人們有一種傾向會(huì)把車開慢點(diǎn)開慢點(diǎn)，并向四周看看，是否有人們?cè)诮值乐凶叱?。把一個(gè)交通燈，或在一個(gè)社區(qū)停止的標(biāo)志，它需要從社會(huì)上大量的工作，諸如規(guī)劃和城市，而且干這個(gè)事情的成本不是很便宜。社區(qū)首先需要采取請(qǐng)?jiān)钢車總€(gè)人在社會(huì)上并讓他們簽名，以便他們能夠到董事會(huì)下一次市議會(huì)會(huì)議。每一對(duì)夫婦的想法都將提交給董事會(huì)，他們將決定究竟要不要投入或不是。如果不同意設(shè)置大量的交通燈，大量的居民便

34、會(huì)很懊惱，那些道路上不好的事情就可能發(fā)生在這個(gè)城市的某一部分。 當(dāng)規(guī)劃交通燈和停車標(biāo)志的時(shí)候，你應(yīng)該再看看細(xì)分計(jì)劃，并找出其中所有的建筑物和學(xué)校。以便確認(rèn)學(xué)生無(wú)論是騎車還是步行回家時(shí)能夠受到足夠的保護(hù)。在我們已經(jīng)取得的計(jì)劃中，我們將需要把交通燈安置在學(xué)校的旁邊，所以人們?cè)隈{駛時(shí)會(huì)留心前方是否有學(xué)生回家了。我們需要一個(gè)停止標(biāo)志緊靠著公園以防孩子們突然從公園里跑到外面的馬路上。這將有助于保護(hù)孩子的玩樂。將需要一個(gè)紅綠燈分離商場(chǎng)和商店。這將是與去商場(chǎng)和商店的人的小鎮(zhèn)最繁忙的一部分。最后還有一個(gè)需要在街道盡頭放置一個(gè)停止標(biāo)志。這樣就會(huì)提醒駕駛員不要開得太快，從而避免一個(gè)大交通事故。如果以上所說(shuō)的都得

35、到解決，大家無(wú)論是駕駛，步行，或騎自行車，都會(huì)很安全。 要想安置一個(gè)交通燈，需要完成它的規(guī)劃精力和資金來(lái)很多。一個(gè)紅綠燈費(fèi)用約40,000美元至125,000美元，有時(shí)位置的不同則需要更多的。如果企業(yè)在那邊，那么一個(gè)紅綠燈也需要在那邊，企業(yè)或法人單位將不得不付出一些金錢，購(gòu)買它，以確保每個(gè)人的安全，并且繼續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)自己公司的業(yè)務(wù)。另外，如果在一個(gè)城市一個(gè)特定的地方，總是有許多事故發(fā)生，一個(gè)交通燈就會(huì)需要出現(xiàn)在那里，以確保人們不再受到一些足以結(jié)束他們生命的交通事故的威脅。這對(duì)于別人也是一種安全保障。 我之所以挑選這個(gè)社區(qū)的發(fā)展報(bào)告的一部分是因?yàn)榻煌ㄊ且粋€(gè)城市的重要組成部分。如果沒有交通燈和停止的

36、標(biāo)志，人們的生活在每次他們走出大門時(shí)將受到威脅。人們會(huì)開車開得非?？?，駕駛?cè)藢⑹艿阶矒粼蛑皇窍肱c他們的朋友的玩樂。因此，有交通燈和停車標(biāo)志這將防止發(fā)生這一切。 一個(gè)城市的交通是受紅綠燈控制的很大的影響。當(dāng)在等待一個(gè)交通燈的時(shí)候，司機(jī)們失去了寶貴的時(shí)間和汽車使用的燃料。因此，減少交通燈前的等待時(shí)間，我們歐洲社會(huì)一般可以節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元。為了使交通燈控制器更多的智能化，我們開發(fā)研究了新技術(shù)，如通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)和傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以及用于設(shè)置交通燈的使用更復(fù)雜的算法的出現(xiàn)。智能交通燈控制不僅僅意味著交通燈設(shè)置，以減少對(duì)道路使用者的等待時(shí)間，而且道路使用者收到關(guān)于如何通過城市驅(qū)動(dòng)器，以減少他們的輪候時(shí)間的資料。這

37、意味著，我們正在處理一個(gè)復(fù)雜的多代理系統(tǒng)，在溝通和協(xié)調(diào)應(yīng)對(duì)發(fā)揮重要作用。我們的研究已導(dǎo)致了一種新的制度，使交通燈控制器和汽車駕駛員的行為進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化利用機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)方法。 我們?cè)O(shè)置一個(gè)紅綠燈的想法如下。假設(shè)有一個(gè)汽車用自己的目的地之前，站在十字路口的地址數(shù)量。所有汽車都傳達(dá)到紅綠燈，他們?cè)陉?duì)列中的具體地點(diǎn)和目的地地址?，F(xiàn)在的交通燈已決定哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)（即，它是將線放在綠色）是最優(yōu)的，以盡量減少長(zhǎng)期的平均輪候時(shí)間，直到所有的汽車都在他們抵達(dá)目的地的地址。交通燈控制器的學(xué)習(xí)解決估計(jì)需要多少時(shí)間，將采取一車在其目的地的地址（抵達(dá)該汽車可能需要通過很多不同的交通燈）時(shí)，將根據(jù)目前的綠色投入，以及如何解決此問題如

38、果長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才能光將于紅色表決。紅色之間的等待時(shí)間與等候時(shí)間差是綠色的車增益?，F(xiàn)在的交通燈控制器設(shè)置在這樣的燈光，以最大限度地發(fā)揮所有過境站在車前的平均漲幅。為了估計(jì)輪候時(shí)間，我們使用強(qiáng)化學(xué)習(xí)的不斷個(gè)別車的等待時(shí)間的軌道，并使用一個(gè)巧妙的方法來(lái)計(jì)算長(zhǎng)期平均輪候時(shí)間用動(dòng)態(tài)規(guī)劃算法。一個(gè)很好的特性是，該系統(tǒng)是非常公平的，它從來(lái)沒有讓一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間等待車，從那時(shí)起它的設(shè)定自己的綠色光增益變得非常大，對(duì)交通燈的最優(yōu)決策將設(shè)置他的光綠色。此外，由于我們估計(jì)等待交通燈前的道路，直到用戶已達(dá)到目的地時(shí)，道路使用者可以使用這些信息來(lái)選擇的下一個(gè)紅綠燈的時(shí)間，從而提高一個(gè)城市通過其駕駛行為。請(qǐng)注意，我們使用一個(gè)解決

39、分布式多代理系統(tǒng)，進(jìn)行合作和協(xié)調(diào)是通過溝通完成，學(xué)習(xí)的交通燈控制問題，并參加表決的機(jī)制。為了讓綠色波浪在極其繁忙的情況下，我們結(jié)合了一個(gè)特殊的傳播桶算法從一個(gè)紅綠燈到下一個(gè)獲得我們的算法，以便獲得對(duì)于更強(qiáng)的對(duì)未來(lái)交通控制器的更多贊成票。 我們實(shí)施了綠燈區(qū)，在Java模擬器中的交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施可以使用鼠標(biāo)很方便的被編輯，道路使用不同的級(jí)別可以模擬。固定和學(xué)習(xí)大量的交通燈控制器已經(jīng)在模擬器測(cè)試和由此產(chǎn)生的平均輪候時(shí)間已繪制汽車和比較。結(jié)果表明，學(xué)習(xí)控制器可以減少至少10個(gè)半繁忙的交通狀況％的平均輪候時(shí)間，當(dāng)發(fā)生的交通擠塞時(shí)，可以節(jié)約的時(shí)間更多。 目前，我們?cè)谖覀兊哪M器上正在研究的學(xué)習(xí)許多不同的交通燈控制器基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的行為。我們還計(jì)劃與其他機(jī)構(gòu)和荷蘭公司合作，利用我們的系統(tǒng)，以現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的交通情況。這樣，通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)等現(xiàn)代技術(shù)可以應(yīng)用在一個(gè)非常大的規(guī)模的交通系統(tǒng)中，使道路的用戶和交通燈溝通成為現(xiàn)實(shí)可能。