耶魯大學(xué)心理學(xué)導(dǎo)論中英文字幕01

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1、歡迎大家來到心理學(xué)導(dǎo)論的課堂Id like to welcome people to Introduction to Psychology. 我是保羅布羅姆博士My name is Dr. Paul Bloom. 是本門課程的教授Im professor of this course. 如果還有同學(xué)沒領(lǐng)取教室前面的教學(xué)大綱If you havent pick up the syllabus in front of the class 請舉手示意我Please raise your hand. 我們有教學(xué)大綱吧Are we... Are we have syllabus? 請舉手示意

2、我Please raise your hand 研究生助教會發(fā)給你and the teaching fellow will bring it to you 如果你還沒領(lǐng)到教學(xué)大綱的話If you dont have the syllabus. 大家也可以在這個網(wǎng)站上下載教學(xué)大綱The syllabus is also available on this website 這個網(wǎng)站將會成為你學(xué)習(xí)本門課程This website will become important to you to 的得力助手assist you to take this class. 網(wǎng)站上資源里有教學(xué)大綱I

3、t will include the syllabus 我會不定期更新which will occasionally be revised 會非常及時well and advance 所有的課程資料也會放在網(wǎng)上Also all of the class material will be on the site 包括我所展示的幻燈片including copies of slides Im presenting 包括我現(xiàn)在放的這個課件including this slides right now. 還有關(guān)于練習(xí) 考試Practice and exam 和每一次閱讀作業(yè)的細(xì)節(jié)要求a

4、nd every ditail on the reading assignments 所以大家要經(jīng)常登錄這個網(wǎng)站So you have to use this website regularly 以獲取最新的課程信息to keep in touch with the course 今天的課會很簡短Today will be a short class 只是幫助大家理清本課程的研究方向What I just wanna do today is orient you 介紹一下課程tell you what this course is about 我知道課程都在預(yù)選階段I know t

5、his is a shopping period 所以我希望讓大家and Ill give you a good sence 對課程有一個整體感知what you be in for, if you took this course. 首先我會向大家展示I wanna go over 本門課程的安排與考核the style of the classes, 以及會涉及書目等等the evaluation the readings and so on. 接下來我會給出一些And then Ill give you some examples 我們會涉及話題的具體實例of some

6、of the specific topics that would be covering. 但在我開始之前But before I get started, 我要告訴大家這個課程的一點特別之處I have to point out something a little bit unusual about this class 我們會被錄像Were being filmed. 本課程是"耶魯大學(xué)公開視頻課程計劃"This course is one of the seven courses chosen to begin 的七個實驗課程之一the Yale University O

7、pen Educational Resourse Vidio Lecture Project 那么這也就意味著And whats this means is, 在本年度結(jié)束時that when the years over 所有的視頻錄像都會在網(wǎng)上these vidioes well be on the internet, 免費對所有人開放free for anybody who wants to see them. 希望它能夠通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳播到各個國家And ideally will be access by people across many different countries

8、 為無法通過正常渠道接受大學(xué)教育的人們some of them wouldnt normally have access 提供便利to the university education 我視此為耶魯之榮I see this is a good and honorable 更是對資源的充分利用use of Yale resources. 當(dāng)然 這也是耶魯建立and of course, this is a part of "世界學(xué)術(shù)霸權(quán)"的大計Yales plan for world domination. 因此 來自媒體創(chuàng)新中心的So, because of this, Ya

9、le University Production Team 耶魯大學(xué)節(jié)目制作組from the Center of Media Initiatives 將會在教室后面全程錄制本課程is gonna be taping all the class in there up there. 這一計劃的目標(biāo)在于The idea is that 讓全世界看到真實的耶魯課堂this should be the as honor truth as possiable 讓觀看錄像的人們獲得與在座各位and the classroom experence should have centrally b

10、e the same 同樣的知識as theyre not there. 因此他們需要錄制的是課程So there attention to tape the lecture 也就是我和后面的幻燈片to tape me and sometimes the slides, 而不會拍攝同學(xué)們but not tape your faces or voices. 所以沒有讓各位簽署授權(quán)協(xié)議So were not having you sign the release forms 兩點需要說明 第一Two things, one thing is 就我而言 我會盡量注意自己的言辭per

11、sonally, I have to remind myself not to use profanity 因為可能會有孩子觀看Cause children maybe watching. 所以我會很注意So, Ill try not to do that 另一件事情就是Result to another complex thing 如果你們坐在第一排If youre in the front roll, 或者前幾排or second roll or third roll 那么你們的頭部Its possible that some part of your head, 背部甚至臉

12、部your back or even your face 都可能被鏡頭撲捉到might end up on the film. 如果你在證人保護(hù)計劃之內(nèi)If youre on a witness protection program 或者是個逃犯級人物or youre sort of fugitive 就盡量不要坐在前排了you probably dont want to sit on the front roll. 各位要是現(xiàn)在想換到后排 就放心換If people wanna kind of slide back, 沒關(guān)系的thats fine, 我不介意as Im ta

13、lking 好 我們可以開始了Okay, were ready. 歡迎大家選擇心理學(xué)導(dǎo)論這門課程Id like to welcome people to this course, Introduction to Psychology. 我是保羅布羅姆博士My name is Dr. Paul Bloom. 負(fù)責(zé)教授本門課程Im professor of this course. 本課程旨在讓大家And what this is going to be 在宏觀上對人類心智研究形成基本的認(rèn)識is a comprehensive introduction to the study of

14、 the human mind. 因此我們討論的主題會非常之廣泛So, we are going to cover a very, very wide range of topics 其中囊括了大腦 兒童 語言 性including brains, children, language, sex, 記憶 狂躁 厭惡memory, madness, disgust, 歧視以及愛戀等等racism and love, and many others. 我們將會探討的問題諸如Were going to talk about things like the proper expla

15、nation 如何合理解釋兩性差異for differences between men and women; 動物究竟能否學(xué)習(xí)語言the question of whether animals can learn language; 我們作嘔究竟因何而起the puzzle of what grosses us out; 為何我們有些人會進(jìn)食過量the problem of why some of us eat too much 而我們又該如何阻止and what we could do to stop; 為何當(dāng)人們?nèi)谌雸F(tuán)體時會變得瘋狂the question of why pe

16、ople go crazy in groups; 我們同樣關(guān)注research into 你能否相信自己的兒時記憶whether you could trust your childhood memories; 以及為何抑郁只存在于一部分人中research into why some of us get depressed and others dont. 這門課一周兩節(jié)The style of this is therell be two lectures a week, 也會有指定的閱讀材料as well as course readings. 要想在這門課中取得好成績Now

17、, to do well in the course, 必須要認(rèn)真聽講 用心閱讀指定書目you have to attend both the lectures and do the readings. 兩者內(nèi)容會有些重疊There will be some overlap. 有時In some cases, 講課的內(nèi)容與閱讀內(nèi)容緊密相連the lectures will be quite linked to the readings. 但部分的閱讀內(nèi)容But there will be some parts of the readings 并不會在課上進(jìn)行討論that will

18、 not find their way into the lectures, 也會有一些課堂內(nèi)容and some lectures--some entire lectures 完全與閱讀材料無關(guān)that will not connect at all to the readings. 因此 想要學(xué)好這門課程So, to pursue this course properly 你就必須兩者兼顧you have to do both. 這也就意味著What this means is that 如果你落下了一節(jié)課 你就要看筆記if you miss a class you need

19、 to get notes, 你可以向朋友或者身邊的同學(xué)借來看and so you should get them from a friend or from the person sitting next to you. 我會把幻燈片放到網(wǎng)上The slides are going to be made available online. 你不用抄我的課件So, one of the things you dont have to do is you dont have to write this down. 你可以用自己的方式做筆記You take notes any way yo

20、u choose, 但如果你不想記筆記but if you dont get anything on there 也大可直接下載課件itll be available online. 我會把它做成黑白板式上傳Im going to post it in a format which will be black and white 方便同學(xué)打印and easy to print out 所以完全不用擔(dān)心筆記問題so you dont have to worry about this. 但我要強(qiáng)調(diào)But again, 看課件絕對不可能替代上課attending to the slid

21、es is not a substitute for attending class. 我們的教材是Theres a textbook, 彼得格雷的《心理學(xué)》 第五版Peter Grays Psychology, 5th edition, 我們的閱讀書目是and theres also a collection of short readings, 格雷馬庫斯主編的《諾頓讀本》The Norton Reader edited by Gary Marcus. 這是一本非常經(jīng)典的教材Its an excellent textbook; 當(dāng)然讀本也同樣精彩its an excellen

22、t collection, 要求大家兩本書都有and you should get them both. 你能夠在約克街的迷宮書店買到Theyre available at Labyrinth bookstore on York Street 或者網(wǎng)購or you get them online. 告訴大家一個小秘密 上一期課我用了I should note that last time I taught the course 我指定的教材是馬庫斯的讀本I used the Marcus Reader, 上學(xué)期馬文春教授指定的是and when Professor Marvin

23、Chun taught his course last semester 彼得格雷的第五版教材he used Peter Grays 5th edition textbook. 所以會有很多舊書So, there may be a lot of used copies floating around. 大家大可以光明正大地拿來用You should feel free to try to get one of those. 下面我們來說分?jǐn)?shù)The evaluation goes like this. 期中和期末我們各有一次考試There is a Midterm and there

24、is a Final. 期末考試不會拖到考試周The Final will not be held in the exam period, 因為長假的魅力實在太大because I like to take long vacations. 所以我把考試安排在了最后一次課上It will be held the last day of class. 題型分為單項選擇 簡答The exams will be multiple choice and short answer, 還有填空之類的fill in the blank, that sort of thing. 考試前我會把歷年真

25、題放在網(wǎng)上Prior to the exams I will post previous exams online, 以便大家熟悉考試模式so you have a feeling for how these exams work and so on. 還會同時上傳復(fù)習(xí)大綱There will also be review sessions. 本課程將于開學(xué)后三周開課Starting at the beginning of the third week of class 也就是自下下周開始 每周一上課that is not next week but the week after o

26、n each Monday 我會提出一系列問題Im going to put up a brief question or set of questions, 要同學(xué)們思考并回答which you have to answer 大家的答案要在周五前交給研究生助教and your answers need to be sent to your teaching fellow. 周五會將各位研究生助教安排給你們大家And youll be given a teaching fellow, assigned one, by Friday. 這個作業(yè)不會很難This is not meant

27、 to be difficult. 幾分鐘就能完成Its not meant to be more than five, ten minutes of work, 這個作業(yè)的目的but the point of the question, 要十幾到二十分鐘完成吧--15, 20 minutes of work, 這個作業(yè)的目的在于激勵大家but the point of the question is to motivate people 跟上課程的進(jìn)度并去閱讀材料to keep up with the material and do the readings. 這些作業(yè)會被評為"

28、及格"或"不及格"These questions will be marked pass, fail. 我希望大家在所有的問題上都能及格I expect most everybody could pass all of the questions 但這只是想讓大家不要掉隊 督促一下but its just to keep you on track and keep you going. 我們還要寫一篇簡短的書評There is a book review, a short book review, 在臨近期末的時候完成to be written towards near the en

29、d of the class. 我在之后的課上會給大家講詳細(xì)的要求Ill give details about that later on in the semester. 我還要求你們以被試的身份去參加實驗And theres also an experimental participation requirement, 下個星期我會給你們and next week Ill hand out 一份關(guān)于要求的介紹a piece of paper describing the requirement. 這項要求的重點在于讓你們?nèi)ビH身體會The point of the requirem

30、ent is to give you all experience 看看心理學(xué)到底在研究些什么actually seeing what psychological research is about 同時也能夠為我們的研究as well as to give us 提供數(shù)百名的被試hundreds of subjects to do our experiments on. 有時會有同學(xué)問到The issue sometimes comes up as to 如何才能學(xué)好這門課程how to do well in the course. 下面我來告訴你們該怎樣做Heres how t

31、o do well. 不要缺課Attend all the classes. 一定要閱讀指定的材料Keep up with the readings. 最好是在上課前就已經(jīng)閱讀過指定材料Ideally, keep up with the readings before you come to class. 我強(qiáng)烈建議大家建立一些學(xué)習(xí)小組And one thing I would strongly suggest is to form some sort of study groups, 正式的或非正式的都可以either formally or informally. 這樣 在考

32、試之前Have people you could talk to 你就能和大家一起討論when the--prior to the exams or— 她拍了下她旁邊的人shes patting somebody next to her. 希望你能認(rèn)識他I hope you know him. 事實上 我會安排大家相互認(rèn)識And in fact, what Im going to do, 這節(jié)課不會了 因為這是節(jié)試聽課not this class because its shopping period. 我不知道下節(jié)課會有誰來 有什么情況I dont know whos co

33、ming next class, or what 不過我會在課程開始的時候but Ill set up a few minutes prior, 先安排幾分鐘at the beginning of the class, 讓你們向前后左右的同學(xué)for people just to introduce 進(jìn)行一番自我介紹themselves to the person next to them 這樣你們就能在這個班里so they have some sort of resource 認(rèn)識一些新同學(xué)了in the class. 這是一門大班課程Now, this is a large

34、class, 如果你并不打算和周圍人相互介紹的話and if you dont do anything about it, 也就不會有什么人能夠認(rèn)識你了it can be very anonymous. 也許你們有些人會選擇這種做法And some of you may choose to pursue it that way 當(dāng)然這樣做是完全可以的and thats totally fine. 但我還是建議你們But what I would suggest you do 與我們大家建立些聯(lián)系is establish some contact with us, 不論是和我還是和

35、研究生助教either with me or with any of the teaching fellows, 我會在下周向你們介紹研究生助教們and Ill introduce the teaching fellows sometime next week. 你們可以在課前或課后與我們交談You could talk to us at the beginning or at the end of class. 如果沒有什么特殊情況Unless there are special circumstances, 我一般都會至少提前十分鐘到教室I always try to come a

36、t least ten minutes early, 我也愿意在課后和大家一起討論問題and I am willing to stay late to talk to people. 你們可以在我的辦公時間來找我You could come by during my office hours, 教學(xué)大綱上有寫我的辦公時間which are on the syllabus, 你們也可以通過電子郵件跟我預(yù)約and you could send me e-mail and set up an appointment. 我非常愿意同學(xué)生們一起討論些好的想法Im very willing to

37、 talk to students about intellectual ideas, 討論下學(xué)習(xí)困難之類的話題about course problems and so on. 如果你們在校園里碰見了我And if you see me at some point just on campus, 你們可以向我進(jìn)行自我介紹you could introduce yourself 碰見我教的學(xué)生 我會很開心的and Id like to meet people from this class. 那么 我再強(qiáng)調(diào)一遍So, again, I want to stress 你們可以選擇在

38、這門課上默默無聞you have the option of staying anonymous in this class, 但是你們也可以選擇站出來but you also have the option of seeking out 跟我們多多接觸and making some sort of contact with us. 好了Okay. 剛才講了些課程的規(guī)定Thats the formal stuff of the course. 那這門課講了些什么呢Whats this course about? 與其他很多課程不同Unlike a lot of other cour

39、ses, 一些學(xué)生是帶著非同尋常的動機(jī)some people come to Intro Psychology 來上心理學(xué)導(dǎo)論這門課的with some unusual motivations. 也許是你覺得自己瘋了Maybe youre crazy 所以希望能夠不那么瘋and hope to become less crazy . 也許你想學(xué)會如何更好地學(xué)習(xí)Maybe you want to learn how to study better, 想提升你的性生活質(zhì)量improve your sex life, 想為自己釋夢interpret your dreams, 想多交點

40、交朋友a(bǔ)nd win friends 想學(xué)會如何影響他人and influence people. 作為選擇這門課程的理由Those are not necessarily bad reasons 這些倒也并不算太差to take this course, 當(dāng)然除了性這個方面and with the exception of the sex part, 這門課實際上還是能夠幫助你們this course might actually help you out 解決一些問題的with some of these things. 科學(xué)的心理學(xué)研究The study of scient

41、ific psychology 能讓你們更多地了解has a lot of insights of real world 與我們?nèi)粘Ｃ鎸Φ恼鎸崋栴}有關(guān)的relevance to real problems 真實的世界that we face in our everyday lives. 當(dāng)這些問題出現(xiàn)的時候And Im going to try-- and when these issues come up— 我會強(qiáng)調(diào)這些問題Im going to try to stress them 并讓你們試著思考and make you try to think about the exte

42、nt 想想我將講到的實驗室研究to which the laboratory research Ill be talking about 對你們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹挠绊慶an affect your everyday life: 你們是如何學(xué)習(xí)的how you study, 是如何與他人交流的how you interact with people, 是如何說服他人去認(rèn)同別人觀點的how you might try to persuade somebody of something else, 哪種心理治療最適合你what sort of therapy works best for you

43、. 但實際上我覺得這門課的總體目標(biāo)But the general goals of this course 要比上面的這些更有意思are actually I think even more interesting than that. 我所要做的What I want to do is 就是向大家介紹在人文領(lǐng)域里to provide a state of the art introduction 對最重要主題to the most important topic 也就是對我們?nèi)祟惖难芯楷F(xiàn)狀that there is: us. 人類大腦如何運作How the human mind

44、 works, 我們?nèi)绾嗡伎糷ow we think, 又是什么讓我們變成了現(xiàn)在的樣子what makes us what we are. 我們將從多個方面來理解這些問題And well be approaching this from a range of directions. 所以 傳統(tǒng)上So, traditionally, 心理學(xué)通常被分為以下五個子領(lǐng)域psychology is often broken up into the following--into five sub-areas: 神經(jīng)科學(xué)Neuroscience, 通過觀察大腦反應(yīng)來研究心理which is

45、 the study of the mind by looking at the brain; 發(fā)展心理學(xué) 這是我的主要研究方向developmental, which is the area which I focus mostly on, 研究人類是如何成長 發(fā)育以及學(xué)習(xí)的which is trying to learn about how people develop and grow and learn; 認(rèn)知心理學(xué)cognitive, 也許是五個子領(lǐng)域里which is the one term of the five 對你們有些人來說最不熟悉的一個領(lǐng)域that mig

46、ht be unfamiliar to some of you, 它用計算機(jī)方法來研究心理but it refers to a sort of computational approach to studying the mind, 通常將心理比作計算機(jī)often viewing the mind on analogy with a computer 并探究人類如何行動 如言語理解and looking at how people do things like understand language, 物體辨認(rèn) 游戲等等recognize objects, play games,

47、and so on. 還有社會心理學(xué)There is social, 主要研究人類的群體行為which is the study of how people act in groups, 如何與他人交流how people act with other people. 最后就是臨床心理學(xué)And there is clinical, 這也許是當(dāng)人們提到心理學(xué)時which is maybe the aspect of psychology 最先想到的方面that people think of immediately when they hear psychology, 它主要研究心

48、理健康和心理疾病which is the study of mental health and mental illness. 我們會涉及以上所有的領(lǐng)域And well be covering all of those areas. 我們還會涉及一些相關(guān)的領(lǐng)域Well also be covering a set of related areas. 我堅信 僅僅局限于心理學(xué)學(xué)科的學(xué)習(xí)I am convinced that you cannot study the mind 是不可能讓你有能力去研究人類心理的solely by looking at the discipline of

49、psychology. 心理學(xué)學(xué)科充滿了心理如何發(fā)展的問題The discipline of psychology spills over to issues of how the mind has evolved. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和游戲理論如今已經(jīng)成為了Economics and game theory are now essential tools 理解人類思維和人類行為的重要方法for understanding human thought and human behavior— 這些問題涉及哲學(xué) 計算機(jī)科學(xué)those issues connecting to philosophy,

50、computer science, 人類學(xué) 文學(xué) 神學(xué)anthropology, literature, theology, 以及許多其他的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域and many, many other domains. 因此這門課程涉及到的方面將相當(dāng)?shù)膹V泛So, this course will be wide ranging in that sense. 到現(xiàn)在為止 我一直都在進(jìn)行一些概述At this point Ive been speaking in generalities 我想通過給出五個so I want to close this introductory class 我

51、們將會涉及到的一些主題的例子by giving five examples of the sorts of topics 來結(jié)束這節(jié)導(dǎo)論課well be covering. 我以我們下周一要討論的主題And Ill start with the topic that well be covering 作為開始next week on Monday 大腦The brain. 這是一個大腦This is a brain. 實際上這是個特殊人物的大腦In fact, its a specific persons brain, 有意思的是 大腦上有個白色的小標(biāo)記and whats in

52、teresting about the brain is that little white mark there. 這是個女人的大腦Its her brain. 是特麗夏沃的大腦Its Terri Schiavos brain. 你們能更好地從她的照片上認(rèn)出她You recognize her more from pictures like that. 想象一下這樣的情況And what a case like this, 某人正陷于昏迷之中where somebody is in a coma, 由于腦部損傷而失去了意識is without consciousness as a

53、 result of damage to the brain, 這是心理活動的生理屬性毫無修飾的圖解is a stark illustration of the physical nature of mental life. 我們所擁有的一切的生理基礎(chǔ)The physical basis for everything that we normally hold dear, 如自由意志 意識 道德和情緒like free will, consciousness, morality and emotions, 我們的課程將會以此作為開始and thats what well begin

54、 the course with, 討論生理的東西如何能產(chǎn)生心理活動talking about how a physical thing can give rise to mental life. 我們會討論很多與孩子有關(guān)的問題Well talk a lot about children. 這實際上是個特殊的小孩This is actually a specific child. 是我兒子 扎卡里Its my son, Zachary, 我的小兒子my younger son, 扮成蜘蛛俠的樣子dressed up as Spider-Man, 不過這是在萬圣節(jié)but it i

55、s Halloween. 不對 不是萬圣節(jié)No, its not Halloween. 這個還是有故事可說的Well, theres more to say about that. 我主要研究兒童的發(fā)展I study child development for a living 我對很多問題都感興趣and Im interested in several questions. 其中一個便是發(fā)展的問題So, one question is just the question of development. 這個教室里的所有人都能講英語Everybody in this room c

56、an speak 也能聽得懂英語and understand English. 大家對于這個世界是如何運作的Everybody in this room has some understanding 身體是如何運作的of how the world works, 多少都有一些了解how physical things behave. 大家對于他人 對于人類如何行動Everybody in this room has some understanding of other people, 都多少有些了解and how people behave. 發(fā)展心理學(xué)家們所關(guān)心的問題And

57、 the question that preoccupies developmental psychologists 就是我們?nèi)绾潍@得這些知識的is how do we come to have this knowledge, 特別是and in particular, 這其中有多少是固有的how much of it is hard-wired, 內(nèi)在的 天生的built-in, innate. 又有多少是文化的產(chǎn)物And how much of it is the product of culture, 語言的產(chǎn)物 或是教育的產(chǎn)物of language, of school

58、ing? 發(fā)展心理學(xué)家們使用了許多巧妙的方法And developmental psychologists use many ingenious methods 試圖將這些因素分開to try to pull these apart 試圖找出人性的基本成分and try to figure out what are the basic components 究竟是什么of human nature. 還有一個連續(xù)性的問題Theres also the question of continuity. 這時的扎卡里To what extent is Zachary, at that a

59、ge, 會在多大程度上一直保持不變going to be that way forever? 你的人生又有多少是由命運決定的呢To what extent is your fate sealed? 又在多大的程度上可能To what extent could-- 如果在你五歲的時候我見過你if I were to meet you when you were five years old 那我可以描述出現(xiàn)在的你嗎I could describe the way you are now? 詩人威廉華茲華斯寫道The poet William Wordsworth wrote, "三

60、歲定終身""The child is father to the man," 意思是 你可以從孩子兒時的身影中and what this means is that you can see within every child 看出他或她成人后的樣子the adult he or she will become. 我們會去探索 并質(zhì)疑此話的正確性We will look and ask the question whether this is true. 你的人格真會是這樣的嗎Is it true for your personality? 你的興趣也是這樣嗎Is it true

61、 for your interests? 你的智力是這樣的嗎Is it true for your intelligence? 與發(fā)展有關(guān)的另一個問題是Another question having to do with development 什么讓我們成為了如今的樣子is what makes us the way we are? 我們在很多方面都有所不同Were different in a lot of ways. 大家的口味不盡相同The people in this room differ according to their taste in food. 他們的智商也

62、不同They differ according to their IQs; 他們自信還是害羞whether theyre aggressive or shy; 他們是否喜歡男人 女人whether theyre attracted to males, females, 都喜歡 還是都不喜歡both or neither; 他們是否擅長于音樂whether they are good at music; 他們是政治上的自由派還是保守派whether they are politically liberal or conservative. 為什么我們會不同Why are we d

63、ifferent? 對我們?yōu)槭裁床煌慕忉層质鞘裁碬hats the explanation for why were different? 再一次And again, 這可以從基因和環(huán)境的角度this could be translated in terms of 加以理解a question of genes and environment. 在多大程度上我們被我們的基因所決定To what extent are things the result of the genes we possess? 在多大程度上我們的個性To what extent are our indivi

64、dual natures the result of 被如何撫養(yǎng)所決定how we were raised? 在多大的程度上這些區(qū)別And to what extent are they best explained 可以從相互作用的角度得到最佳的解釋in terms of an interaction? 一個常見的理論 例如One common theory, for instance, 是我們的父母塑造了我們的人格is that we are shaped by our parents. 這一點被一位英國詩人菲利普拉金This was best summarized most

65、 famously 很好地總結(jié)了 他寫道by the British poet Philip Larkin who wrote, 他們害了你They mess you up, 你爸和你媽your mum and dad. 他們不是故意的 但事實卻如此They may not mean to but they do. 他們將他們身上的毛病傳給了你They fill you with the faults they had 還有灌輸了許多其他的毛病and add some extra just for you. 他說得對嗎Is he right? 這是很有爭議的Its very

66、 controversial. 你 有一系列的You-- Its been a series of-- 關(guān)于父母在多大程度上起作用a huge controversy in the popular culture 在流行文化里是有很大爭議的to the extent of which parents matter 我們將會在這門課里用很多的時間and this is an issue which will preoccupy us 來講這個問題for much of the course. 另一個問題A different question: 是什么使一個人如此迷人What makes somebody attractive? 這可以在很多層面上問及And this can be asked at all sorts of levels 但一個簡單的層面就是什