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1、第八篇 Eat HealthyClean your plate! and Be a member of the clean-plate -club! Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，its accompanied by an appeal: Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunat

2、ely, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying clean the plate, perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the

3、 amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylva

4、nia State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restauran

5、t industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who cant afford fine dining still

6、 prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.Its not that working class Americans dont want to eat healthy. Its just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting le

7、ss on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next years Christmas presents.詞匯:orphan /?:f?n / n.孤兒belly /beli/ n.肚子nutrition / nju:tri?n / n.營(yíng)養(yǎng)waistline / weistlain / n.腰圍paycheck / peit?ek / n.薪金支票注釋:1. Be a member of the cle

8、an - plate club! 做清盤(pán)俱樂(lè)部的成員2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨餓的孤兒們!3. take too many bites 吃得太多4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根據(jù)今日美國(guó)刊登的一個(gè)故事，服務(wù)員給每個(gè)顧客一

9、盤(pán)飯菜，其量是政府推薦的2至4倍。5. Its just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like agood deal. 事情是這樣的，美國(guó)工人覺(jué)得做許多個(gè)小時(shí)低收入的工作下來(lái)，盤(pán)子里的飯菜量小有點(diǎn)不合算。練習(xí)：1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their childrenAto save food.Bto wash the dishes.C not to waste food.Dnot to eat t

10、oo much2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?A Because Americans associate quantity with value.B Because Americans have big bellies.C Because Americans are good eaters.D Because Americans are greedy.3. What happened in the 1970s?A The US government recommended the amount of food a rest

11、aurant gave to a customer.B Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions.C The United States produced more grain than needed.D The American waistline started to expand.4. What does the survey indicate?AMany poor Americans want large portions.B Twenty percent Americans want smaller

12、portions.C Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150 ,000 per year.D Twenty three percent Americans earn less than $25,000 per year.5. Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?A They work long hours.BThey live from paycheck to paycheck.C They dont want to be healthy eaters.DThey w

13、ant to save money for their children答案與題解:1. C 本題問(wèn)的是:美國(guó)父母總是叫他們的孩子干什么?文章開(kāi)頭說(shuō)到，每個(gè)美國(guó)孩子都能從父母或爺爺奶奶那里聽(tīng)到這樣的話(huà)，吃光你盤(pán)子里的東西，做清盤(pán)俱樂(lè)部的成員。這些話(huà)表達(dá)的意思就是不要浪費(fèi)糧食。因此 C 是正確的答案。2. A 本題問(wèn)的是:美國(guó)飯館為什么飯菜給得多？第二段相關(guān)的話(huà)是這么說(shuō)的：美國(guó)人在傳統(tǒng)上把東西值不值是跟數(shù)量聯(lián)系在一起，因此大多數(shù)的飯館給的量大。這些飯館樂(lè)于讓顧客們抱怨飯菜給得太多而不樂(lè)于讓他們抱怨飯菜給得太少。所以 A 是正確的答案。3. D 本題問(wèn)的是：20 世紀(jì) 70 年代發(fā)生了什么？文章第

14、三段是這樣說(shuō)的：一位賓州大學(xué)營(yíng)養(yǎng)教授，Barbara Rolls ，告訴今日美國(guó)20 世紀(jì) 70 年代飯館給的飯菜的量開(kāi)始增加，與此同時(shí)，美國(guó)人的腰圍也開(kāi)始增大。所以 D 是對(duì)的。4. A 本題問(wèn)的是：調(diào)查報(bào)告說(shuō)明了什么？選項(xiàng) B、C和 D 所說(shuō)的數(shù)字不對(duì)。因此唯有 A 是正確的。A說(shuō)的是：許多美國(guó)窮人希望量大。這個(gè)信息可以在第四段中找到。相關(guān)的句子是這么說(shuō)的：許多吃不起精美正餐的美國(guó)人仍然要量大。5. C 本題問(wèn)的是:下面的哪種說(shuō)法不帶合美國(guó)工人的實(shí)際情況？ C 說(shuō)的是：他們不想做吃得健康的人。這個(gè)說(shuō)法是不對(duì)的。最后一段的第一句話(huà)是這么說(shuō)的：美國(guó)工人不是不想做吃得健康的人。因此 C 正確。第

15、十九篇 Prolonging Human LifeProlonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease

16、 in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and ga

17、thering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a mo

18、ral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retireme

19、nt, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must

20、 often go on welfare if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a

21、household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit gr

22、oups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply dumping grounds for the dying in which care is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.詞匯：dependency / dipend?nsi/ n.依賴(lài)性contemporary / k?ntemp?r?ri / .現(xiàn)代的obligation / ,?bliei?n / n. 義務(wù)insurance / in?u?r?n

23、s / n. 保險(xiǎn)welfare / welf? / n.福利senile / si:nail / dj. 衰老的grave /reiv / dj. 嚴(yán)肅的convalescent /,k?nv?les?nt/ dj.康復(fù)的sponsor / sp?ns?/ v. 發(fā)起，資助institution /,institju:?n / n. 機(jī)構(gòu)注釋:1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延長(zhǎng)人類(lèi)生命的結(jié)果使得人口的數(shù)量有了增加。句中的 prolonging human life是動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。由

24、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，句中動(dòng)詞必須用單數(shù)形式。如 : Collecting stamps is his hobby.2. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago:如果今天活著的很多人生于一百年以前，他們會(huì)死于各種兒童疾病。3. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time:因?yàn)橛懈嗟娜藟勖L(zhǎng)，所以在任何一個(gè)特定的時(shí)間里的

25、人也就更多。4. the dependency load: 撫養(yǎng)人口數(shù)量。5. In times of famine: 在饑荒年代6. go on welfare : 靠福利救濟(jì)go on 有許多意思，其中的一個(gè)意思是依靠過(guò)活。例:Many people go on welfare when jobs become scarce.(工作難找時(shí)，許多人靠政府救濟(jì)金過(guò)日子。)7. grave problems: 嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題8. convalescent hospitals: 康復(fù)醫(yī)院;療養(yǎng)院9. profit-making organizations: 贏利機(jī)構(gòu)10. dumping ground

26、s: 垃圾場(chǎng)練習(xí):1. The writer believes that the population explosion results fromA an increase in birthrates.B the industrial development.C a decrease in death rates.D cultural advances.2. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering cultures A it was a moral responsibility to keep old

27、-aged people alive.B infants could be left dead in times of starvation. C parents had to impart the cultural wisdom of the tribe to their children. D death was considered to be freedom from hardships.3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the United St

28、ates is true?A Many of them have a very hard life.B They cannot live a decent life without enough bank savings.C They rely mainly on their children for financial support.D Most of them live with their children and therefore are well looked after.4. In Paragraph 3, the phrase this need refers toA the

29、 need to prolong the lives of old people.B the need to enrich the life of the retired people.C the need to build profit-making nursing homes.D the need to take care of a sick and weak person.5. Which of the following best describes the writers attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalesc

30、ent hospitals?A Sympathetic.B Unfriendly.C Optimistic.D Critical.答案與題解 :1. C 第一段最后一句說(shuō)： In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion. 事實(shí)上，是由于死亡率的下降，而不是出生率的上升，導(dǎo)數(shù)了人口爆炸。因此，選項(xiàng) C是正確答案。2. B 第二段第四句說(shuō)： In times of famine, infants might be al

31、lowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. 在災(zāi)年，可能會(huì)容忍嬰兒死亡，因?yàn)?，如果他們的父母餓死了，他們也無(wú)法生存，而如果父母生存下來(lái)可重新生兒育女。因此，選項(xiàng) B是正確的答案。3. A 第二段倒數(shù)第二句是這么說(shuō)的：In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are

32、 so little that they must live in near poverty. （在美國(guó)，許多退休人員依靠社會(huì)保障金生活，其數(shù)額之小差不多使人窮困潦倒。）可以看出，在美國(guó)許多退休人員的生活是很艱難的。這正是選項(xiàng)A表達(dá)的意思，因而選項(xiàng)A是正確的答案。4. D 第三段第三句：Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. （當(dāng)今，由于家庭中大多數(shù)人都出去工作或上學(xué)，家里

33、常常沒(méi)有人來(lái)照顧有病或虛弱的人。）this need 出現(xiàn)在下面這個(gè)短語(yǔ)中：To meet this need（為了滿(mǎn)足這種需要），它指句子前面的care for a sick or weak person。這正是選項(xiàng)D表達(dá)的意思。5. D文章昀后一句說(shuō) : most of them are simply dumping grounds for the dying in which care is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.大多數(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)只不過(guò)是傾倒垂死的人的垃飯場(chǎng)，所謂的照顧都是由收入低、超量工作、技術(shù)水平低下的人員提供的。作者如此措辭顯然是對(duì)大多數(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)烈批評(píng)。因此，選項(xiàng) D是正確答案。