全國職稱英語考試 通關(guān)必備利器 衛(wèi)生類A級教材 牛津英語同義詞字典版

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1、microscopicmess351Migrant WorkersIn the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This

2、is particularly the case in the Middle East,where increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to call in 0utsiders to improve local facilities.Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, inc

3、luding South Korea and Japan.In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East, it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and

4、 this is a major attraction。 An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage.For example, the difficult living conditions often lead to

5、increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other for safety and comfort.In a similar way, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge

6、to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems rather than do routine work in their home country.One major problem which affects migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great co

7、nfidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents. In any case, migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the considerable financial benefits which they receive.DreamsEveryone can dream. Indeed, everyone

8、does dream. Those who claim that they never dream at all actually dream just as frequently as the rest of us, though they may not remember anything about it. Even those of us who are perfectly aware of dreaming night after night very seldom remember those dreams in great detail but1 merely retain an

9、 untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our senses so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste.One of the worlds oldest known written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams. This volume is about five thousand years old,

10、so you can see that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then, Many ancient civilizations believed that you should never wake a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return in time if the sleeper were suddenly awoken .From ancient t

11、imes to the present day, people have been making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance. There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation, although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream as there are books.Scientists Develo

12、p Ways of Detecting Heart AttackGerman researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection1 from sudden death from cardiac arrest.In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arr

13、est and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the hearts rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing life-threatening disruptions to heart rhythms and correcting them automatically

14、 by intervening within seconds. These devices take on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker.Heart specialists at Freiburgs University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator capable of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram ( ECG) within the body. This i

15、ntegrated system allows early diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that rende

16、rs the evaluation of ECG data more precise.The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs. “Many of the current programs only take into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use of a non

17、-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,” Hagen Knaf says, “In this way changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account.” An old study of ECG data, based upon 600 patients who had su

18、ffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the data considerably better.Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ ScoresYoung adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university， reveals a major new

19、study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital. The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research gro

20、up analyzed the results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army. The study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fi

21、tness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test，and not strength. “Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen，” says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital.

22、 “This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular strength. We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important. ” By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and no

23、t genes that explain the link between fitness and a higher IQ. “We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,” says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre.

24、 “This being the case6, physical education is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.” The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests during national service with the socio-economic st

25、atus of the men later in life. Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs. Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred YearsA hundred years ago, life expectancy in developed countries was about 47; in the early 21st century, men in the United

26、States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74, women to about 80, and these ages are rising all the time. What has brought about these changes? When we look at the life span of people 100 years ago, we need to look at the greatest killers of the time. In the early 20th century, these

27、were the acute and often highly infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk.In the developed world these diseases are far lessdeadly today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of fact

28、ors have led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which make bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations against common diseases.In addition, peoples general health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air,

29、better means of preserving food, better and warmer housing, and better understanding of nutrition.Genetically, we should all be able to live to about 85 but while people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing us from consistently reaching that age. The prob

30、lems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those spread by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS1. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect older people, but there are worrying trends in the developed worl

31、d with problems such as obesity leading to more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.The killers today can be classed as “l(fā)ifestyle diseases”, which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.Who Wants to Live Forever?誰想永生？If your doctor could give you a drug that 如

32、果你的醫(yī)生能給你一種藥，這個藥能讓你健康的活兩倍長的時間，你會服用嗎？好消息是我們離這一天越來越近了?？茖W(xué)家已經(jīng)在實(shí)驗(yàn)中延長了蒼蠅、蠕蟲和老鼠的壽命。許多人認(rèn)為，采用基因療法，我們很快就能將人類的壽命延長到至少140年。這看似一個好主意。想想我們將會延長多少時間來追逐我們的夢想、與愛人廝守、看著我們的孩子成長并組成他們自己的家庭。加州大學(xué)公共健康學(xué)院的格里戈里斯托克博士認(rèn)為： “長壽能使我們有機(jī)會改正錯誤，亦能促使人從長計(jì)劃。同時，長壽還延長了人的工作時間，從而使生產(chǎn)力得到提高?！遍L壽不僅會影響到壽命延長的這個人的生活，還會影響到整個社會?！皯?zhàn)爭、貧困，所有這類問題都確實(shí)存在著，而我認(rèn)為延長人

33、的壽命并不能緩解這些問題，”美國的生命倫理學(xué)家丹尼爾，卡拉漢如是說，“我們應(yīng)該考慮的是長壽將給我們的社會帶來什么？我想那將不是一個更好的社會?！碑?dāng)然，那將是一個非常不同的社會。如今的人們已經(jīng)覺得保持一段婚姻比以往更加困難。離婚率在不斷上升。如果一個社會里的人都能活到140歲，那時候的婚姻將是什么樣的呢？如果一個家庭里同時生活著九或十代人，那樣的家庭生活又將是怎樣的一種情景呢？對老齡化的研究有可能延長女性的育齡。那樣的話，就可能出現(xiàn)百歲的父母，或者年齡相差50歲的兄弟姐妹。其實(shí)我們是希望哥哥或姐姐能夠給予我們幫助、建議和保護(hù)，但是如果他們屬于另一個完全不同的年代，就很難做到這些。長壽也將影響到人

34、的職業(yè)生涯，尤其是退休年齡被推后了。更多的人將工作更長的時間。這能帶給我們年齡上的優(yōu)勢：熟練的技術(shù)、智慧以及準(zhǔn)確的判斷。而另一方面，更多的人工作更長的時間將使求職的競爭更加激烈。年輕人更難找到工作。永遠(yuǎn)是少數(shù)的那幾個人占據(jù)著高端職位，這使職業(yè)發(fā)展更加困難。想象一下：一個25歲的員工在與125歲的老板溝通時將遇到怎樣的困難？在一個人的壽命長達(dá)140年的社會，年輕人將是一個很小的人群。因此，這樣的社會很可能不會太看重對年輕人的教育和引導(dǎo)，反而會更重視改善老年人的生活質(zhì)量。如果一個社會的絕大多數(shù)是老年人，它將給人帶來很不同的感受。它更有智慧，卻缺乏活力。年輕人喜動，老年人喜靜；年輕人做事缺乏思考，老

35、年人愛思考卻缺乏行動；年輕人好奇心強(qiáng)并渴望有不同的體驗(yàn)，老年人對變化缺乏熱情，事實(shí)上，他們是對所有的事都缺乏熱情。“逆老齡化”技術(shù)所產(chǎn)生的影響比我們想象的要深遠(yuǎn)。而隨著科技的進(jìn)步，我們現(xiàn)在就需要去考慮這些改變?！叭绻@個技術(shù)有一天能實(shí)現(xiàn)，我們最好問問自己想得到一個怎樣的社會，”丹尼爾卡拉漢，“在想清楚這些問題之前，我們最好不要開始著手做這件事?！眜ntil we have figure those problems out1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longer might

36、 enable an individual to do?-Having more education.2.Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph?-Marriages in the US today are quite unstable.3.All of the following are possible effects living longer might have on working life EXCEPT -More money would be used by employees in payment of

37、 their employees.4.An important feature of a society in which people live a long life is that -it lacks the curiosity to experiment what is new.5.Which of the following best describes Callahans attitude to anti-ageing technology ?-Reserved.Single-parent Kids Do Best單親幼兒最出色Single mums are better at r

38、aising單身母親在撫養(yǎng)孩子方面比雙親要好至少在鳥的世界是這樣的。母斑胸草雀必須要努力工作且只能撫養(yǎng)較少的小鳥，但是它們撫養(yǎng)的雄性后代更有吸引力，更容易得到配偶。這個發(fā)現(xiàn)顯示家庭沖突是與捕食和食物提供等生態(tài)因素同樣重要的進(jìn)化推動力。身邊有雙親就總會有利益沖突，這會對后代的質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生有害的影響。從進(jìn)化的角度講，在動物界，任何一個父親或母親的最佳策略都是讓他人來照顧后代，這樣，它們就可以集中精力再繁殖后代。所以父母之間很自然就出現(xiàn)了相互推卸責(zé)任的現(xiàn)象。但是蘭卡斯特大學(xué)的阿蘭哈特利及他的工作組想知道家庭是如何解決這個沖突的，以及沖突本身是如何影響后代的。為了找到答案他們衡量斑胸草雀撫養(yǎng)它們的子女花了

39、多少力氣。他們監(jiān)控每個母親或父親采集的食物量，以及移動或增加小鳥，因此每對草雀養(yǎng)4只小鳥，每只單身母雀養(yǎng)兩只假定這是相同的工作量。通過這些方法他們對單身母雀和成對草雀做了比較。但是他們發(fā)現(xiàn)單身母雀比與配偶共同撫養(yǎng)后代的母雀多付出25%。如果公雀太懶的話，為了避免受到剝削，有配偶的母雀并不十分努力工作。這樣做的后果就是后代付出代價。哈特利說：“后代要為這種沖突付出某些代價。”這種代價不是表現(xiàn)在身材和體重的銳減，而是表現(xiàn)在它們對異性有多大吸引力上。當(dāng)小鳥長大后，研究者通過提供給雌性它們所選擇的伴侶的方法檢驗(yàn)雄性后代的健康狀況。那些由單身母親撫養(yǎng)大的雄性比由父母撫養(yǎng)大的雄性更多地被選中。研究鳥類父母

40、沖突的劍橋大學(xué)動物學(xué)家瑞貝卡，卡爾納說，很久以來人們就認(rèn)為兩性之間的沖突會影響對后代的照顧。 “但是試驗(yàn)證據(jù)并不充分。這個突破主要是以經(jīng)驗(yàn)來顯示這種影響的?！笨柤{說更為令人驚訝的是哈特利說這種沖突可能會嚴(yán)重影響行為的進(jìn)化、窩卵數(shù)目甚至外表。哈特利說：“人們并沒真正確定這種聯(lián)系?！比藗兺ǔＵJ(rèn)為雌性的繁殖策略受捕食和食物提供方式的影響?？柤{說父母之間的沖突現(xiàn)在也應(yīng)該被考慮在內(nèi)了。be taken into account as well1.With which of the following statements would the author probably agree?-Two-pa

41、rent families produce less attractive children2.According to the passage, in what way does family conflict affect the quality of the offspring?-The young males get less care.3.What is the relationship between paragraph 4 and paragraph 5?-Experiment and result.4.According to Hartley, which of the fol

42、lowing is NOT influenced by sexual conflict?-The offsprings body size.5.According to the passage, people believe that a females reproductive strategy is influenced by -ecological factorsDangerous Sunshine to Children日光有害兒童健康Two United Nations agencies warned on 星期二世界衛(wèi)生組織和聯(lián)合國環(huán)境規(guī)劃署聯(lián)合發(fā)出警告稱，兒童由于長期缺乏地球臭氧

43、層的保護(hù)，感染皮膚癌的可能性很大。同時，這兩家聯(lián)合國機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)布了一項(xiàng)全球性計(jì)劃，旨在引起學(xué)校對日光的警覺。世界衛(wèi)生組織總干事Lee Jong-wook說：“隨著臭氧消耗愈加明顯，和全球進(jìn)行日光浴人群的增加，由于過度受到紫外線輻射而引起的并發(fā)癥成為危害公眾健康的一大隱患?！彼f，通過減少兒童和青少年直接接受陽光的時間，“我們可以從根本上減少也許在年齡大一些時才可能患上的皮膚癌、白內(nèi)障和其他的一些疾病的風(fēng)險?！痹?002年的世界健康狀況報(bào)告中，世界衛(wèi)生組織稱，全世界每年平均有66，000人死于黑素瘤和其他類型的皮膚癌。獨(dú)立的科學(xué)研究表明，每年會產(chǎn)生2，000，000 -3，000，000例新的非惡性

44、黑素瘤和大約130，000例致命的惡性黑素瘤晚期皮膚癌的病例。盡管眾所周知，皮膚癌似乎常發(fā)生在工業(yè)化的國家，聯(lián)合國輻射和環(huán)境衛(wèi)生專家Mike Repa-choli在一次記者招待會上稱，貧窮國家一定也有很多這樣的病例，只是未報(bào)告統(tǒng)計(jì)罷了。盡管深膚色的人相對不易感染皮膚癌，但他們和淺膚色的人一樣易患白內(nèi)障，而且住在赤道附近的人更容易患白內(nèi)障。至于保護(hù)措施，世界衛(wèi)生組織說將會在學(xué)校中實(shí)行“保護(hù)兒童免受紫外線輻射的規(guī)劃”，兩家聯(lián)合國機(jī)構(gòu)將會發(fā)布一攬子建議供老師們參考制訂自己的陽光教育計(jì)劃。兩家機(jī)構(gòu)聯(lián)合發(fā)表了聲明，定了“國際臭氧層保護(hù)日”，在聲明中，聯(lián)合國環(huán)境規(guī)劃署執(zhí)行主任Klaus Toepfer說，

45、最新的研究表明保護(hù)層正在逐漸得到恢復(fù)，這是過去20年來國際協(xié)議規(guī)定逐步結(jié)束使用各種化學(xué)物質(zhì)（比如在殺蟲劑、冰箱、煙霧劑中使用的）的成果。Toepfer還說：“但我們必須清醒地認(rèn)識到我們還有大量的工作要做，才可以保證這個問題得到永遠(yuǎn)解決?！边@還包括停止禁用化學(xué)物質(zhì)的非法貿(mào)易和在發(fā)展中國家加強(qiáng)推廣這些協(xié)約。德國前環(huán)境部長說：“只有到那時，我們才能夠說我們頭頂?shù)奶炜諏ξ覀兊膬和八麄兊南乱淮前踩??！眛he former German environment minister said.1.Why does the risk of developing skin cancers in childr

46、en become greater and greater?-Because the earths protective ozone layer declines year after year.2.How many people die from skin cancers including melanoma all over the world every year?-An average of 66,000.3.What people are more likely to develop eye cataracts?-People living near the equator.4.Al

47、l of the following articles may use some chemicals unfavorable for the preservation of the -medicines.5.The phrase “for good” in the last paragraph can be best replaced by -permanently.Hypertension Drugs Found to Cut Risk of Stroke發(fā)現(xiàn)高血壓藥品可降低中風(fēng)的危險Australian doctors decla Monday that a cocktail 澳大利亞的醫(yī)

48、生于周一宣布，一種由簡單抗高血壓藥品組成的合劑可以減輕中風(fēng)患者三分之一以上的重復(fù)發(fā)作的危險。這項(xiàng)研究于周末在意大利的一次醫(yī)療會議上公布，受到高度評價，譽(yù)為中風(fēng)預(yù)防的重大突破。每年500萬人死于中風(fēng)，1，500多萬患有非致命性中風(fēng)，常常使患者四肢殘廢，有語言障礙以及其他嚴(yán)重殘疾。中風(fēng)以后存活的病人五人中有一人在第一次中風(fēng)后五年內(nèi)會再次中風(fēng)，而且常常是致命的。一項(xiàng)由悉尼大學(xué)指導(dǎo)歷時六年完成的對6，100名病人的國際性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，服用兩種降壓藥后，繼發(fā)中風(fēng)的危險性可減少40%。研究報(bào)告，單服一種即使最常用的藥物，其危險性也能降低三分之一。藥物為利尿的吲達(dá)帕胺和血管緊張肽轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制劑呱哚普利，廣為人知的

49、是其商標(biāo)名Coversyl。研究者說這種合劑對沒有高血壓的患者同樣有效?；颊咧惺种挥写竽X出血，這是最為嚴(yán)重的中風(fēng)類型，血液徑直流人大腦，他們甚至發(fā)現(xiàn)這種中風(fēng)也能降低四分之三。Stephen McMahon教授在這次歐洲出血癥學(xué)會米蘭會議上介紹了這一研究，他說，大約5，000萬活著的人經(jīng)歷過至少一次中風(fēng)。他對澳大利亞的ABC電臺說道： “如果他們大多數(shù)能有機(jī)會接受這種治療，每年就可以避免五十萬次中風(fēng)的發(fā)生?！盡cMahon說，醫(yī)生早就知道，給高血壓患者降低血壓有助于預(yù)防中風(fēng).他說： “我們第一次所證明的是，你的血壓高低并不太重要；只要你得過中風(fēng)，降低血壓就有很大益處，即使血壓正常或低于正常也

50、是如此?！盡cMahon說，這次米蘭集會宣告這一研究為“中風(fēng)患者醫(yī)療方面的重大突破，可能是我們近幾十年來前進(jìn)最為重大的一步”。that we have made in the last couple of decades1.How many people surviving the first stroke may suffer another attack during the following five years?-20% of them.2.Taking two blood pressure-lowering drugs may produce_ less risk of secon

51、dary strokes than taking only one such drug.-about one fourteenth3.Which of the following is NOT a symptom left by strokes?-Habitual sleeplessness.4.How many strokes may be reduced in a year if most of stroke patients can be treated in the way as the article recommends?-500,000.5.What patients among

52、 those who have had a stroke will benefit greatly from taking blood Pressure-lowering drugs?-All of the above.Pregnancy Anomalies May Lower Breast Cancer Risk懷孕異常會降低乳腺癌發(fā)生率Certain abnormalities occurring in problem 本周二，一項(xiàng)對婦女做了40年跟蹤調(diào)查的報(bào)告說，在一些有問題的懷孕中出現(xiàn)的特定的異常與乳腺癌的患病危險性長期下降有關(guān)。由加利福尼亞州伯克利市公共衛(wèi)生研究所的流行病學(xué)家Barb

53、ara Cohn領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究人員，對舊金山地區(qū)3，804名在1959年6月至1967年4月期間懷孕婦女的記錄做了檢查。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)三種異常兩種與胎盤有關(guān)，一種與血壓有關(guān)與產(chǎn)后婦女乳腺癌的發(fā)生率下降大有關(guān)系。Cohn說，由異常引起的體內(nèi)激素及其他物質(zhì)水平的變化可能會產(chǎn)生一種保護(hù)作用。她還指出大多數(shù)有過異常反應(yīng)的婦女仍能生下健康的嬰兒?！斑@個問題并不像說對嬰兒有害就是對母親有利這么簡單。的確完全不是那么回事?！盋ohn在一次電話采訪中說道。她說，婦女孕期有并發(fā)癥能夠起到長期預(yù)防癌癥的作用，她對研究人員能確切地把這方面的機(jī)理搞清楚抱有希望?！爱?dāng)然有可能設(shè)計(jì)出一種與這些因素有關(guān)的治療或預(yù)防方案，”Cohn說

54、道。她說，科學(xué)家們許多年前就知道了懷孕期出現(xiàn)的情況會對乳腺癌患病危險率有影響。Cohn還說，她的研究提供了與乳腺癌長期預(yù)防有關(guān)的懷孕方面一些特點(diǎn)的新的細(xì)節(jié)資料。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，母親在懷孕的第二和第三個三個月期間出現(xiàn)血壓升高與乳腺癌發(fā)生率下降有關(guān)。血壓升得最高的25%的孕婦，其乳腺癌發(fā)生率下降了51%。胎盤（重量和直徑）較小的婦女，其乳腺癌發(fā)生率也較低。胎盤為連接母體與胎兒的組織，分泌激素，維護(hù)正常妊娠，容許氧氣、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)及廢棄物質(zhì)進(jìn)行交換。此外，有的婦女孕期出現(xiàn)一種名為母體胎盤底部梗塞的嚴(yán)重異常情況，這可以阻斷氧氣和營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)流入胚胎。她們的乳腺癌發(fā)生率下降了60%。研究得出結(jié)論，綜合這三項(xiàng)風(fēng)險因素，

55、乳腺癌發(fā)生率下降94%與此相關(guān)。breast cancer incidence, the study concluded.1.Which of the following may have NOTHING to do with a decline in breast cancer incidence?-Experiencing serious morning sickness during the early period of pregnancy.2.According to the study, what on earth may play an important role in low

56、ering breast cancer -The changes in the levels of hormones and other substances in the mothers body.3.From the fifth paragraph we may infer that pregnant women whose blood pressure_may have the least risk of breast cancer.-increases the most4.Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta?

57、-Protecting the mother against breast cancer.5.It seems that Cohn is _of finding out the exact mechanisms at work.-confidentSauna桑拿浴Ceremonial bathing has existed for儀式性的沐浴已經(jīng)有幾千年的歷史，并且有多種形式，其中的一種就是桑拿浴。芬蘭人完善了蒸汽浴，也就是桑拿浴。它可以在一個封閉的房間里將水澆在滾燙的石頭上，或是一種干熱浴。日本人、希臘人、土耳其人、俄國人以及美洲土著人在他們的沐浴傳統(tǒng)中都有發(fā)汗浴這一形式。用于熱浴發(fā)汗的方式

58、是古羅馬優(yōu)先使用的，而哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸前的美洲人則使用發(fā)汗小屋。最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于當(dāng)時還沒有掌握煙囪技術(shù)，山洞里總是充滿著火焰引起的濃煙。人們在火槽里生火，加熱山洞的四壁。當(dāng)墻壁達(dá)到一定的溫度時，將濃煙排出洞外，這使得墻壁還能保持幾個小時的高溫。今天，有一些人認(rèn)為有煙的桑拿浴，“煙熏桑拿”，才是真正的桑拿體驗(yàn)，而所有的桑拿浴都應(yīng)該至少有煙熏或煙味兒的背景?，F(xiàn)在，盡管煤油爐和燒木頭的火爐仍然可以使用，大多數(shù)的桑拿浴都是用電爐。桑拿浴能使人放松并消除壓力。肌肉疼痛或關(guān)節(jié)炎都可以利用桑拿浴的熱氣減輕疼痛和炎癥。熱氣還可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加順暢。桑拿浴并不能治愈

59、普通的感冒，但它可以減輕患者的胸悶感，加快康復(fù)的速度。在蒸桑拿浴時，人體溫度通常會上升1-2度，就像發(fā)低燒一樣的感覺。因此，蒸桑拿可以說是印證了一句老話：“傷風(fēng)時宜吃，發(fā)熱時宜餓?！倍ㄆ谡羯Ｄ迷】梢栽诘谝粫r間預(yù)防感冒的發(fā)生。蒸桑拿對皮膚也有好處，它可以促進(jìn)皮膚的血液循環(huán)和出汗。在這個過程中，成年人一般每小時要蒸發(fā)2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中的污垢，使皮膚變得光潔。失水只是暫時性的，人體機(jī)能能夠很快補(bǔ)充合適的水量。在熱氣交換的過程中，心臟跳動得更快，這就使心血管系統(tǒng)也得到了鍛煉。蒸桑拿浴時的心率能從原來的平均每分鐘72下增加到每分鐘100-150下。健康的心臟可以承受這種變化，而那些心臟病患者在

60、蒸桑拿浴之前應(yīng)該征求醫(yī)生的建議。同樣地，老年人和糖尿病患者也應(yīng)如此。孕婦則不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是在懷孕的頭三個月。其實(shí)，每個人在剛開始嘗試桑拿浴時都應(yīng)該先是短時間的，直到適應(yīng)了這種沐浴方式。become accustomed to this type of bath1.Ceremonial bathing -has various forms2.What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience?-Saunas with smoke.3.According to the third paragraph, saunas

61、 can do all of the following EXCEPT -curing asthma4.According to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glow because -pores are cleaned by sweat5.Who are advised not to take a sauna?-All of the above.Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others咸度味感因人而異Low-salt foods may be harder for some

62、 people 賓州州立大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院食品科學(xué)家進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究表明，有些人很難喜歡含鹽量低的食物。該研究指出，遺傳因素導(dǎo)致我們對咸度的不同喜好。該研究負(fù)責(zé)人、食品科學(xué)副教授約翰，海斯指出，這些結(jié)論非常重要，因?yàn)榻趯p少食物含鹽量的大力宣傳使得許多人努力去接受適合其他人而不適合自己口味的食物。含鹽量高的飲食會增加高血壓和中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險，這就是公共健康專家和食品公司共同努力、通過可口的食品幫助消費(fèi)者減少鹽攝入量的原因。該研究使人們更加理解對鹽的喜好和攝入的差異。該研究87名參與者經(jīng)過了仔細(xì)篩選，他們在幾周的不同時間品嘗了湯和薯?xiàng)l等含鹽食物。參與者包括45名男性和42名女性，身體健康，年齡在20歲到40歲

63、之間。參與者不會主動改變自己的飲食習(xí)慣，且不吸煙。他們通過一種常用的科學(xué)量表來區(qū)別咸度，分為“最輕微味感”到“最強(qiáng)烈味感”等級別。海斯說，“大部分人都喜歡鹽的味道。但是，有些人吃鹽較多，這不僅是因?yàn)樗麄兏矚g咸味，也因?yàn)樗麄冃枰涛秮碚谏w食物其他討厭的味道?？谖冻氐娜吮瓤谖肚宓娜讼母嗟柠}。因?yàn)榭觳褪称返闹饕兜谰褪窍涛?，而且咸度越高，味道越好，所以口味超重的人更喜歡快餐?！焙Ｋ惯€提到，口味超重的人還需要鹽來遮蓋奶酪等食物中討厭的苦味?！袄?，奶酪是發(fā)酵牛奶味和發(fā)酵苦味的完美結(jié)合，而鹽可以遮蓋苦味?？谖冻氐娜瞬幌矚g低鹽奶酪，因?yàn)榭辔短黠@了?！焙Ｋ古e出了化學(xué)家?？怂购瓦z傳學(xué)家布雷克斯里

64、75年前進(jìn)行的研究，該研究表明，人們品嘗特定化學(xué)制品的能力是不同的。海斯解釋說，由此我們知道每個人的味覺敏度是不同的，這一差異和頭發(fā)眼睛顏色的差異一樣正常。海斯說，“口味超重的人覺得苦味混合物非常之苦，而口味清淡的人會覺得同樣的苦味混合物沒有味道，或稍微有些苦。對苦味混合物的反應(yīng)是確定食物偏好生物差異的眾多方法之一，因?yàn)榭谖冻氐娜瞬恢皇菍辔睹舾??！眀ecause supertasting is not limited to bitterness.1.In paragraph 2,John Hayes points out that -many people accept low-salt

65、tasteless food reluctantly2.The fourth paragraph describes briefly -how to select subjects and what to do in the research.3.The article argues that supertasters -like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor.4.Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?-They prefer high-salt cheese, which tastes less bitter.5.What message do the last two paragraphs carry?-Taste acuity is genetically determined.Kidney Disease and Heart Disease Spur Each Other腎病和心臟病相互刺激Hearts and kidneys: I