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1、第二篇重點(diǎn)專題分層練,中高檔題得高分,第25練導(dǎo)數(shù)的概念及簡(jiǎn)單應(yīng)用小題提速練,明晰考情 1.命題角度:考查導(dǎo)數(shù)的幾何意義,利用導(dǎo)數(shù)研究函數(shù)的單調(diào)性、極值和最值. 2.題目難度:中檔偏難.,核心考點(diǎn)突破練,欄目索引,易錯(cuò)易混專項(xiàng)練,高考押題沖刺練,考點(diǎn)一導(dǎo)數(shù)的幾何意義,方法技巧(1)f(x0)表示函數(shù)f(x)在xx0處的瞬時(shí)變化率. (2)f(x0)的幾何意義是曲線yf(x)在點(diǎn)P(x0,y0)處切線的斜率.,核心考點(diǎn)突破練,解析,答案,則點(diǎn)P的坐標(biāo)為(1,1)或(1,1).故選D.,2.設(shè)函數(shù)f(x)x3ax2,若曲線yf(x)在點(diǎn)P(x0,f(x0)處的切線方程為xy0,則點(diǎn)P的坐標(biāo)為 A.
2、(0,0) B.(1,1) C.(1,1) D.(1,1)或(1,1),解析,答案,解析由題意可知f(x)3x22ax,則有f(x0) 2ax01,,3.(2018全國(guó))設(shè)函數(shù)f(x)x3(a1)x2ax,若f(x)為奇函數(shù),則曲線yf(x)在點(diǎn)(0,0)處的切線方程為 A.y2x B.yx C.y2x D.yx,解析,答案,解析方法一f(x)x3(a1)x2ax, f(x)3x22(a1)xa. 又f(x)為奇函數(shù),f(x)f(x)恒成立, 即x3(a1)x2axx3(a1)x2ax恒成立, a1,f(x)3x21,f(0)1, 曲線yf(x)在點(diǎn)(0,0)處的切線方程為yx. 故選D.,方
3、法二f(x)x3(a1)x2ax為奇函數(shù), f(x)3x22(a1)xa為偶函數(shù), a1,即f(x)3x21,f(0)1, 曲線yf(x)在點(diǎn)(0,0)處的切線方程為yx. 故選D.,4.設(shè)曲線y 在點(diǎn) 處的切線與直線xay10垂直,則a_.,1,解析,答案,又該切線與直線xay10垂直, 所以k1k21,解得a1.,考點(diǎn)二導(dǎo)數(shù)與函數(shù)的單調(diào)性,方法技巧(1)若求單調(diào)區(qū)間(或證明單調(diào)性),只要在函數(shù)定義域內(nèi)解(或證明)不等式f(x)0或f(x)0. (2)若已知函數(shù)的單調(diào)性,則轉(zhuǎn)化為不等式f(x)0或f(x)0在單調(diào)區(qū)間上恒成立問(wèn)題來(lái)求解.,A.cba B.cab C.bca D.acb,解析,
4、答案,f(x)在(0,)上為減函數(shù).,3f()f(5), abc.故選A.,6.設(shè)函數(shù)f(x) 9ln x在區(qū)間a1,a1上單調(diào)遞減,則實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范圍是 A.(1,2 B.4,) C.(,2 D.(0,3,解析,答案,解析,答案,7.若定義在R上的函數(shù)f(x)滿足f(0)1,其導(dǎo)函數(shù)f(x)滿足f(x)k1,則下列結(jié)論中一定錯(cuò)誤的是,解析導(dǎo)函數(shù)f(x)滿足f(x)k1,,可得g(x)0,故g(x)在R上為增函數(shù),f(0)1,,選項(xiàng)C錯(cuò)誤,故選C.,考點(diǎn)三導(dǎo)數(shù)與函數(shù)的極值、最值,方法技巧(1)函數(shù)零點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,常利用數(shù)形結(jié)合與函數(shù)極值求解. (2)含參恒成立或存在性問(wèn)題,可轉(zhuǎn)化為函數(shù)最值問(wèn)題;若能
5、分離參數(shù),可先分離. 特別提醒(1)f(x0)0是函數(shù)yf(x)在xx0處取得極值的必要不充分條件. (2)函數(shù)f(x)在a,b上有唯一一個(gè)極值點(diǎn),這個(gè)極值點(diǎn)就是最值點(diǎn).,8.(2017全國(guó))若x2是函數(shù)f(x)(x2ax1)ex1的極值點(diǎn),則f(x)的極小值為 A.1 B.2e3 C.5e3 D.1,解析,答案,解析函數(shù)f(x)(x2ax1)ex1, 則f(x)(2xa)ex1(x2ax1)ex1 ex1x2(a2)xa1. 由x2是函數(shù)f(x)的極值點(diǎn), 得f(2)e3(42a4a1)(a1)e30, 所以a1. 所以f(x)(x2x1)ex1, f(x)ex1(x2x2). 由ex10恒
6、成立,得當(dāng)x2或x1時(shí),f(x)0,且當(dāng)x2時(shí),f(x)0;,當(dāng)2x1時(shí),f(x)0; 當(dāng)x1時(shí),f(x)0. 所以x1是函數(shù)f(x)的極小值點(diǎn). 所以函數(shù)f(x)的極小值為f(1)1. 故選A.,解析,答案,10.(2018江蘇)若函數(shù)f(x)2x3ax21(aR)在(0,)內(nèi)有且只有一個(gè)零點(diǎn),則f(x)在1,1上的最大值與最小值的和為_(kāi).,解析,答案,3,解析f(x)6x22ax2x(3xa)(x0). 當(dāng)a0時(shí),f(x)0,f(x)在(0,)上單調(diào)遞增, 又f(0)1,f(x)在(0,)上無(wú)零點(diǎn),不合題意.,此時(shí)f(x)2x33x21,f(x)6x(x1), 當(dāng)x1,1時(shí),f(x)在1,
7、0上單調(diào)遞增,在(0,1上單調(diào)遞減. 又f(1)0,f(1)4,f(0)1, f(x)maxf(x)minf(0)f(1)143.,11.已知函數(shù)f(x)x33ax(aR),函數(shù)g(x)ln x,若在區(qū)間1,2上f(x)的 圖象恒在g(x)的圖象的上方(沒(méi)有公共點(diǎn)),則實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范圍是_.,解析,答案,1x2,h(x)0, h(x)在1,2上單調(diào)遞增, h(x)minh(1)1,,1.已知f(x)ln x,g(x) 直線l與函數(shù)f(x),g(x)的圖象都相切,且與f(x)圖象的切點(diǎn)為(1,f(1),則m等于 A.1 B.3 C.4 D.2,易錯(cuò)易混專項(xiàng)練,解析,答案,直線l的斜率為kf(1)
8、1. 又f(1)0,切線l的方程為yx1. g(x)xm, 設(shè)直線l與g(x)的圖象的切點(diǎn)為(x0,y0),,于是解得m2.故選D.,解析,答案,解析方法一(特殊值法),不具備在(,)上單調(diào)遞增,排除A,B,D.故選C.,方法二(綜合法),3.函數(shù)f(x)的定義域?yàn)殚_(kāi)區(qū)間(a,b),導(dǎo)函數(shù)f(x)在(a,b)內(nèi)的圖象如圖所示,則函數(shù)f(x)在開(kāi)區(qū)間(a,b)內(nèi)的極小值點(diǎn)有 A.1個(gè) B.2個(gè) C.3個(gè) D.4個(gè),解析,答案,解析由極小值的定義及導(dǎo)函數(shù)f(x)的圖象可知, f(x)在開(kāi)區(qū)間(a,b)內(nèi)有1個(gè)極小值點(diǎn).,4.若直線ya分別與直線y2(x1),曲線yxln x交于點(diǎn)A,B,則|AB|
9、的最小值為_(kāi).,解析,答案,設(shè)方程xln xa的根為t(t0),則tln ta,,令g(t)0,得t1. 當(dāng)t(0,1)時(shí),g(t)0,g(t)單調(diào)遞減; 當(dāng)t(1,)時(shí),g(t)0,g(t)單調(diào)遞增,,解題秘籍(1)對(duì)于未知切點(diǎn)的切線問(wèn)題,一般要先設(shè)出切點(diǎn). (2)f(x)遞增的充要條件是f(x)0,且f(x)在任意區(qū)間內(nèi)不恒為零. (3)利用導(dǎo)數(shù)求解函數(shù)的極值、最值問(wèn)題要利用數(shù)形結(jié)合思想,根據(jù)條件和結(jié)論的聯(lián)系靈活進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化.,解析利用導(dǎo)數(shù)與函數(shù)的單調(diào)性進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證.f(x)0的解集對(duì)應(yīng)yf(x)的增區(qū)間,f(x)0的解集對(duì)應(yīng)yf(x)的減區(qū)間,驗(yàn)證只有D選項(xiàng)符合.,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
10、,9,10,11,12,高考押題沖刺練,1.函數(shù)yf(x)的導(dǎo)函數(shù)yf(x)的圖象如圖所示,則函數(shù)yf(x)的圖象可能是,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,2.函數(shù)f(x)(x3)ex的單調(diào)遞增區(qū)間是 A.(,2) B.(0,3) C.(1,4) D.(2,),解析,答案,解析函數(shù)f(x)(x3)ex的導(dǎo)函數(shù)為f(x)(x3)exex(x3)ex(x2)ex. 由函數(shù)導(dǎo)數(shù)與函數(shù)單調(diào)性的關(guān)系,得當(dāng)f(x)0時(shí),函數(shù)f(x)單調(diào)遞增, 此時(shí)由不等式f(x)(x2)ex0,解得x2.,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,A.4m5 B.2m4 C.m
11、2 D.m4,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,可得x2mx40在區(qū)間1,2上恒成立,,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,4.若函數(shù)f(x)(x1)ex,則下列命題正確的是,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,解析f(x)(x2)ex, 當(dāng)x2時(shí),f(x)0,f(x)為增函數(shù); 當(dāng)x2時(shí),f(x)0,f(x)為減函數(shù).,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,A.x|x2 013 B.x|x2 013 C.x|2 013x0 D.x|2 018x2 013,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
12、,9,10,11,12,解析構(gòu)造函數(shù)g(x)x2f(x),則g(x)x2f(x)xf(x). 當(dāng)x0時(shí),2f(x)xf(x)0, g(x)0, g(x)在(0,)上單調(diào)遞增.,當(dāng)x2 0180,即x2 018時(shí),(x2 018)2f(x2 018)52f(5), 即g(x2 018)g(5), 0x2 0185, 2 018x2 013.,6.函數(shù)f(x)3x2ln x2x的極值點(diǎn)的個(gè)數(shù)是 A.0 B.1 C.2 D.無(wú)數(shù),1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,解析,答案,解析函數(shù)定義域?yàn)?0,),,由于x0,方程6x22x10中的200恒成立, 即f(x)在定義域上單調(diào)遞增,
13、無(wú)極值點(diǎn).,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,7.設(shè)aR,若函數(shù)yexax,xR有大于零的極值點(diǎn),則,解析,答案,解析yexax,yexa. 函數(shù)yexax有大于零的極值點(diǎn), 則方程yexa0有大于零的解. 當(dāng)x0時(shí),ex1,aex1.,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,解析因?yàn)閒(x)x3x2a,所以由題意可知,f(x)3x22x在區(qū)間0,a上存在x1,x2(0 x1x2a),,所以方程3x22xa2a在區(qū)間(0,a)上有兩個(gè)不相等的實(shí)根.,令g(x)3x22xa2a(0 xa),,1,
14、2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,9.已知函數(shù)f(x)axln x,aR,若f(e)3,則a的值為_(kāi).,解析,答案,解析因?yàn)閒(x)a(1ln x),aR,f(e)3,,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,解析,答案,1e,當(dāng)x(0,1)時(shí),f(x)1時(shí),f(x)0,函數(shù)f(x)單調(diào)遞增. 當(dāng)x1時(shí),f(x)取到極小值e1,即f(x)的最小值為e1. 又f(x)為奇函數(shù),且當(dāng)x0時(shí),f(x)h(x), h(x)的最大值為(e1)1e.,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,11.若在區(qū)間0,1上存在實(shí)數(shù)x使2x(3xa)1成立,則a的取值范圍是
15、_.,解析,答案,(,1),解析2x(3xa)1可化為a2x3x, 則在區(qū)間0,1上存在實(shí)數(shù)x使2x(3xa)1成立等價(jià)于a(2x3x)max,而y2x3x在0,1上單調(diào)遞減, y2x3x在0,1上的最大值為2001,a1, 故a的取值范圍是(,1).,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12.已知函數(shù)f(x) 若f(x)0的解集中只有一個(gè)正整數(shù),則實(shí)數(shù)k的取值范圍為_(kāi).,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,當(dāng)x0,當(dāng)x1時(shí),g(x)0, 所以g(x)在(,1)上單調(diào)遞增,在(1,)上單調(diào)遞減,,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,