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1、時(shí)間狀語從句,還是定語從句?【問題】Ten people were killed and several were injured last night when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange. 這個句子中,when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange. 是時(shí)間狀語從句,還是定語從句?我認(rèn)為,句中時(shí)間副詞last night,以及類似的時(shí)間短語,如:in 2010, during World War II, at Christmas 等,后面若跟when從句,假若沒有特殊情況,一般都是定語從句,不是狀
2、語從句。因?yàn)楹笳吒罢呤切揎椣薅ǖ年P(guān)系,或者說是定語從句跟先行詞的關(guān)系。例如:She ate your candy last night when you were asleep.昨晚在你睡覺時(shí),她吃了你的糖果。Last night when I was having dinner with Alan, Johnny bumped into us in the restaurant.昨晚我和阿倫在餐廳吃晚飯時(shí),給約翰尼撞見了。More than half the class bunked off last week when there was a test. 上周測驗(yàn)時(shí),這個班有半數(shù)以上的學(xué)
3、生逃學(xué)。He won the crown in Paris last month when he beat the Italian champion. 他上個月在巴黎贏得了桂冠,當(dāng)時(shí)他打敗了意大利冠軍?!咀⒁狻刻厥饩涫较拢纾骸爸骶溥^去進(jìn)行時(shí) + when .”,無論從結(jié)構(gòu)還是表意上看,when不是引導(dǎo)定語從句,而是從屬連詞或并列連詞。They were talking about the film last night when I came in. 當(dāng)我進(jìn)去的時(shí)候他們正在談?wù)撟蛲砩系碾娪啊e were having a party at school last night when th
4、e lights suddenly went out. 昨晚我們正在學(xué)校舉行派對,突然電停了。I was sleeping soundly last night when I was awakened by someones groans. 昨夜,正當(dāng)我熟睡時(shí),我被呻吟聲吵醒了。張道真等編著的英語語法大全認(rèn)為:“如果把幾個狀語放在一起,通常宜于把最短的放在前面,把最長的放在最后”。例如:Yesterday just before breakfast when I was writing a letter, Mr. A called at my house. (先是單詞,然后是短語,最后是從句)
5、這個說法意味著:1. 時(shí)間狀語的排列順序。這個不是本文探討的范圍,其實(shí)這個說法并不正確。這只是一種修辭法,不是語法規(guī)則。我們完全可以說:Just before breakfast yesterday when I was writing a letter, Mr. A called at my house.2. 把Yesterday,just before breakfast以及when I was writing a letter 都看作時(shí)間狀語,也就是說本句共有3個時(shí)間狀語。對此,我不敢茍同,覺得有商榷的必要?,F(xiàn)在,我們先討論when a bomb exploded near the St
6、ock Exchange. 到底是時(shí)間狀語從句,還是定語從句?Ten people were killed and several were injured last night when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange.譯文:“昨天晚上一顆炸彈在股票交易所附近爆炸,造成十人死亡,數(shù)人受傷?!眑ast night與when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange 到底存在什么關(guān)系?它們之間可能存在的3種關(guān)系:1. 并列關(guān)系 (如果是并列關(guān)系,那么when 就是狀語從句,跟last night 共同修飾謂語動
7、詞)2. 同位關(guān)系(如果是同位關(guān)系,那么when 就是名詞性從句,不是狀語從句)3. 修飾關(guān)系(如果是修飾關(guān)系,那么when 就是定語從句,修飾限定last night)下面我從這3種關(guān)系入手,進(jìn)行深度分析,最后判斷它們是不是先行詞和定語從句的關(guān)系。1. 并列關(guān)系? 如果是并列關(guān)系,那么,last night 和when 之間應(yīng)該有或者可以加上and, or 等連詞連接,以“A and B”或“A or B” 的結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn),例如:He stayed at home yesterday and today. 他昨天和今天都呆在家里。It wont make much difference whet
8、her you go today or tomorrow. 你今天或明天去沒有多大關(guān)系。并列關(guān)系的兩個詞語可以交換位置,而保持意思不變。例如:It wont make much difference whether you go tomorrow or today. last night與when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange是否存在上述關(guān)系?(1) Ten people were killed and several were injured last night and when a bomb exploded near the Stock
9、 Exchange. (加連詞 and)(2) Ten people were killed and several were injured when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange and last night. (交換位置)上述兩句顯然講不通。由此,可以推斷:last night 與when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange 不存在并列關(guān)系。2. 同位關(guān)系? when 可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句,但有兩個不可忽略的事實(shí):(一)這個when 仍含有疑問副詞的含義(譯為:“什么時(shí)候”);(二)when 之前
10、的同位語是一個帶有疑問的名詞。例如:The question when we will have the meeting has not been answered. 我們什么時(shí)候要開會的問題,沒有得到答復(fù)。所以,last night 與when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange 都不具備上述兩個條件,所以不存在同位關(guān)系。3. 修飾關(guān)系。所謂修飾關(guān)系,就是when從句修飾并限定last night。上述兩種關(guān)系都一一排除了,那么,離正確的答案就越來越近了。英語中的時(shí)間狀語,如果一個句子中出現(xiàn)兩個甚至多個時(shí)間,那么它們之間是修飾或限定的關(guān)系,這在英語
11、中十分常見?,F(xiàn)在以 in October 為例進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展:I met Alice in October.I met Alice in October last year. (last year修飾in October)I met Alice in October last year when I was studying at Beijing University.(when I was studying at Beijing University定語從句,修飾in October last year)【需要特別說明的是】一個句子中,可能出現(xiàn)“兩個或兩個以上的表示時(shí)間的詞語”,但不能稱為“兩個或
12、兩個以上的時(shí)間狀語”,因?yàn)樗鼈冎g不是孤立分割的,而是一個時(shí)間整體。這是因?yàn)橐粋€動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間只有一個,也就是說,修飾謂語動詞的時(shí)間狀語也是一個。這就是問題的關(guān)鍵所在。邏輯分析說明,這幾個時(shí)間狀語之間是一種修飾和被修飾的關(guān)系。所以,I met Alice in October last year when I was at Beijing University. 不能拆開說:I met Alice in October.I met Alice last year.I met Alice when I was at Beijing University.結(jié)果是,每個句子的時(shí)間都不一樣,出現(xiàn)3個句
13、子3個意思。只有把這個3個時(shí)間按規(guī)則合在一起,成為一個時(shí)間狀語,讓它們之間含有修飾限定的關(guān)系,這樣才表達(dá)出句子本來的意義。最后,我談?wù)剰埖勒娴染幹挠⒄Z語法大全上的這個句子:Yesterday just before breakfast when I was writing a letter, Mr. A called at my house.我認(rèn)為,這種時(shí)間排列是修辭的需要,不是語法規(guī)則。正常的語法順序應(yīng)該是:Just before breakfast yesterday when I was writing a letter, Mr. A called at my house.句子的時(shí)間狀
14、語Just before breakfast yesterday when I was writing a letter 是一個整體,它們之間是修飾關(guān)系:yesterday修飾Just before breakfast,when I was writing a letter是定語從句,修飾Just before breakfast yesterday,不可分割成3個時(shí)間狀語。我始終認(rèn)為:英語是邏輯語言,漢語是形象語言。這種差異反映在翻譯上面就是,有時(shí)候本來是修飾時(shí)間的定語從句,在漢語中當(dāng)作時(shí)間狀語從句來翻譯和理解。我的意思是說,翻譯是一碼事,結(jié)構(gòu)是另一碼事。所以,不要因?yàn)榉g理解的不同而曲解了
15、句子結(jié)構(gòu)。有人仍然感到不解:She ate your candy last night when you were asleep. 翻譯成漢語是“昨晚在你睡覺時(shí),她吃了你的糖果?!睆姆g上看,該句中l(wèi)ast night是說明昨晚睡覺的時(shí)間,應(yīng)該修飾從句,不是修飾主句的。并且可以轉(zhuǎn)換為:She ate your candy when you were asleep last night. 所以就認(rèn)為when you were asleep 是狀語從句。其實(shí),這屬于一廂情愿的解釋,這種理解并不正確。last night 若是修飾when 從句的話,它必須放在when 從句之內(nèi),而不是when 從句
16、之外這就是問題的關(guān)鍵!事實(shí)上last night 是修飾主句謂語動詞ate 的,然后,when you were asleep 修飾last night,充當(dāng)定語從句。關(guān)于翻譯和理解:按“限制性定語從句”理解:在你睡覺時(shí)的昨天晚上(的某個時(shí)間),她吃了你的糖果。按“非限制性定語從句”理解:她昨晚吃了你的糖果,當(dāng)時(shí)你在睡覺?!咎貏e指出】有人可能誤認(rèn)為“昨天晚上”是一個很長的時(shí)間段,其實(shí)不然。如She ate your candy last night. 這句話,意思是:糖果是在昨天晚上“某個時(shí)間”吃的,而不是吃了整個一晚上,不要認(rèn)為last night 的時(shí)間很長。在這個句子中,它只是個時(shí)間點(diǎn)。正因?yàn)榇?,我們用定語從句 when you were asleep 來修飾限定它,把last night 這個時(shí)間具體化。我們不能用漢語翻譯,去詮釋英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。那樣豈不成了“削足適履”嗎?